长难句及名词性从句.doc

长难句： 产生原因：1.语言演化 2.生理语言学分类：1.长句 2.难句两个长句：His state of weakness was such that/ he was unable to digest any food/, he consumed by fever,/ and he would have died /but for the attention of his friends /who rescued him from the excesses/ in a cold weather into which he had been throwing himself.方法总结：断句(通过连词，逗号，介词) ，找意群，断成短句，看从句。65. To be sure, their evaluation of the technical flaws in 1920s sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in the motion picture field that, in a sense, would not take no for an answer.evaluate v.评价 evaluation n.评价，诊断（医学上）flaw n.瑕疵，缺点 v.生裂缝，使有瑕疵off the mark 负评价 on the mark 正评价 neglect 忽视take into account 考虑到 force n.武力，权利 v.强迫，推动 motion picture=movie 电影 in a sense 从某种程度上来说 take for an answer 采用，承认=not take no for an answer 不可拒绝，不可否认难句：It is said that that that that that man used is wrong.据说 那个 that 定从 那个 那个男人用的是错的。据说那个男人用的那个that是错误的。名词性从句：含义：若从句在整个句子中的作用相当于名词，我们称之为名词性从句。名词在句子中都可以做哪些成分？主语 表语 宾语 同位语所以名词性从句就有四种名词性从句的关联词：1 连接词that, whether, if（只连接不在从句中做成分)That he is a fool is known by everyone.他是一个2是众所周知的事情Whether he is a fool is not decided by us.他是否是一个2不由我们说了算I dont know if (whether) he will come or not.（if引导名词性从句时做“是否”的意思讲，但是只能放在动词后面，不可放在句首，whether可放句首，和句中）我不知道他是否会来2 连接代词（既连接又在从句中做成分）who, whom, whose, what, whichwhat例子：What is the important is pronunciation.发音最重要的是什么What he bought is a car.他买的是一辆车What it is is not important.它到底是什么不重要。3 连接副词（既连接又作成分）when, where, how, why例子：When he will come is not clear（when在从句中做状语）.什么时候他会来还不清楚。(一） .主语从句：在句中起主语作用的句子叫做主语从句。(1).主语从句+谓语That she will come to our party is certain.Who cleaned the blackboard is not known yet.That hell come to see us is really great.(2). It +be+形容词（名词词组、过去分词）+that从句 it在此结构中作形式主语（为什么采用此结构？ 避免头重脚轻,英语注重形式美） 常见的形容词：obvious, clear, likely, true , certain it=从句It is quite clear that the elephant is like a huge fan.很清楚大象像把大扇子改写：That the elephant is like a huge fan is quite clear.It is said that our school will be rebuild.据说我校将要重建改写： That our school will be rebuilt is said.(二).表语从句：在句子中起表语作用的句子叫做表语从句，表语从句放在系动词的后面。表语从句的顺序是陈述句的顺序。That is why I am late.这就是我迟到的原因The truth is that he is the thief.事实上他就是小偷The question is whether it is worth reading.问题是它是否值得读一读(三). 宾语从句：在句子起宾语作用的句子叫做宾语从句，宾语从句放在及物动词或介词之后作了宾语。宾语从句的语序仍然用陈述句语序。例子：I didnt expect that he had broken the glass.我没有想到他把玻璃打破了Please tell me (who is your teacher)=what.请告诉我谁是你的教师特殊情况：1.在形容词+名词性从句的结构中，形容词表示情感、心理活动或确信的意义时，后面的从句被看作是宾语从句。这些形容词有： afraid, sure, glad, happy, pleased, surprised, worried等等.例子：Im afraid that you have made a mistake.恐怕你犯了一个错误We are certain we will do well in English writing.我们确信我们能学好英语写作2.介词后面的宾语从句一般不用that来引导。英语里能直接用that 引导的宾语从句的介词很少，主要有： except(除了)， but(除了)， save(除之外)， besides(除了)， in(在方面)例子：It depends on whether they will go or not这要看他们是否会去He once gave us some advice on how to tell moose and deer.他曾经跟我们讲过乘辨别驼鹿和鹿Criticism is necessary in that it helps correct our mistakes.从批评有助于改正我们的缺点这个意义上讲，它是有必要的(四).同位语从句：用连词that，whether 以及连接代词 who, which, what和连接副词 how, when, where, why等来引导从句作同位语，称为同位语从句。 在同位语从句中that虽然不作句子成分，且无意义，但一般不可省略。 作用：对抽象名词做进一步的解释和说明。常见的是抽象概念的名词有： idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等。例子：The possibility that the majority of the labor force will work at home is often discussed.人们经常讨论大多数劳动力将会在家里工作的可能性What 和 that的区别1. what 只能引导名词性从句，that 既可以引导名词性从句，也可以引导定语从句2. that 在名词性从句中不作句子成分（在定语从句中做！），只起到一种“标识”作用，告诉你