非谓语动词不定式动名词讲解.doc

非谓语动词【非谓语动词】 构成：（to）+动词原形 动词不定式非 在句中的作用（除谓语动词外的任何成分）谓 构成：V.-ing 语 动名词动 用法（主、宾、表、定）词 构成：V. -ing / V.-ed（规则变化） 分词 用法（表、补、定、状）（一）动名词一、动名词的构成：动名词一般由“动词原形+ing”构成 二、动名词的句法功能功能例句说明主语Eating too much is bad for your health.吃得太多对你的健康有害。谓语动词用单数形式。宾语 动词宾语 介词宾语I like playing basketball very much.我非常喜欢打篮球。Stamps are used for sending letters.邮票是被用来寄信的。表示一般的习惯或抽象行为或经常性的动作。表语His hobby is collecting stamps.=Collecting stamps is his hobby.多数情况下，动名词作表语可转化成作主语。定语She is in the reading room.她在阅览室。We should improve our teaching methods.我们应该改进教学方法。只表明它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等。置于所修饰词之前。1.动名词作主语动名词作主语相当于一个名词，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式Looking after us was a full-time job,so she stay at home.Collecting stamps is interesting.*动名词作主语表示抽象概念或一般性的动作或情况。当动名词作主语时常用it作形式主语。如在it is no use/no good/not any use/not any good/useless doing sth. 句式中，就用it作形式主语，动名词作真正的主语；而动词不定式做主语表示具体的或一次性的动作。It is no use discussing this matter whit him.To play whit fire here is dangerous.2.动名词（短语）作表语动名词（短语）做表语通常位于系动词be之后。句子主语一般表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语和主语是对等的关系，两者的位置可以互换。My job is teaching. (teaching is my job)*现在分词与动名词作表语的区别：动名词作表语说明主语的内容，回答what的问题，表语和主语几乎处于同等地位，可以互换位置，句意不变；现在分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，说明主语的性质、特征等，回答how的问题；The game is interesting.3.动名词（短语）作宾语动名词作及物动词的宾语，又可以作介词的宾语。英语中有一些词后面常跟动名词作宾语。我们初中阶段常见的有：finish, mind, miss, imagine, risk, permit, forgive, enjoy, escape, admit, avoid, be worth, be busy, practice, have fun, have trouble/problem（in）, spend.（in）, feel like, be used to（习惯于）, give up, keep on, consider, suggest, cant help。我们可按下面的顺口溜记忆这些词。 完成实践值得忙（finish, practice, be worth, be busy） 继续习惯别放弃（keep on, be used to, give up） 考虑建议不禁想（consider, suggest, cant help, feel like）喜欢思念要介意（enjoy, miss, mind）动名词作介词宾语。注意下列短语中的to都是介词，后接名词或动名词：be/get use to 习惯于，pay attention to, lead to, prefer doing sth.to doing sth, look forward to, stick to, object to, get down to, on the/way to, as to关于。另外，表示征求意见的“how/what about？Do you care about protecting the environment and saving engery?I look forward to coming home.4.动名词（短语）作定语动名词作定语修饰名词，表示该名词性质、功能、用途等Walking stick swimming poolDrinking water waiting roomSleeping bag parking lot*现在分词与动名词作定语的区别：表示动作的是现在分词，表示性质、功能、用途的是动名词。现在分词作定语与被修饰词之间常有主谓关系。 She brought a sleeping bag yesterday.(a bag for sleeping) There is a sleeping baby under the tree.(who is sleeping)（二）动词不定式1、 动词不定时的构成不定时的基本形式为：to+动词原形，有时可以不用to，这里的to 是不定式符号，本身无词义，动词不定式的否定形式是not+（to+）动词原形。2、 动词不定式的句法功能功能例句说明主语To speak English is not easy for us=It is not easy for us to speak English. 讲英语对我们来说不容易。作主语用的不定式，常常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在后面。表语My work is to clean the room everyday.=To clean the room every day is my work. 我的工作就是每天打扫这间屋子。多数情况下，不定式作表语，可转换作为主语。宾语What sports does he like to play?他喜欢做什么运动？He likes to play basketball.他喜欢打篮球。只能做某些动词的宾语，一般不作介词的宾语。宾补My mother made me play the piano all the time. 我妈妈让我一直弹钢琴。在make，let，see，hear，watch等使役、感官动词后，不定式省略to。定语Have you got anything to say? 你有要说的吗？不定式作定语，要放在所修饰词的后面。状语Im sorry to trouble you.（表原因）很抱歉，给你添麻烦了。I went to the library to study English.（表目的）不定式作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。1. 不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末其结构为：It+be+adj.（+ for/ of sb.）+动词不定式如：To learn English well is useful. It is useful to learn English well. Its important for us to protect the environment. 注意：在kind，good，nice，clever等表示人的品质的形容词后，不用for而用of。如： Its very kind of you to help me. 你帮助我真是太好啦。 Its very clever of you to do like that. 你那样做真是太聪明啦。2. 不定式作宾语 有些谓语动词后只能用不定式作宾语，常见的这类词是表示命令、打算或希望的，如： agree, choose, decide, expect, long(渴望)， manage（设法）, offer, plan, prepare, promise, refuse, want, wish would like, like等。如： Would you like to see a film this evening? 你今晚想去看电影吗？ They want to leave. 他们想要离开。 在find, think后跟不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在后面。如： I find it easy to read English every day. 3. 不定式作宾语补足语 不定式作宾语补足语时与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。如： Lucy asked him to turn down the radio. 露西让他关小收音机。 tell, ask, want, allow, get, would like, encourage后常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语。如： My mother encourages me to learn Japanese. 我妈妈鼓励我学日语。 注意：还有一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补，这时不定式要省略to。这些动词有：一感（feel）、二听（hear, listen to）、三让（let, make, have）、四看（look at, see, watch, notice）。但变被动语态时，必须加上to。如： I couldnt make my car start this morning. 今天早晨我的汽车发动不了。 My friends were made to work day and night by the boss. 老板让我的朋友们工作了一整夜。*hope，demand，suggest 等动词不能后接动词不定式作宾补（）I hope my son to be back soon.（）I hope my son will be hack soon.（）She suggests us to have a discussion about it.（）She suggests that we (should) have discussion about it.（）She advises us to have a discussion about it. 4. 不定式作定语 不定式作定语时，应放在名词之后(即后置定语)，它与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系，（即动作的发出者）往往是句子的主语。若不是句子的主语，这时动词不定式通常用被动形式。Can we have something to eat now?Do you have anything to be bought?（主语不是动作的发出者）I have something to do .（主语是动作的发出者）*动词不定式作后置定语与被修饰词之间是动宾关系时，该不定式要用及物动词，若不是及物动词，则需加上适当的介词。He has a small room to live in.5. 不定式常和疑问词what, which, when, where, how连用，相当于一个宾语从句。如： The teacher is telling the students what to do. 老师正告诉学生们做什么。 He didnt know where to go. 他不知道去哪里。6. 不定式作状语不定式作状语，通常表目的，原因，结果或条件等。作结果状语时，有时候表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，这时不定式要放在句子后面。It was great to see her again（原因）To finish his homework as soon as possible, he asks his brother to help him.(目的)She hurried home only to find her father dead.（结果）*表目的状语时还可以用in order to, so as to do（不放在句首）；表示结果状语从句时还可以用never to do , only to do(竟然), enough to(足以)， tooto ；We started early in order to arrive before dark.*英语中一些表示希望，愿望的词，如would，love，mean，hope，expect，plan，wish，want，等词的的过去式常与不定式的完成时连用，表示过去曾希望过，但未曾实现。后面常与but连接句子。I hoped to have seen you yesterday,but I didnt have time.例题 ( )1. Toms mother told him _ eating too much meat. A: stopping B: to stop C: stops D: stopped( )2. We dont know _ it next. Lets go and ask Mr. Li. A: what to do B: to do what C: whether to do D: to do whether ( )3. How kind you are! You always do what you can _me. A: help B: helping C: to help D: helps( )4 Drivers shouldnt be allowed _after drinking, or they will break the law. A: drive B: driving C: to drive( )5. Water Park is a good place_. A: to have fun B: have fun C: having fun D: to have a fun( )6. Take time to relax by listening to music, reading a book or just spending some time alone. Relaxing allows you _to your studies with more energy. A: return B: to return C: returning( )7. Nick, would you mind _those old jeans? They look terrible. A: not to wear B: not wear C: wearing not D: not wearing( )8. _ a volunteer is great. I think so. Some of us want _volunteers for the London Olympics. A: Being；being B: To be；being C: Being；to be D: To be；to be( )9.Dont forget _your history and politics books tomorrow morning. Thanks. I wont. A: bring B: to bring C: bringing( )10.What about _a rest? OK. Lets go out and have a walk. A: to take B: takes C: taking ( )11. I like this set of sofa so much, but I dont know _it in my small house. Youre supposed to put it in the living room. A: where to put B: why to put C: how to put ( )12. While we were running on the playground, Jack suddenly stopped _and lay on the ground, so we all stopped _what was wrong with him. A: to run; to see B: running; seeing C: running; to see( )13. May I have a rest? I have already finished _the report. A: write B: writing C: to write D: written ( )14.I feel a bit hungry now. Why not _for dinner with us? A: go B: did you go C: to go D: do you go8 (A) 用括号中的动词适当形式填空1.We are so glad _ (hear) the news.2.I saw him _ (cross) the road safely and _ (run) away.3.You cant make him _ (do) what you want.4.I dont know where _ (meet) him.5.What makes you _ (think) Im a farmer?6.Did you see him _ (go) upstairs?7.It is better _ (put) your money in a bank.8.It is difficult for the boy _ (swim) across the river.9.I let him _ (go) early as he wanted _ (meet) his uncle at the station.10.Will you help me _ (move) the bed?11.If he doesnt know, how _ (use) the recorder, youd better _ (show) him.12.He is the last one _ (leave) the office every day.13.Its bad manners _ (shout) in public.14.The boy is old enough _ (dress) himself.15.She is too ill _ (go) to school.(B) 填入动名词的适当形式.1.Can you imagine yourself _in a lonely island? (stay) 2.I cant understand your _at that poor child.(laugh) 3.She didnt mind _overtime.(work) 4.To make a living, he tried _, _,and various other things, but he had failed in all .(write; paint) 5.We are looking forward to Marys_. (come) .6.She was praised for _ the life of the child.(save) 7.She ought to be praised instead of _ (criticize). 8.Is there any possibility of our _the championship?(win) 9.He came to the party without _(invite) 10. Dont keep me _(wait) for a long time.11. Knives are used for _(cut) things.12. Can you finish _(read) the book in three days?13. The doctor was busy _(operate) on the boy at that time.14. Stop _(talk) and listen to me carefully.15. Thank you very much for _(help) us.16. Granny is very ill and she doesnt feel like _(eat) anything.17. The girl enjoys _(listen) to light music.18. Do you remember _(buy) me a beautiful skirt on my 13th birthday?19. We couldnt help _(laugh) after we heard the funny story.20. What about _(go) out for a walk?. 用不定式完成下列句子1.Have you decided _（怎样度假）.2.It is dangerous _（玩火）.3.She was the first woman _（环球飞行的）.4.The boy was made _（重复他自己的故事）.5.The old lady looked at the children _（穿过马路）.6.It took me much time _（算出这些难题）yesterday.7.The boss made the workers _（一天工作十小时）.8.I dont know _（在会上说什么）.9.Can you tell me _（在哪里能买到这本书）?10._（在何时何地召开这会议）hasnt been decided yet.根据句意改写句子1The old man is so old that he cant work. The old man is too old .2. I dont know how I can get to the TV factory.I dont know to the TV factory.3. Mr. Green went back to England for a holiday.Mr. Green went back to England a holiday.4. Mike hopes he can visit the Great Wall on day.Mike hopes the Great Wall one day.5. Does he say anything for himself at the meeting?Does he have anything for himself at the meeting?6. He is so strong that he can carry the heavy box.He is strong the heavy box.7. He spent two hours doing the work.It him two hours the work.8. Its time for school. Its time school.9. It seems that she is an English teacher.She an English teacher.10. His father said to him, “listen to the teacher carefully.”His father told him the teacher carefully.一根据句意，用所给动词的适当形式填空。1. Is it necessary _(learn) a foreign language? 2. He is good at _(swim