非谓语动词易混淆点及练习.docx

动名词的句法功能1.用作主语Getting up early is a good habit.早起是个好习惯。Finding work is difficult these days.现今找工作可不容易。由于直接将动名词置于句首作主语有时会显得“头重脚轻”，此是可用it作形式主语放在句首，而把真正的主语放在句末。如：Its nice seeing her again.再次见到她很好。Its no use saying any more about it.再谈这事没有用。这两句句首的it就是形式主语，真正的主语是后而把动名词seeing her again和saying any more about it。2.用作表语 Seeing is believing.眼见为实。Her hobby is growing roses.她的爱好是种植玫瑰。The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers.真正的问题是了解消费者的需要。动名词和不定式均可用作主语和表语，两者的区别是：动名词多指笼统的、抽象的概念，而不定式则多表示具体的、一次性的动作。3.用作宾语 I dont mind being poor.我对贫困不在乎。They kept talking about it.他们一直在谈论此事。He suggested moving to the country.他建议搬到乡下去。动名词除用作动词的宾语外，还可用作介词的宾语。如：She was afraid of waking her husband.她怕吵醒她丈夫。4.用作宾语补足语Can we call this serving mankind?这能叫为人类服务吗？I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.我管这叫做拆东墙补西墙。5.用作定语We need a new working method.我们需要一种新的工作方法。The doctor told me not to take sleeping pills.医生叫我不要服安眠药。动名词作定语与不定式和现在分词不同，动名词作定语通常不以短语的形式出现，而且总是位于被修饰名词之前(在许多情况下构成合成名词)，用以表示被修饰名词的用途、目的和场合。如：reading room阅览室(表示这个房间是供人们阅读的)operating table手术台(表示这个台子是用于做手术的)swimming pool游泳池(表示这个池子是供人们游泳的)washing machine洗衣机(表示这个机器是用来洗衣的)动名词用作定语时，其前有时可以有形容词，但此形容词不是修饰动名词，而是修饰“动名词+名词”结构，如：a big waiting room一大问候车室其中的形容词big不修饰动名词waiting,而是修饰waiting room非谓语动词being done结构与done结构的区别being done如果构成谓语只有一种可能，就是与动词be一起构成被动语态的进行时态。如：Your steak is being grilled and will be ready in a minute.您的牛排正在烤着，马上就好。Unfortunately, my car broke down and I was stuck there while it was being repaired.不幸的是，我的车坏了，在修车的时候，我就被困在那里。但是，作为非谓语动词的being done，其用法则比较复杂，也比较容易用错，本文帮同学们归纳如下。1.用作定语当非谓语动词being done用作定语时，只能置于被修饰名词之后，表示一个正在进行的被动动作。如：Did you see that boy being questioned by the police?你看见那个男孩受到警察的盘问了吗?(语境中)We are going to reduce the number of trees being cut down.我们要减少砍伐的树的数量。注意：being done, to be done与done均可用作后置定语，其区别为：being done表示正在发生的被动动作；to be done表示将要发生的被动动作；而done表示已经发生的被动动作。比较：(1) The play_ last month aimed mainly to reflect the local culture.A.producedB.being producedC.to be producedD.having been produced(2) The play_ now aims mainly to reflect the local culture.A.producedB.being producedC.to be producedD.having been produced(3) The play_ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture. (2009安徽卷)A.producedB.being producedC.to be producedD.having been produced根据每句空格后的时间状语last month, now, next month可知，第(1)题的答案应选A，第(2)题的答案应选B，第(3)题的答案应选C。这道山东卷考题也就变得很容易了：We are invited to a party _ in our club next Friday.A.to be heldB.heldC.being heldD.holding2.用作主语being done可以用于句首作主语，表示一个被动的动作。如：Being sent to prison was the final degradation.堕落到最后的地步就是被关进监狱。Being recognized wherever you go is the price you pay for being famous.出名所付出的代价是不管你走到哪里，都会被人认出来。3.用作宾语being done不仅可以用于动词后作宾语，而且可以用作介词后作宾语，也是表示一个被动的动作。如：He tried to escape being punished.他设法逃避惩罚。（escape/avoide/enjoy doing）He dyed his beard to avoid being recognized.他染了胡子，以免我们认出他。Everybody enjoys being spoiled from time to time.谁都喜欢偶尔让人宠一宠。You have to wait in a large entrance hall before being shown into the court proper.进入皇宫时先要在入口大厅等候，由人带领进入正殿。Before/after 介词After On being informed the flight would be delayed, we made other arrangements.在我们得知飞机要推迟起飞后，我们另作了安排。请看下面一道考题：（remember to do 与 remember doing 区别）I still remember _ to the Temple and what I saw there.A.to takeB.to be takenC.takingD.being taken从句意上看，“我”与“带去法门寺”之间为被动关系，即“我是被带去法门寺”，所以首先应排除表示主动意义的A和C；再从语法上看，remember后接不定式或动名词均可，但有区别：接不定式表示记住去做未做的事，接动名词表示记住已经做过或发生过的事，根据句意和句子中saw用的是一般过去时可知，应用动名词，即答案为D。4.用作宾语补足语being done主要用在某些动词（如see, hear, watch, feel, find, discover, imagine, keep, like, notice等）后作宾语补足语，表示一个正在进行的被动动作。如：I saw him being taken away by the police.我看到他正被警察带走。Its interesting for children to see a house being built.孩子们看造房子是挺有趣的事。I woke up to hear the bedroom door being opened slowly.我醒过来，听见卧室的门慢慢地被推开。有时也用于介词with, without的宾语后作宾语补足语。如：They debated for hours without a decision being taken.他们争论了好几个小时，也没作出决定。5.用作状语being done用作状语是一个比较重要的用法，主要用于句首表示原因，有时也表示其他关系（如时间等）。如：Being unemployed, he hasnt got much money.由于他没有工作，他没有多少钱。Being well taken care of, she recovered quickly.由于受到很好的照顾，她的身体恢复得很快。Being given a chance, she immediately jumped at it.当给她这个机会的时候，她立刻就抓住了。注：有时being可带有自己的逻辑主语(构成独立主格结构)。如：The question being settled, we went home.问题解决之后，我们就回家了。考查have sth done的一道语法难题有这样一道题：Mrs Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had_went wrong again.A. itB. it repairedC. repairedD. to be repaired这是一道上海高考英语题，答案选C，许多考生因不能正确分析句子结构，不知如何下笔。现分析如下：句中to see后的基本结构是：the washing machine went wrong again.(洗衣机又出毛病了)，其中(that) she had had repaired套用的句型是“have +名词或代词+过去分词”，即have the washing machine repaired；另外，从时间上看，“请人修洗衣机”应在“出故障”之前，故have the washing machine repaired用了过去完成时态，即用had had the washing machine repaired；从修饰角度看，题目中she had had repaired为修饰名词the washing machine的定语从句（意为“她曾请人修理过的洗衣机”），引导该定语从句的关系代词为that，因其用作宾语被省略，也正因为如此，题目中的she had had repaired的第二个had后既不能用the washing machine或it，这也就是为什么不能选B的原因。请比较下面一题：A computer does only what people_.A.have it doB.have it doneC.have done itD.having it done答案选A，选项中的it指的是the computer，而不是指the work之类的。其中的what用作动词do的宾语。句意为“人们要计算机做什么，它就做什么”。如何区分过去分词与现在分词的被动式过去分词和现在分词的被动式都可表示被动，但它们的用法上不同：过去分词在表示被动的同时通常还表示完成，而现在分词的被动式不表示完成，而是表示动词在进行。比较：The painting stolen from the museum had not been found. 博物馆失窃的画仍未找到。They found the window broken. 他们发现窗户给砸碎了。（被未知人砸碎的）I saw him taken away by the police.我看见他被警察带走了。I saw him being taken away by the police.我看到他正被警察带走。第一句用过去分词，表明动作在当时被动、已完成；第二句用现在分词的被动式，表明动作当时正在进行。另外，过去分词还可以表示动作完成后的状态，而现在分词的被动式一般不这样用。如：The thief was brought in, his hands tied behind his back.小偷被带了进来，他的双手被反绑在背后。句中的tied在此表示双手被捆绑后的状态，若将句中的tied改为现在分词的被动式being tied，则表示“捆绑”当时正在进行，给人的感觉便是：小偷一边被带进来，一边还有人在绑他的手。过去分词可以用于表示条件，相当于一个被动的条件状语从句，但是现现在分词的被动式一般不这样用。如： United, we stand; divided, we fall.团结则存，分裂则亡。句中的过去分词united和divided均表示条件，相当于if we are united和if we are divided。此句我们不能说成：Being united, we stand; being divided, we fall. 另外，单个的过去分词可用于名词前作定语，但现在分词的被动式不能这样用。如：A watched pot never boils.心急锅不开。(谚语)This is one of our required subjects.这是我们的必修课之一。如果现在分词的被动式要用作定语，必须置于被修饰名词之后。如：Who is the woman being operated on?正在动手术的女人是谁?I wasnt interested in the question being discussed.我对讨论的问题不感兴趣。现在分词完成式having+done 只作状语 表示动作先于谓语动词发生，两个动作之间有一定得时间间隔。Having finished her work, she went home.她工作完成后就回家了。Having failed twice, he did not want to try again.他已经失败了两次，不想再试了。不定式省略to的基本规律一、 使役动词后省略to的情况在let, make, have等使役动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to。如：My mother wouldnt let me go to the film.我妈妈不会让我去看电影的。I dont like milk, but mother made me drink it.我不喜欢牛奶，可是母亲强迫我喝。I would have him wait for me at the gate of the park.我要他在公园门口等我。注意：1.当使役动词用于被动语态时，要补上在主动语态中省略的to(主要是指make，let和have很少用于被动语态)。2.force, oblige等虽然也表示“使”，但它们后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须带to。如：He forced me to go with them.他迫使我同他们一起去。The police obliged him to leave.警方强迫他离开。二、感觉动词后省略to的情况在感觉动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to。如：I watched her get into the car.我看着她上了车。I saw the woman enter a bank.我看见这个女人进了一家银行。We often hear her sing this song.我们经常听到她唱这首歌。Did you notice her leave the house?她离开屋子你注意到了吗?注意：1.这里所说的感觉动词主要包括see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch等。但是它们用于被动语态时，其后的不定式必须带to。如：The woman was seen to enter a bank.有人看见这个女人进了一家银行。但是，用于以上句型的动词notice和watch通常不用于被动语态。2.类似地，动词look at和listen to后用作宾语补足语的不定式也不带to。如：We listened to the old man tell his story.我们听这位老人讲述他的经历。3.若动词feel后用作宾语补足语的不定式为to be，则要带to(其他情况不带to)。如：They felt the plan to be unwise.他们认为这个计划不明智。4.若不定式为完成式，通常应带to。如：I noticed her to have come early.我注意到她来得很早。三、动词help后省略to的情况在动词help后用作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式可以不带to。如：Can I help (to) carry this heavy box?我可以帮忙扛这个重箱子吗？Mother helped me (to) do my homework.妈妈帮助我做作业。注意：1.当help之后接一个较长的名词词组作宾语或当其中的不定式所表示的动作主语不直接参加时，不定式通常带to。如：Help the little boys at the back of the hall to carry the chairs out.请帮大厅后面那些小男孩把椅子搬出去。These tablets will help you to sleep.这些药片将对你的睡眠有帮助。2.在当help用于被动语态时，不定式前的to不能省略。如：The boy was helped by a woman to collect his scattered coins.那男孩由一个妇女帮他捡拾散乱一地的钱币。四、why (not)后省略to的情况在why (not)?之后的不定式不能带to。如：Why go with him?为什么要同他一起去？Why not ask the teacher?为什么不去问问老师？Why not try to expand your story into a novel?你怎么不把你的故事扩展成小说呢?五、动词know后省略to的情况在“know+宾语+不定式”中，不定式有时省略to，有时不省，可分以下两种情况讨论：1.若know为现在式，该结构中的不定式只限于to be，且其中的to不能省略。如：I know him to be ill.我知道他病了。We knew her to be honest.我们知道她是诚实的。2.若know为完成式或过去式，则该结构中的不定式可以用除to be外的其他动词，且此时其中的to可以省留。如：I never knew him (to) do such a thing.我从未听说他会干那种事。Weve never known him (to) tell a lie.我们从未听说他撒过谎。Ive never known it (to) snow in July before.我从未听说过有七月下雪的事。但在被动语态中不定式前的to不能省略。这样用的know不仅仅表示一般意义的“知道”，而是表示一种经历，因此常译为“曾过”(用于肯定句时)或“(从来)没有过”(用于否定句时)。六、介词except / but后省略to的情况用作介词except, but宾语的不定式有时带to，有时不带to。其大致原则是：若其前出现了动词do，其后的不定式通常不带to；若其前没有出现动词do，则其后的不定式通常带to。如：I had no choice but to wait.除了等，我没有别的选择。He wanted nothing but to stay there.他只想留在那儿。It had no effect except to make him angry.除惹他生气外，没产生任何效果。She can do everything except cook.除了做饭之外她什么都会。七、主语带do表语省略to的情况当主语部分有动词do的某种形式时，用作表语的不定式可以省略to。如：All you do now is (to) complete the form.你现在要做的只是把这张表填好。The only thing to do now is (to) go on.前进是现在唯一的出路。What Ill do is (to) tell her the truth.我要做的就是告诉她真相。八、并列不定式省略to的情况当两个或多个作用相同的不定式并列时，通常只需在第一个不定式前用to，其余不定式前的to可以省略。如：He told me to stay there and wait for him.他叫我在那儿等他。Im really puzzled what to think or say.我真不知该怎么想怎么说。It is easier to persuade people than (to) force them.说服人容易，强迫人难。但是，如果两者有对比关系，则后面不定式前的to不可省略。如：To try and fail is better than not to try at all.尝试而失败总比不尝试好。九、省略不定式是否保留to在一定的上下文中，为了避免重复，有时不定式可以省略，但通常保留不定式符号to。如：I shall go if I want to.如果我想去就去。“Dont be late.” “Ill try not to.”“不要来晚了。”“我尽量不来晚。”Dont go till I tell you to.等我叫你走你再走。注意：1.若被省略的不定式为to be短语，则通常应保留to be。如：He is not the man he used to be.他已不是原来的那个样子了。2.有时省略不定式时，同时也可省略to。如：She may go if she likes (to).她想去就可以去。“get+过去分词”结构的用法“get+过去分词”是一个比较常用的结构，但许多初学者对该结构的用法并不是很熟悉，尤其是不知道它与普通的被动语态有何区别，不知道其中的“过去分词”是否有什么限制。本文特对此作一些简单的归纳，希望对初学者的英语学习有所帮助。一、基本用法在口语中，过去分词之前常用get代替be，构成被动语态。如：I tried to find my way roundLondonwithout a map and got lost.我试图不带地图在伦敦寻路，结果迷路了。I never drank in order to get drunk.我喝酒从来不是为了要买醉。We were surprised at the news that she got divorced.听到她离婚的消息，我们都很惊讶。二、用法归纳能够用于get后构成被语态的过去分词不多，常见的有arrested, broken, caught, cheated, confused, delayed, divorced, dressed, drowned, drunk, elected, engaged, hit, killed, lost, married, stuck等。这类结构的主要用法如下：Igot dressedas quickly as I could.我尽快穿好衣服。I got caught in the deluge on the way home.我在回家的路上遇到倾盆大雨。I got drunk for the first time in my life last night.昨晚我有生以来第一次喝醉了。She nearly got hit by a car.她差点被汽车撞上了。Dont play with knives.You might get hurt.不要玩刀子，说不定会伤着自己。Happily none got killed in that accident.幸亏那起车祸没有造成死亡。I gave you a map so you wouldnt get lost.我给你一张地图这样你就不会迷路了。They were walking out for years before they got married.他们恋爱多年才结婚。三、与“be+过去分词”的区别区别一：“be +过去分词”多用来表示一般的动作或情况，而“get +过去分词”则多用于表示动作的结果或动作变化的逐渐性。如：The food was burnt.食物被烧了。The food will get burnt if you dont take it away from the fire.如果你不把食物从火上拿开，就会被烧掉。区别二：“be +过去分词”的进行时表示动作正在进行，而“get +过去分词”的进行时则表示动作即将发生。如：He is being punished by his father.他父亲正在惩罚他。Being punished by his father, he is just still there. The water in the river is getting polluted.河里的水即将被污染。区别三：“get +过去分词”表示突然发生而未曾料到的情况，虽可表示状态，但更强调动作，而“be +动词的过去分词”多表示状态。如：My watchgot brokenwhile I was playing with the children.我跟孩子们玩的时候把表弄坏了。Never touch an electric wire when it is broken.绝不要动断了的电线。have+宾语+过去分词该结构中的过去分词也用作宾语补足语，其中的have也是使役动词。用法如下：1.表示请人做某事：即表示请别人做某事，自己并不参与，注意过去分词所表示的被动意味。如：We had the machine repaired.我们请人修理了机器。Can I have this parcel weighed here?我可以在这儿称一下这个包裹吗?I want to have my daughter educated inEngland.我想让我女儿在英国受教育。2.表示经历或遭遇：主要用来表示遭遇令句子主语不愉快的事。如：He had his arm broken.他的手臂摔断了。He had his window broken to pieces.他的窗户给打破了。3.表示主动完成：即表示句子主语主动地完成某动作或解决某事。如：We now have the problem solved.我们现已把这个问题解决了。Ive had all my mistakes corrected.我已把所有的错误都改正过来了。4.表示容忍或允许：表示容忍或允许某人做某事，多用于否定句，尤与wont, cant连用。如：I wont have anything said against her.我不允许谁说她的坏话。I refuse to have my house used as a hotel.我不愿意让我的家给弄得像旅馆似的。非谓语动词专练（一）1.Tell Mary that theres someone _for her at the door.A. waiting B. waited C. waits D. to wait2.There is a big dog _to a fence outside the house.A. tying B. tied C. to tie D .ties3.The_waiter came up to us and said, You are welcome.A. smiling B. smiled C. smile D. to smile4. _the early train, youll have to get up early and rush in a taxi.A. Catching B. Caught C. To catch D. Catch5.There, in the corner, sat three girls, _.A. sew B. were sewing C. to sew D. sewing6.Whether it will do us harm remains_.A. seen B. seeing C. being seen D. to be seen7.Whom would you rather have _with you, him or me?A. to be gone B. gone C. going D. go8.The power station keeps the villages _ with electricity.A. supplied B. to supply C. supplying D. having supplied9.The path in the park looked beautiful, _ with _ leaves.A. covered; falling B. covered; fallen C. covering; falling D. covering, fallen10.I wont go to the party even if_.A. inviting B. being invited C. invited D. having invited11.All work is pleasant_when the habit of working is formed.A. done B. doing C. to do D. to be done12.The man _in a blue jacket at the party was a doctor.A. put on B. dressed C. had on D. wore13.People are talking about the new play _in two weeks.A. to be put on B. to put on C. being put on D. put on14.The man _in the chair asked me to _.A. seated; seated B. sitting; sitting C. seating; seat D. seated; be seated15.I happened _with him when he was hit by a stone.A.I was talking B. talking C. to talk D. to be talking16.We are not sure which restaurant _tonight.A. eating at B. for eating C. to eat at D. we eat17.The way Della thought of _enough money was to sell her beautiful hair.A. got B. to be got C. to get D. get18.A phone call sent him _to the hospital.A. hurry B. hurrying C. to hurry D. hurried19.My work _, I went home .A. had been done B. done C. having done D. to be done20.You can close your umbrella. The rain seems _.A. stopping B. to stop C. to have stopped D. having stopped21.I rushed there in a taxi only _the library_.A. finding; closed B. finding; shut C. to find; close D. to find; closed22.Many things _impossible in the past are common today.A. considering B. to consider C. considered D. being considered23.He must have gone out. I heard the noise of the door _when I was still in bed.A. being locked B. to lock C. locking D. having locked24.As a boy, he was_ hard all day long.A. made to work B. to make working C. made working D. to make work25.The_look on his face suggested that he had passed the exam.A. exciting B. tired C. tiring D. excited26._a nurse, she knew how to take care of a patient.A. Been B. Being C. To be D. Be27._twice,he didnt want to try again.A. Failed B. Failing C. Having failed D. To fail28._by the police again, the thief hung his head.A. Being caught B. Caught C. Having caught D. To be caught29._the road, be careful.A. While crossing B. When cross C. Crossed D. Being crossed30.Hearing the _news, we all felt_ .A. encouraging; encouraging B. encouraged; encouragedC. encouraged; encouraging D. encouraging; encouraged31.There seemed nothing else to do but _a doctor.A. to send for B. to call for C. send for D. to call in32._a reply, he decided to write again.A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having received not33.She went out, _her baby by itself.A. left B. leaving C. having left D. to leave34.Rather than_on a crowded bus, he always prefers _a bicycle.A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding35.The computer center, _last year, is very popular among the students in this school.A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened36.The sentence needs _once more.A. explained B. explaining C. being explained D. to explain37.There was a terrible noise _the sudden burst of light.A. followed B. to be followed C. following D. being followed38.Im sorry I forgot_ _him about it, so he didnt come.A. to tell B.