《基础英语》上册资料.doc

基础英语(上） 必背语句：(Chinese Translations For Reference) 第一课： An economist is someone who knows a lot about how goods and wealth are produced and used. 经济学家对如何生产和使用商品及财富十分了解 Economists try to understand how all the parts of the long story are related 经济学家就要弄明白这个长故事的各部分是如何联系在一起。 An economist learns how to guess what will happen in the future，as far as good and prices are concerned. 经济学家还学会了猜测商品和价格将来的变化趋势 If bank charge higher interest on loans to builders ,how will that affect the cost of a new home. 如果银行提高了给制造商的贷款利息，新建住房的造价有会受到什么怎样的影响？ 第二课If you bought a car or a cooker, it was a once_in_a_lifttime investment. 如果你买一辆汽车或一副灶具,那将是管一辈子的投资 Our industrial society has turned us into spoilt children.It is this terrible wastefulness that has got us into the mess we are in now.When there are on resources left,we will start to look after what we have, Butwhy cannot we act before this happens?Why cannot we go back to a society in which the prevention of waste is a virtue? 当今的工业社会把我们都变成了惯坏了的孩子，正是这种可怕的浪费使我们陷入了目前的困境。当地球上的资源耗尽时， 我们就会珍惜所拥有的东西。但是为什么在这一切发生之前，我们就不能有所作为呢？为什么我们不能回到制止浪费就是美德的社会去呢？ Monder mass-production methods lower the cost of makeing goods,and thus give us better values,At the same time ,American ingenuity and science are constanly at work improving the quality of producets . 现代成批生产方法降低了商品的生产成本，使我们的钱花得更值。同时美国的独创性和科学也在不断地提高产品的质量。 When people are free to compete-when they are free to make more things and make them better-everyone benefits. 当人们可以自由竞争时当人们能自由地产生更多更好的产品时人人都能受益。 第三课 Every word on a label describing a find ,a durg ,a cosmetic or a medical device is important in protecting you and you family from buying an inferior product,from misusing a good one ,from being tricked by dangerous quackery,or from unkonwingly possessing an item harmful health 标签上描述一种食品、一种药品、一种化妆或一种医疗器械的每个字都很重要，因为它保护你和你的家庭，使你们避免购买劣质商品， 比避免不正确地使用好的产品，避免受危险的庸医之骗，避免不知不觉地拥有对健康有害的东西。 It is the law,too ,that manufacturers must list their name and places of business on their labels. 法律规定厂家必须在标签上注明他们的厂名和厂址。 Foods composed of tow or more ingredients must bear labels listing all ingredinets in the order of predominance 对于由两种或两种以上配料构成的食品，其标签必须以各配料多寡为序一一列举。 第四课Britain was the first highly industrialized country and for a long time led the worlds manufactured goods From about1870,however ,she began to lose her lead .Today Britain produces 11% of the worlds exported manufactured goods 英国是第一个高度工业化的国家 ，它的工业生产曾长期在世界上占领先地位，1870年世界上1/3的制成品是英国制造的，然而大约从1870年起，英国开始失去其领先的地位。如今世界上出口的制成品英国生产只占11%。 These just is not enough room to grow food for all these people even though British agriculture is the most mechanized in the world 尽管在世界上英国农业机械化程度最高，但是它没有足够的土地种植庄稼来养活那么多的人。 For a very long time London has been one of the great financial centres of the world ,It deals with vast sums of money in international insurance and British banks still finance international trade.Britain has the worlds third larguest active merchant fleet and tourism is increaing 长期以来，伦敦一直是世界上几个大的金融中心之一，它经手的国际保险业务中的大笔款项。英国的银行仍给国际贸易融资，英国的船队规模是在世界上排第三位，其旅游业也在不断发展。 第五课These black and white stripes can be read by an optical scanner,or computer,The scanner,Which reads the lines of code ,is a small laser beam of light.When the light ray is broken by the black stripe,the computerreadsthe information about the prouduct 光学扫描器，也就是一台计算机可以阅读这些黑白的条纹。辨认条形码的扫描器发出的一束细小的激光束。当光束被黑色的条纹挡住时，计算机就可以读出产品的信息。 This code is called the universal product code(UPC),It is designed to add speed and efficiency to stores by using computers . 这种条形码叫做产品的统一条形码（UPC），它的目的是通过使用计算机提高商店的营业速度和效率。 The computer then find the infornation about this prodouct(price,inventory data)and sends it instandtly backe to the terminal at the checkout counter.At the same time,it keeps an inventory for the store manager.Many products have labels with these stripes. 计算机就能找出有关的商品的信息（价格、存货等资料）并立即把信息送回到受款台的终端，同时它也是为商店经理留一份存货清单，许多产品的标签已标有这种条纹。 第六课In warmer regions of the world,the people dressed themselves in clothing made from leaves ,tree bark,and woven grasses ,Some people scraped the hair from animal skins to make soft leather for their clothes 在暖和的地区，人们穿的衣服是用树叶、树皮和编织的草而做成的。 Linen was the first woven material from which colthes were made,since very early time ,men have known how to make flax into fine linen. 最早用来做衣服的织物是亚麻，很久以前，人们就知道怎样把亚麻织成细亚麻布。 In fact,over four thousand years agao,Egyptians grew flax along the banks of the Nile River. 事实上，4000多年前，埃及人就沿着尼罗河两岸种植了亚麻。 Despite the wisdespread early use of wool and linen ,cotton is the most important source of mans clothing. Today, about three out of every four people in the world wear clothing made of cotton. 尽管很早就普遍使用了羊毛和亚麻，但棉花仍是人类最重要的服装原料，如今，世界上每四个人中大约有三人穿的就是用棉花作成的衣服 第七课Though everyone konws that taxation is necessary,different people have different ideas about how taxation should be arranged . 尽管大家都知道税收是必要的，但应该如何安排税收，不同的人有不同的看法。 In most countries a direct tax on person ,called an income tax. 在大多数的国家，实行的是对人们的直接税，称为所得税。 Of course, it is the people who buy these imported things who really have to pay the duties,in the form of hingher prices. 当然实际上是这些进口的物品的购买者在以较高的价格的形式来负担这些关税。 Probably this kind of indirect tax, together with a direct tax is on income which is low for the poor and hingh for rich is the best arrangment 也许将这种间接税与穷人少付所得税，富人多付所得税的直接税结合是最好的安排了。 第八课Have you every thought about how important transportation is to the world?Without tranportation modern lift could no exist,We would have to get or make our own food, our own clothes,ecen our books,newspaper,and mail. 你曾经想过交通运输对我们有多么的重要吗？没有交通运输，现代的生活就无法存在，我们将不得不自己去取食品或做食品，自己做衣服,甚至书籍，报子和邮件也是自己操劳. Automobiles,railroad,trucks, and pipelines are the principal means of land transportation ,ship, barges,and submarines form the chief means of water transportation. 汽车铁路、卡车和管道是陆路运输的主要方式，船只、驳船和潜水艇构成了水路运输的主要方式， Like many people,of course you may come to the conclusion that the most inexpensive and reliable form of transportation will be your own two legs! 当然和许多人一样，你会得出下面的结论，最廉价最可靠的交通运输工具就是你自己的双脚。 Mans konwledage of metals has been a very important aid to mastering his environment.Very early in histroy, man learned how to work the precious metals, gold and silver, But they are too soft to be made into tools. 第九课人类对金属的了解大大地有助于对环境的控制，很久以前，人们就学会了锤炼贵重的金属金与银。 Steel is made from iron which contanins a certain amount of carbon, It is superior to iron in strength, hardness,and elasticity. 钢是有含有一定的数量的碳的铁提炼成的，钢在强度、硬度和弹性上胜于铁 Iron in its natural state is combined with rock or other impurtiy,and it is then called iron ore steel-railroads,autmobiles,typewriters,sewing machines,the thousands of machies that are used in factories. 自然状态的铁是岩石或其他杂质混合在一起的，被称为铁矿石。 But on matter how frightening it may be to visit a steel mill, we see steel in use all around us. Almost all of our machines are made of 不管参观轧钢厂会有多么可怕，我们周围总有用钢制造的东西，几乎所有的机器都是用钢制造的，铁路、汽车、打字机、缝纫机以及工厂使用的成千上万的机器也都是用钢制成的。 第十课The most obvious purpose of advertising is to infrom the consumer of available or servces. 广告最显而易见的目的是要使消费者了解可得的产品或服务。 They also try to persuade customers to buy the product by creating a desire for it.Because of advertisiment,consumers think that they want something that they do not need.After buying something ,the purchaser cannot always explain why it was bought 他们还试图通过激起消费者购买产品的欲望来劝说消费者购买他们的产品，由于广告的作用，消费者认为他们想要他们并不需要的东西，在购买者并非总能解释为什么要买。 By the time the customer is ready to pay for a purchase,he or she has already made national, thought-out decisions on what he or she needs and wants to buy 当顾客准备付款时，他们对需要买什么，想要买什么早就做出了理智的、经过考虑的决定。 A person becomes a more intelligent and rational consumer,one who spends money wisely 只有花钱明智的人才能成为一个更精明的更理智的消费者。基础英语（下） 必背语句：(Chinese Translations For Reference) 第一课 Science is the never-ending struggle to find truth. 科学是为寻求真理而进行的永无止境的奋斗 第二课 A commerical bank is a financial institution that has the privilege of holding checking accounts and saving accouvnts, as well as performing a number of other functions releted to money. 商业银行是个金融机构，它不但办理活期存款与定期存款业务，而且也是从事与货币有关的各种业务 The demand desposits placed in banks, coupled with the fractional reserve principle,give bankers the power to alter the supply of money in the economy. 银行中的存款,加上部分储备金,使银行家有权改变经济运行中的资金投入量 Athuogh a bank may choose to keep more than $200 as a precaution against withdrawls, it will seldom,if ever,keep all the original deposti on hand. 即使银行留存多于200美元备用金,也不会把全部存款放在手头 第三课 Many nations have port where ships from other countries can unload goods for trade,storage,proceesing,or transfer to anther ship. 许多国家都有一些港口,供外国船只卸货以进行贸易、储存、加工或转运 Nations have tariffs to proect their own merchants and manufacturers from foreign competition . 国家设置关税是为了保护本国商人与制造商避免与外国竞争 第四课 A marker economy is ones in which crucial economic decisions and choices are made in a decentralized fashion by private individuals,operating through a pirce-and-marker mechanism 市场经济是由私人独立的经济实体以分散的方式作出关键经济抉择，并通过市场价格机制运转的经济形式 第五课 In freeing people from the soil the Industrial Revolution bound them to machines ,and the machines have become so complicated that one person general ly learns to oprate only one or two of them 工业革命把人们从土地中解放出来，束缚在机器上，而机器变得如此复杂，以至于一般情况下，一个人只会操作一两台 The law of comparative advantage states that if one person can perfrom seven jobs better than his neighbor,he shuold select the one in which he enjoys the greatest advantage. 比较优势法则认为，一个人如果比起他的邻居来能够做好几件工作，他就应该选择一项能给他带来最大利益的工作 Comparative advantage fefers to the superior productive capacity of ine producer(laber)compared to all others. 比较优势是指与他人相比，生产者最占优势的生产能力。 Specialization increases output, but it also makes people dependent on one another. 专业化增加生产，但同时使人们相互依存 第六课 Under a system of peferctly free commerce each country naturlly devotes its capital and labor to such employments as are most eneficial to each. 在完全的自由贸易体制下，各国自然都会将资金和劳动力投入到对自己最有利的行业中。 This pursuit of individual advantage is admirably connected with the universal good of the whose,By stimulating industry ,by rewarding ingenutiy,and by using most efficciously the peculiar powers ,bestowed by nature,it distributes laber most effectively and most economiclly 这种个人利益与整个社会的普遍利益完善地结合在了一起，通过激励勤奋、奖励创造和最有效地利用大自然所赋予人的独特魅力，这种追求能够最有效、最经济地分配劳动力资源。 while by increasing the general mass of productions ,it diffuses general benefit and binds together by one common tie of interset and intercourse,the univeral society of nations throughout the civilized wrold. 与此同时，通过扩大生产规模，这种追求使利益分散，通过利益互补和互通有无的共同纽带，把文明世界的各国紧密地联系在一起。 第七课 The cost of physically moving a product is the highset cost faced by many manufactures 制造商所面对的最昂贵的费用是产品的运输费， The difference in cost among trucks,railroads,planse,ship,and pipelines is directly relted to the speed of delivery 汽车、火车、飞机、轮船和管道等运输费用的差异与运输速度有着直接的关系。 The advantage of trucks include flexibility ,fast service and depedability. 汽车货运的优点是灵活、快捷可靠。 Tucks can ,however,be delayed by bad weather. 汽车特别适合短途间与贵重物品的运输 Air is the fastest available transportation made.Other advantages include greatly reduced costs in packing,handing,unpacking,and final preparations nesessaty for sale to the consumer 空运是目前最快的运输方式，其优点在于减少了包装、搬运开箱和最后出售给消费的环节费用。 To regain markert share,railroads have expanded their services to include faster delivery times,piggy-back service ,which places semitruck trailers on trailers railcars 为了重新占领市场。铁路运输已扩展了服务范围,包括快速货运、背负式服务（使用火车平板车装运大车挂车或集装箱的一种）运输方式和其他的服务 第八课 In developing advertising strategies,markers must also consider the best advertising medium for their message. 在开展广告策略的过程中，营销商也必须考虑到选择最佳的广告媒介来登载他们的广告词. Each advertising medium has its own advantages and disadvantages 每一种广告媒介都有其优点和缺点 Newspapers are the most widely used advertising medium. 报子是最为广泛运用的广告媒介。 Televsion is the most dramtic medium for advertising,It allows advertisings to combine sight,sound,and motion,thus appealing to almost all the viewers senses 电视是最生动的广告媒介，它集视、听、动为一体，因此几乎对观众的所有感官都产生强烈的感染力 Information on viewer demographics for a particular program allows sdvertisers to promote to their target audiences 对一特别的节目收视观众的调查数据可以使广告商向其目标观众进行促销 One disadvantage of television is that there are too many commereials causing viewers to confuse products 电视的一个缺陷是它的商业广告太多，使观众眼花缭乱 Brevity also makers television a poor medium in which to educate viewers about complex products, Finally , television is the most wxpensive medium. 时间短促使电视具有局限性不能向观众宣传复杂的产品，最后一点，电视是广告费用中最高的媒介 As the name implies ,directmial often involves fliers mailed directly to consumers home or places of business. 尽管邮寄广告品经济被当作垃圾邮件来扔掉，广告商仍能预算有多少收件的人会真对待这些东西 Like television,however, radio ads are over quickly,And radio permits only an audio presentation Also ,people tend to use the radio as a backgtoundwhile they are doing other things,paying little attention to advertisment. 和电视一样，广播广告的时间也过于短暂，而且它只有声音一种表现形式，很多人往往把听广播当作做其它事情一种陪衬，不太留意它的广告 Magazine advaertising accounts rougly 5 percent of all advertising.The many different ,magazines on the market provide a high level of consumer selectivity. 杂志广告约占所有广告的5%，市场上很多不同种类的杂志为不同的读者提供不同的选择 Magazine advertision also allows for excellnet reproduction of photogrphs and artwork that not only grabs buyers attention,but mayalso cinvince them of the products value. 杂志广告也考虑到用印刷精美的照片和插图来吸引购买者的注意力，并且使他们信服产品的价值 Outdooradvertising-billboards, signs,and advertisements on buses,taxis,and subways-makes up a little more than one percent of all advertising. 户外广告，包括路牌广告、标志关高及公交汽车上、出租车上和地铁里的广告，约占据全部广告的1%多一点 第九课 The reason why companies often find insurance appea;ing is clear:in returu for a sum of money ,they are productted aganist certain potentially devantasing losses ,but why are insurance companies willing to accept these risks for other compansies? 很多公司感到保险具有吸引力的原因非常清楚：为了一笔赔偿，以保障它们不遭受一些潜在的灾难性损失，但是保险公司为什么会乐意替其它公司冒这些险呢？ Like all firms,insurance companies are in business to marke a profit. 同其它公司一样，经营保险公司是了挣钱 In order to earn a profit ,insurance companines must konw the likelihoodof a particurlar loss. 为了获利，保险公司必须了解某一种损失发生的可能性。 Insurance compaines also benefit from a statistical principle called the law of large numbers.That is as the number of people who seek insurance rise,so does the chance that the actual loss rate will be the same as the statitcially calculated rate. 保险公司也得益于一个叫做大数定律的统计原则，也就是说，当投保的人数增加时，实际损失率和统计方法计算出的损失率相同的机会也随之增大 The ultimate purpose of insurance is to indemnify policcyholders. 保险的最终目的的是补偿投保人 To remain financially viable, an insurance company must be sure never to pay for losses not covered by the policy nor to pay too much for each loss. 为了经济上保持正常运行，保险公司必须确保不陪付保单外的损失，也不能向每一个损失陪付地过多 The insured loss must be outside the ci=ontrol of the policyholder,It must result from an accident,not from an intentional act by the policyholder. 投保的损失必须分散于较大的地域范围，这样可以避免同时性的破坏或灾难性损失带来的风险 Insurance companies will only insure specify risk where the cause of loss is verifiable . 保险公司只承保具体的而且造成其损失的原因可核的险种 While most property insurance policies specity a maximum dollar limit,whether they pay replacement costs or actual cash value depends on the terms of the policy 尽管绝大多数财产险种的保单都有一具体的最大数量的赔偿额，它们是否赔偿重置费用或实际的现金价值取决于保险单的条款。 第十课 Capitals are increased by parsimony,and dininshed by prodigality and missconduct 节俭使资本增长，挥霍和运用不当使资本减少， Whatevery a person saves from his revenue he adds to his capital,and either emplovs it himself on maintaining an additional number of productive hands ,or enables some other person to do so,by lending it to him for an interest,that is ,for a share of the profits. 正如个体资本积累的唯一途径是靠其收入或年盈利的节余来增加，社会和组成它的所有个体一样，其资本的增加也必须通过同样的途径 Great nations are never impoverished by private,though they sometimes are by public prodigality and misconduct 个人挥霍浪费和管理不善不会使大国贫穷，但整个国家的挥霍和管理不善有时是造成其贫穷的原因 This frugality and good conduct,however,is upon most occasions,it appears from experience,sufficient to compensate not the private prodigality and misconduct of individuals,but the public extravagance of gvoernment 然而，从经验看来，这种节俭和品行在大多数的情况下，不足以补偿个人的浪费和行为不当，却能足以补偿政府的挥霍 第十一课 What factors will determine the level of investment spending in our hypothetical economy? 在我们假定的经济中什么样的因素会决定投资开销的水平呢？ Now the determiants of investment demand are ,if anything ,even more complicated than those that influence comsumer de mand Indeed while economsits often stree the telative dependability of consumer spending at a given level of national incoem they usually point out the great variability of business investment spending For this reason ,changes in investment spending are often seen to be pivotal in causing upswings or downswings in a modern economy. 目前决定投资需求的因素要比那些影响消费需求的因素可能更为复杂，确实经济学家们经常强调在国民收入的一定水平上，消费者消费具有相对稳定性的同时，也常指出企业投资支出的可变性 鉴于这种原，投资开销的变化常常在现在时代经济的高涨或跌落方面起着关键作用 It explains why increasing capital investment is the very first symptom of the coming boom ,why industries producing means of production are the first to show supernormal stimulation above all why the consumption of iron increse. 这种现象解释了增长的资本投资成了即将到来的经济繁荣的第一个征兆的原因，也解释在生产生产资料的工业中最先显露出超常的刺激作用的原因，而且最为重要的是解释了钢铁的消耗量增长的原因 Even if you are aware of the future state of demand and also the full range of technological possibilities open to you,you would not have solved the problem of whether or not to intivest in particular factory or piece of machinery 即使你了解未来的需求状况和可以利用的全部技术状况，你还是不能决定是否在某一个工厂或某一种设备上的投资 If intest rate are high ,this will mean that you will have to pay more to borrow money and,consequently that you will be more reluctant to undertake any vast expansion schemes 如果利率很高，这将意味着你要为借钱而付出更多的钱，而且其结果也就意味着进行任何扩大再生产的计划时你将会更犹豫不决 第十二课 Economists frequently use the concept of aggregate production function, which states that the arowth rate of output related to the growth rates of the conventional inputs labor and capital. 经济学家经常使用总生产函数的概念，它说明产出的增长率和常规的投入即劳动力投入和资本投入的增长率相关 What made it possibl