名词性从句之主语从句.doc

主语从句：做主语用的名词性从句，因其在复合句中做主语，又称主语从句，引导主语从句的有连词that ，whether， 连接代词who ，what ，which， 连接副词when，where， how， why等。 1）从属连词：that， whether等.that 引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，但不能省略。That he will win is certain.他肯定会赢。Whether hell come here isnt clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 注意: 由that 引导的主语从句有时为了使句子结构平衡, 避免 “头重脚轻”, 常用 it 作形式主语, 而把从句放在后面。 例如: 1. That he will refuse this piece of advice is impossible.It is impossible that he will refuse this piece of advice2.That they should like each other is natural.It is natural that they should like each other.*it为形式主语这样就构成了下面一些常用句型: 1) It is + n. +从句 It is a pity/shame that. 遗憾的是 It is a surprise that令人惊奇的是 It is a fact that 是事实 It is common knowledge that 是常识2) It is + adj. +从句 Its certain that 肯定 It is possible that. 很可能 It is unlikely that. 不可能 It is obvious that 很明显 It is necessary important natural. that3) It +不及物动词+从句 It happened that. 碰巧 It occurred to me that我突然想起4) It + be +过去分词+从句 It is said that. 据说 It is known to all that. 众所周知 It is reported that. 据报道 It is believed that.据信;人们相信 It is suggested that + (should）do. 建议It must be admitted that必须承认 It cannot be denied that 不可否认 It must be pointed out that需指出的是 2.连接代词who ，what ，which, whatever, whichever, whoever (Who, whom, which, what可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起到强调作用。此类主语从句不能用形式主语it引导，它们在句子中担任成分，不能省略，语序为陈述语序)What many scientists believe is that the earth is round Who will take part in the meeting has not been decided.Whoever breaks the law will be punished.Which student will win is uncertain.Whatever was said here must be kept secret. 这里说的话都应当保密。 Whoever makes mistakes must correct them. 凡犯了错误的人都必须改正。3)连接副词when，where， how， why等。Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.When they will leave is not decided.Where she is from is unknown.How we will paint the house has not been decided.注意:1）主语从句在句首时，必须由连接词引导，不能省略这些连接词；但是如果用it做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，从属连词that可以省略。误：They should like each other is natural.正：That they should like each other is natural.正：It is natural (that) they should like each other.2)如果主语从句放在句首，不能用if引导，但是如果用it 做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，也可以用if引导.或把if 改为whether 误：If Mary really heard him is really doubtful.正：It was doubtful if Mary really heard him.正: Whether Mary really heard him is really doubtful. 主语从句的规律：例1. When will he come is not known.正：When he will come is not known.规律一、主语从句一律用陈述语序， 即主语在前，谓语在后。例2. He will not come to the meeting this evening is true.正：That he will not come to the meeting this evening is true.规律二、连词that 在从句中无实际意义，但不能省略。例3. If the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet.正：Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet.规律三、whether 可以引导主语从句，放在句首，但if不能例4. That whether he will help others is a fact.正：That he will help others is a fact.规律四、主语从句中的连词不能重叠使用。例5. When he will come are a puzzle.正：When he will come is a puzzle.规律五、含主语从句的主句谓语动词多用单数第三人称形式。例6.1. What he needs is that book.2. What he needs are some books.规律六、what 引导的主语从句，可根据表语决定主句动词的单复数形式。例7.That the earth turns around the sun is known to all.It is known to all that the earth turns around the sun. 规律七、主语从句为了避免头重脚轻现象，用 it 做形式主语，而把从句放在后面。宾语从句宾语从句：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.He helps the girl.主语 谓语 宾语He knows that the girl is clever.主语 谓语 宾语 学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：连接词、语序和时态。 一连接词1宾语从句为陈述句（肯定句和否定句），常用连接词that或将that省略，直接与主句相连。 I know (that) he is at home.2从句为一般疑问句，常用连接词if或whether（是否）。在whetheror not结构中不能用if替换。 He wants to know. Does he like English?Did he like English?He wants to know if/whether he likes English.3从句为特殊疑问句，常用what, when, where, which, who, how many,how far,how much, how -，等的疑问代、副词作连接词。 Can you tell me. ? Where has he gone?Can you tell me where he has gone?Whats your name?Can you tell me what your name is ?注意：当who/what为主语时，句式为：who/what+谓语+其他I dont know who is in the room.二语序 宾语从句的语序是：陈述语序主句+连接词+从句主语+谓语+宾/其他注意：be动词，助动词，情态动词都不能放在连接词之后（特殊情况：疑问词作主语时除外）Where did he go?Can you tell me where he went?What is your name?Can you tell me what your name is ?Who will he help?I dont know who he will help .特殊情况：I dont know who will help him.I dont know who is wrong.三判断时态情况： 1主句用一般现在时，一般将来时，现在进行时，从句可用任意时。I know he is an honest boy.I know he has gone to Beijing.I know he bought a car last month.I am going to tell you that he bought a car last month.2主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。He told me (that) he would buy a car the next month. ( will buy)I didnt know what he .( is doing )He said the bus .(leave)（注意：如果主句用过去时，从句是客观真理、自然现象、永恒事实,名言警句或谚语等时，只用一般现在时。）1. The teacher told the children that the earth B round the sun.A.went B. goes C. go 宾语从句注意事项1.否定前移，及完成反意问句； 在I /We think / believe / suppose / guess / imagine / expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，应转移到主句上去，完成反意问句时，应与从句主/谓保持一致。（注: 否定前移的条件是，主句主语是第一人称I .We） 我认为他是不对的,是吗？I dont think he is right ,is he? 我相信/认为他们还没有完成那项工作I dont believe they have finished their work yet, have they ? I dont believe you can fly,can you?2. 宾语从句和状语从句的分辩。 当if解释为“是否”时，其引导的是宾语从句。遵循宾语从句的时态规则。He doesnt know if she will come tomorrow.当if解释为“如果”时，其引导的是条件状语从句。遵循的是“主将从现”的时态规则。She will come if she has time tomorrow.3.宾语从句可以改成：疑问词+不定式I dont know what I should do.I dont know what to do.Can you tell me how I can get to the zoo?Can you tell me how to get to the zoo?4.宾语从句必须用陈述语序。主句+连词+主语+谓语+其他5.主句为一般过去时，从句时态必须与主句时态保持一致。（从句真理性,客观事实 除外）表语从句定义：在一个复合句中，从句作的是主语的表语成分。 AThe problem is puzzling. 这个问题令人困惑 主语,连系动词,形容词作表语 The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 问题是什么时候我们可以得到加薪. 主语 连系动词 一个句子作表语-表语从句 B连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why,whether,how.whoever，whomever，whichever ，whatever等 He has become a teacher. 他已经成为一名教师。 He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. 他已经成为了他10年前想成为的。 She has remained there for an hour. 她曾在那里停留了一个小时。 She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour. 她一直在我昨天站的地方站了一个小时。 His suggestion is good. 他的建议是好的。 His suggestion is that we should stay calm. 他的建议是，我们应该保持冷静。 The question is confusing. 这个问题令人困惑. The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 问题是，他什么时候可以到达酒店。 Who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.谁与我明天将前往北京。 Why he cried yesterday. 昨天他为什么哭。 How I can persuade her to join us in the party. 我怎么能说服她加入我们的派对。 Whether the enemy is marching towards us. 是否敌人正向我们行进. 注意A表语从句一定要用陈述语序。 False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel. Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. B不可以用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。 引导宾语从句时可以互换if/whether 位于介词后要用whether 位于句首时要用whether 引导表语从句，主语从句，同位语从句时要用whether False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us. Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us. Right: It looked as if he had understood this question. C不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。 Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. Right: The question is why he cried yesterday. Dthat在表语从句中不可以省掉。 基本用法表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是联系动词。 名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句 例如： The problem is how we can get the things we need.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。 (how 在表语从句中充当方式状语) The scissors are not what I need. 这把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what 在表语从句中充当宾语) What I told him was that I would find him a good play. 我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语， that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分， 不能省略) That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要对你讲的。(what在表语从句中充当直接宾语) That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why 在表语从句中充当原因状语) 注意“That is why.”是常用句型， 意为“这就是的原因/因此”， 其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语， 该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结， 又如： That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne. 珍妮， 这就是现在这个老太婆出现在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异， 说话人对她讲述了其中的原因之后，用这一句来进行概括)。/ That is why I came. 这就是我来的原因。 下面是两个与“That is why.”形式相似的结构， 它们与“That is why.”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚： (1)“That is why.”与“That is the reason why.”同义， 只不过从语法结构上讲， “That is the reason why.”中why引导的是个定语从句， 将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why.”结构一样， 例如： That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。 (2)“That is because.”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语， 这也是个常用句型， 意为“这就是为什么/因为”。“That is because.”与“That is why.”之间的不同在于“That is because.”指原因或理由， “That is why.”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果， 例如： He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影， 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果， 第二句话说明原因) He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影， 因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因， 第二句话说明结果) 案例分析考题1The traditional view is _ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. (2007上海) A. when B. why C. whether D. that 答案 D 解析 下划线处之后是包含一个原因状语从句的表语从句， 如果看不出它是充当整个句子结构的表语从句将难以把握整个句子的意思。因此， 应选择可引导名词性从句且不充当任何成分的that。 考题2You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is _ I disagree. (2004) A. why B. where C. what D. how 答案 B 解析 下划线处的引导词引导系动词is后的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当地点状语(“disagree”属于不及物动词， “I disagree”本身是完整的主谓结构)， 下划线应填入引导词where， 表语从句“where I disagree”的意思是“我不同意之处、 我不同意的地方”。 考题3 I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. Is that _ you had a few days off? (1999) A. why B. when C. what D. where 答案 A 解析 下划线处的引导词引导与系动词is连用的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当原因状语， 下划线应填入表示“因此”(指因某种原因所造成的结果)的引导词why。 考题4_ she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. (2000上海) A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that 答案 A 解析 第一个下划线处的引导词引导主语从句并在该主语从句中充当宾语， 特指她所不理解的事情， 应填入关系代词型的引导词what； 第二个下划线处表示“因此”(指因某种原因所造成的后果， 由why引导对应的名词性从句)而不是“为什么”(指原因、 理由， 由because引导对应的名词性从句)， 应填入引导词why。 考题5_ made the school proud was _ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. (2003上海春) A. What; because B. What; that C. That; what D. That; because 答案 B 解析 第一个下划线处的引导词引导主语从句并在该主语从句中充当主语， 特指令校方骄傲的事情， 应选用关系代词型的引导词what； 第二个下划线处引导表语从句表示原因、 理由， 应由that引导对应的名词性从句。 考题6 Are you still thinking about yesterdays game? Oh, thats _. (2003北京春) A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever