英语文章中大小写的问题.doc

大写Capitals are used mainly at three places: the fisrt words of sentences, key words in titles, and proper names. Not only a complete sentence, but a sentence fragment treated as a sentence, should begin with a capital letter. The first word of quoted speech(words put between quotation marks) is capitalized. If a quoted sentence is broken into two parts and put in two pairs of quotation marks, the second part does not begin with a capital letter unless the first word is a proper noun or an adjective deribed from a proper noun:大写在字母主要用于三处：句子开头，标题中的实意词和专有名词。不只是完整的句子，不完整的句子，也应用大写的字母开头。引语（两个引号之间的词语）如是完整的句子，也用大写字母开头。如引用的一句话分成两部分，放在两队引号之中，第二部分不用大写字母开头，除非第一个词是专有名词：He said，“My trip to Mount Tai was interesting.”“My trip to Mount Tai,” he said,“was interesting.”I asked, “When do you usually go home?” II好的句子Effective sentences完整Unity完整是好句子的第一要点。一个完整的句子表达单一的完整的思想。它不包含并不紧密相关的意思，也不表达本身不完整的思想 Faulty: Born in a small town in South China in the early 50s, he grew up to be a famous musician. Revised: He was born in a small town in South China in the early 50s. In his childhood he liked to sing songs. Later he entered a conservatory. In the 70s he became a famous musician. 原句的两部分之间没有逻辑上的联系，因为在50年代出生于华南一个小城市的一个人并不一定会成为有名的音乐家。这个句子因此缺少完整性。改后的句子就好一些，因为它解释了那人是怎样成了音乐家的。 Faulty: Do Fu was one of the greatest poets. Revised: Do Fu was one of the greatest poets of the Tang Period. 第一句有毛病，因为所表达的思想并不完整；时代和国家都没有提到。加了the Tang Period 句子的意思就清楚了；我们都知道唐代是中国历史上的一个朝代。连贯Coherence 连贯是指句子各部分之间清楚而合理的联系。句子中的词语和部分应恰当地衔接，它们之间的关系应十分清楚。不连贯的句子通常有以下几种毛病：平行结构有缺点，代词指代不清楚，修饰语和被修饰语的关系不明确，在人称，数，语态，时态或语气上有混乱之处。 Faulty: A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds. Revised: A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does. A man is judged not only by his words but also by his deeds. Faulty: We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman. Revised: We thought she was charming , intelligent, and very capable . We thought she was a charming , intelligent, and very capable young woman. Faulty: We have great faith and high hopes for her.Revised: We have great faith in and high hopes for her. 平行的意思最好用平行的结构来表达，这样会使句子清楚连贯以及重点突出。上面第一句中的what he says 和 his deeds 在形式上不平行，所以应改动其中之一。第二句有同样的毛病，也可以用同样的办法改进。第三句的faith和 hopes是平行的，但它们后面应用不同的介词。 Faulty: She told my sister that she was wrong. Revised: “I am wrong,” she said to my sister. She admitted that she was wrong and said so to my sister. “You are wrong, ” she said to my sister. Faulty: He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not serious. Revised: He was knocked down by a bicycle, but was not badly hurt. Faulty : I am going to the lecture on modern Chinese drama,because he is a dramatist I like. Revised: I am going to the lecture on modern Chinses drama, because the speaker is a dramatist I like. 上面有缺点的句子中代词指代都不清楚。第一句的第二个she 可以指主语，也可以指my sister; 第二句中唯一的名词是bicycle,但it 并不代表它；第三句中没提到另外的人，所以he 究竟指谁就难说了。这些毛病在改进的句子都得到了纠正。 Faulty:Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach. Revised: Looking out of the window , he ( she , I ) can see the grassland stretching as far as the eye can reach. Outside the window ,the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach. Faulty :On entering the classroom , the students stood up and said, “Good morning!” Revised: When the teacher enered the classroom, the students stood up and said , “Good morning!” On entering the classroom, the teacher was greeted by the students, who stood up and said, “Good morning!” Faulty: To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase. Revised: To get ready for the trip ,she put all the things she needed into a suitcase. 在上面有缺点的句子中都有所谓的“悬垂”修饰语（Looking,On entering,To get ）。它们和所要修饰的名词或代词没有结构上的联系。那个名词或代词有时甚至不在句中；也不应被现有的修饰语所修饰。因为用了悬垂修饰语，这种句子就缺少了连贯性，也就让人难以理解了。 下面再提供一些不连贯句子以供比较； Faulty: I read an interesting story in a magazine about sportsmen. Revised: I read in a magazine an interesting story about sportmen. In a magazine I read an interesting story about sportmen. Faulty: She bought several picture books and put them into her bag, which she intended to give to her children. Revised: She bought several picture books for her children and put them into her bag. She put into her bag the picture books she had bought for her children. Faulty: The idea he mentioned at first sounded good. Revised: The idea he first mentioned sounded good. The idea he mentioned sounded good at first. 那三个句子被标为“有缺点”是由于每个句子各部分之间的联系不清楚或不正确。第一句中的about sportsmen似乎是修饰magazine这个词，而实际上应修饰story。在第二句中以which开头的从句虽和bag相关，但显然应修饰books。在第三句中的at first 既可修饰mentioned，也可修饰sounded，这种模棱两可的修饰应该避免。三句中的缺点都是修饰语没有摆好造成的。 Faulty: He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, which nobody believed. Revised: He gave a reason , which nobody believed , for not attending the meeting . He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, a reason which nobody believed. 原句中的which 从句修饰meeting , 而实际上应修饰reason, 这又是一个修饰语放错地方的例子。一个改进办法是把这个从句移到前面去，使之靠近它所修饰的词；另一个办法是把被修饰的名词重复一次，如果把从句这样放在句末有可取之处的话。 Faulty: An important thing for the students to remember is that when writing a paper , you should not plagiarize.Revised: An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper , he should not plagiarize. Faulty: Those who wish to take Linguistics are expected to sign his name on this sheet of paper. Revised: Those who wish to take Linguistics are expected to sign their names on this sheet of paper. Faulty: Students should learn to analyze and solve problems independently . Do not rely on your teachers help. Revised: Students should learn to analyze and solve problems independently . They should not rely on their teachers help. Faulty: She reviewed the lesson taught last week and all the exercises assigned by the teacher were done. Revised: She reviewed the lesson taught last week and did all the exercises assigned by the teacher. 上面几句不够连贯分别是由于人称，数，语气或语态上的改变造成的。一个句子在这几个方面应该前后一致，避免不必要的更动。简洁 Conciseness 句中不应有任何不必要的词。只要意思充分表达了，用词越少越好。用词过多只会使意思模糊，而不是更明晰。人们常常用不必要的词，所以最好在写完一篇文章后，仔细检查一两遍，看看有没有一些词可以删去而又不影响意思的表达。试比较： Wordy: It was blue in color . It was small in size . Mary is a quite and careful woman. He returned in the early part of the month of August. Concise: It was bule . It was small. Mary is quite and careful . He returned in early August. 重复有时可加重语气，但不必要的重复，不管是重复相同的词还是有同样意思的不同的词，都应避免 。 Wordy: He gave many reason for the failure, but the reason he gave were not convincing. Concise: He gave many reason for the failure,but none of them was convincing. Wordy: In my opinion , I think your plan is feasible. Concuse: In my opinion , your plan is feasible. I think your plan is feasible. Wordy: This machine was jointly designed by the old engineer in collaboration with some of his younger colleagues. Concise: This machine was jointly designed by the old engineer and some of his younger colleagues. This machine was designed by the old engineer in collaboration with some of his younger colleagues. 在第一句中重复了相同的词；在第二，三句中则重复了有相同意思的不同的词（in my opinion 和 I think, jointly 和 in collaboration with ）。 有时为简洁起见需要改变句子结构： Wordy: There was a pine tree that stood like a giant on the top of the mountain. It towered over the trees around it . Concise: The pine tree on the top of the mountain stood like a giant and towered over the trees around it . The giant pine tree on the top of the montian towered over the tr