定语从句讲解与百道经典习题.doc

定语从句 定语从句（AttributiveClauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。 关系副词有：when,where,why等。 一、 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1）who,whom,that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语） 2)Whose用来指人或物，(只用作定语,若指物，它还可以同ofwhich互换）,例如： Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Pleasepassmethebookwhose(ofwhich)coverisgreen.请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3）which,that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which/that在句中作宾语） Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作宾语) 二、 关系代词that,which的用法 A.以下情况多用that. (1)如果先行词是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如： Allthepeoplethatarepresentburstintotears. IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou? (2)如果先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast,thebest等词修饰，关系代词常用that(指人时，可以用who),例如： ThisistheverybookthatIwanttofind. Thatisthebestfilmthatwehaveseen. Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficethat/whowasinvited. (3)当先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much所修饰时； Youcantakeanyseatthatisfree. (4)当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时。 ItisthefirstforeignbookthatIhaveeverseen. ThisisthemostbeautifulflowerthatIhaveseen. (5)在therebe句型中，常用that. Thereisamanthatlivesinthatvillage. (6)先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如： Theboyandthedogthatareinthepictureareverylovely. B.以下情况用which. (1)当关系词前面有介词时，指物常用which. Theprizeforwhichheworkedsohardwasanewbike. Hebuiltatelescopethroughwhichhecouldstudytheskies. (2)非限制性定语从句指物时，多用which. Bambooishollow,whichmakesitlight. Hewroteanarticle,whichtellsusaboutthecomputer. (3)如果先行词本身是that时，只用which. Thisisthatwhichheboughtyesterday. (4)which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与andthis相似，例如： Hesucceededinthecompetition,whichmadehisparentsveryhappy. 三、 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 1）when,where,why 关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于介词+which结构，因此常常和介词+which结构交替使用，例如： Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustyield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)Iwasborn.北京是我的出生地。 Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedouroffer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ 2）that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和介词+which引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如： Hisfatherdiedtheyear(that/when/inwhich)hewasborn. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 Heisunlikelytofindtheplace(that/where/inwhich)helivedfortyyearsago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 Idontliketheway(that/inwhich)hewastreated. Thisisthereasonhewasabsent. 四、判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear. IllneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou. 判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。） （错）ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear. （错）IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside. （对）Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear. （对）Illneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where,when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例1.Isthismuseum_youvisitedafewdaysage? A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone 例2.Isthisthemuseum_theexhibitionwasheld. A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone 答案：例1D，例2A 例1变为肯定句：Thismuseumis_youvisitedafewdaysago. 例2变为肯定句：Thisisthemuseum_theexhibitionwasheld. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where,that,onwhich都不能起到宾语的作用，只有theone既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因inthemuseum词组，可用介词in+which引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on用的不对，所以选A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词(where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语)。 五、限制性和非限制性定语从句 1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如： Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice. 这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性） 2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如： CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear. 查理?史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。 3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如： HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 六、介词+关系词 (1)“介词关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。 “介词关系代词“结构中的介词可以是in,on,about,from,for,with,toat,of,without等，关系代词只可用whom或which,不可用that。 ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago. Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub? (2)fromwhere为“介词关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如： Westoodatthetopofthehill,fromwherewecanseethetown. (3)像listento,lookat,dependon,payattentionto,takecareof等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如： Thisistheboywhomshehastakencareof. （4）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when和where互换。 ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago. ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago. Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub? Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub? （2）Some,any,none等或数词+of+which/whom引导的定语从句。例如 Ihavefourbooks,twoofwhichareinteresting. Itsafamilyofthreechildren,allofwhomIhaveevertaught. 七、as,which非限定性定语从句 关系代词as也可引导非限制性定语从句，其从句的谓语常是表示感知的动词，如：know,see,hear,expect等。从句可放在主句之前、之中、或之后。As可以指主句中的某个成分，也可以指整个主句，as在从句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。例如： 1）Tom,asyouknow,isawriter. 2）Aswehaveseen,oceanscovermorethan70%oftheearth. 3）Tomdoesntfindhishomework,asoftenhappens. 4）Charlielooksstrong,asinfactheis. 由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于andthis或andthat。As一般放在句首，which在句中。 Asweknow,smokingisharmfultooneshealth. Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous（）定语从句与表语从句的互换 Thatsthethingthatwereworryingabout.（定语从句） Thatswhatwereworryingabout.（表语从句） 那就是我们正在担心的事。 Thisisthewayshedidit.（定语从句） Thisishowshedidit.（表语从句） 这就是她做这件事的方法。 Thisisthereasonwhywemustgonow.（定语从句） Thisiswhywemustgonow.（表语从句） 这就是我们现在该走的理由。 ThatistheplacewhereXiaoLinwasborn.（定语从句） ThatiswhereXiaoLinwasborn.(表语从句) 那就是小林出生的地方。 （）定语从句与宾语从句的互换 Idontknowthereasonwhysheissohappy.（定语从句） Idontknowwhysheissohappy.（宾语从句） 我不知道她为什么这样高兴。 Heshowedmetheplacewhereheusedtolive.（定语从句） Heshowedmewhereheusedtolive.（宾语从句） 他带我看了他曾经住过的地方。 DoyouknowthedatewhenWuhanwasliberated?（定语从句） DoyouknowwhenWuhanwasliberated?(宾语从句) 你知道武汉是什么时候解放的吗？ （）定语从句与主语从句的互换 Thethingthatweneedismoretime.（定语从句） Whatweneedismoretime.（主语从句） 我们所需要的是更多的时间。 Thetimewhentheywillstartouthasnotbeendecidedyet.（定语从句） Whentheywillstartouthasnotbeendecidedyet.（主语从句） 他们什么时候动身还没有决定下来。 Thereasonwhyhediditwasntquiteclear.（定语从句） Whyhediditwasntquiteclear.（主语从句） 定语从句模拟训练二1. Can you tell me the name of the factory _you paid a visit last week?A. what B. which C. to which D. to that2. We have two spare rooms downstairs, _ has been used for more than two months.A. but neither of which B. none of which C. but neither of them D. none of them3.Finally, the thief handed everything _he had stolen to the police.A. which B. what C. whatever D. that4.His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _ family was poor.A. of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose5.All _is needed is a supply of oil. A. the thing B. that C. what D. which6.He paid the boy $ 10 for washing ten windows, most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. A. these B. those C. that D. which7.She heard a terrible noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth.A. it B. which C. this D. that8.After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child. A. which B. where C. that D. when9.He still lives in the room _ window faces to the east.He still lives in the room, the window _ faces to the east.He still lives in the room _ is in the north of the city.He still lives in the room _ there is a beautiful table. A. which B. whose C. where D. of which10._ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights._ who leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights._ who leave the room last ought to turn off the lights.A. Anyone B. Who C. Those D. Whoever11._ we all know, China is rich in natural resources._ is well-known that China is rich in natural resources._ is well-known, China is rich in natural resources.A. Which B. As C. It D. That12.Ill never forget the days _ we studied together. Ill never forget the days _ we spent together. A. that B. / C. when D. A and B13.Galileo collected facts _ proved the earth and all the other planets moved around the sun. Galileo collected facts _ the earth and all the other planets moved around the sun. A. that B. which C. / D. A and B14.It was eleven oclock _ they went out of the cinema. It was at eleven oclock _ they went out of the cinema. A. which B. that C. when D. on which15.The orphan came from New York, _ is far from here.A. which B. that C. where D. in which16. The beautiful village, _ we spent our holiday last month, lies at the foot of the mountain. A. where B. that C. which D. what17. The two things _ they felt very proud were Jims gold watch and Dellas hair. A. about which B. of which C. in which D. for which18. The magazine _ Betty paid one dollar was very good. A. that B. which C. for which D. to which19. We admired him for the way _ he faced his difficulties. A. in which B. in that C. which D. how20. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _ he could see what was happening inside the room. A. in which B. through which C. at which D. on which21. The first birthday gift her parents _ was a necklace. A gave it to her B. gave her C. gave her it D. gave it for her22. Robert is good at languages, _ we all know. A. because B. for C. as D. since23. Who is the man _our headmaster just shook hands? A. of whom B. that C. with whom D. with who24. There is only one problem _ they disagree.A. about which B. of which C. on which D. that25. He is a man _ we can learn very much.A. of whom B. that C. of who D. from whom26. people think highly of the patience _ he serves the customers. A. of which B. with which C. that D. by which27. I will never forget the day _ I joined the Party.A. when B. at which C. that D. which28. He has not reached the age _ he can marry.A. that B. at which C. by which D. on which29. Tom is the student _ our teacher got angry. A. with who B. to whom C. about whom D. with whom30. When you read the book, youd better make a mark _ you have any questions. A. at which B. at where C. the place where D. where31. We expressed the hope _ Mr and Mrs Smith would come to visit China the next year. A. that B. which C. what D. when32. Toms mother kept telling him that he should work harder, _ didnt help. A. he B. which C. she D. it33. Have you seen the film Titanic, _ leading actor is world famous? A. its B. its C. whose D. which34.The reason _ Im writing to you is to tell you about a party on Saturday. A. because B. why C. for D. as35. Do you remember one evening a week ago _ I came to your room and borrowed a dictionary? A. that B. which C. when D. where36.We should learn from those _are always ready to help others.A. who B. whom C. they D. that37.Mr. Herpin is one of the foreign experts who _in China. A. works B. is working C. are working D. has been working38 .Tom is the only one of the students who _to Shanghai.A. have gone B. have been C. has been D. had gone39.I,_your good friend, will try my best to help you out.A. who is B. who am C. that is D. which am40.The old man has two sons, _are lawyers.A. both of them B. both of who C. both of whom D. both of they41.He is a man of great knowledge, _much can be learneD. A. in whom B. about whom C. from whom D. of whom42.Do you know the man _just now? A. to who I nodded B. I nodded to C. whom I nodded D. Whom I nodded to him.43.The man _has gone to Japan. A. whom I told you B. that I told you C. whom I told you about him D. I told you about44.Please pass me the dictionary _cover is black.A. which B. its C. whose D. which of45.The radio set _last week has been out of order.A. I bought B. I bought it C. which I bought it D. what I bought46.All the apples _fell down from the tree were eaten op by the pigs.A. which B. / C. that D. they47.I can tell you _he told me last week. A. all which B. all what C. that all D. all that48.This is the biggest lab _we have ever built in our university.A. which B. what C. that D. where49.Is oxygen the only gas _helps fire burn? A. that B. / C. which D. what50.Air,_we breathe every day,is around us all the time.A. that B. / C. which D. it51.This is the museum _we saw an exhibition the other day.A. that B. which C. where D. in that52.This museum is _you visited the other day.A. that B. which C. where D. the one53.This is the museum _you saw the other day. A. that B. where C. in which D. in that54.It is the third time _late this month.A. that you arrived B. when you arrived C. that youve arrived D. when youve arrived55.It was in 1969_the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon. A. that B. which C. in which D. when56.We often think of the days _we spent together on the island. A. when B. which C. in which D. during which57.Have you ever been to Shanghai, _I left ten years ago?A. where B. which C. that D. when58.He has left Beijing, _a meeting is to be held. A. when B. where C. as D. which59.His father died last year, _made it impossible for him to go abroad. A. when B. which C. as D. that60.This is the very place _Im wishing to live in.A. where B. which C. that D. in which61.Is it in that factory _”Red Flag” cars are made?A. in which B. where C. that D. which62.I have bought the same dress _she is wearing.A. as B. that C. which D. than63.Can you solve such problems _raised by the audience?A. what were B. as were C. that were D. which were64.The reason _he didnt come was _he was injured. A. that, because B. why, that C. why, because D. that, that65.He must be from Africa, _can be seen from his skin.A. that B. as C. it D. what66._is natural, he married Mary. A. It B. What C. Which D. As67.The buses, _were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. A. most of them B. most of which C. which most D. that most68.All_is needed is a supply of oil. A. the thing B. that C. what D. which69.He paid the boy 10 dollars for washing ten windows, most of _had not been cleaned for years. A. these B. those C. that D. which70.She heard a terrible noise, _brought her heart into her mouth.A. it B. which C. this D. that71.In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _she could turn for help. A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom72.This is one of the means _the electric energy is conducted from one place to another.A. by which B. by that C. through which D. through that73.The place _you are going to visit is the ruin of a place.A. in which B. at which C. where D. which74.The last river _they crossed is two miles wide.A. where B. which C. that D. in which75.The Summer Palace is one of the most beautiful parks _built in the Qing Dynasty.A. where were B. where was C. that were D. which was76.The factory _I am going to is the place _my mother used to work many years ago.A. where, where B. where, which C. which, where D. that, which77.Dont trust such men _overpraise you to your face.A. as B. that C. who D. which78.The professor has two sons, _are teaching in the same university.A. neither of them B. either of them C. both of them