各类从句的简化方法.doc

各类从句的简化方法（一）改用“不定式”或“不定式短语”如果定语从句的时态与主句的时态具有同时性（包括谓语有情态动词）或之后性，则可以用“关系代词或关系副词不定式”来简化，或直接用“不定式”来修饰先行词。要注意的是，此时的不定式一定要是及物动词，如果是不及物，则需要在动词后面加上相应的介词，使之成为及物动词短语。这个结尾的介词可以提前到关系代词前面，也可以继续留在句尾。前者是正式说法，后者是非正式说法。 例1：We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which they could play in.我们搬到了乡下，好让孩子们有个花园在里面玩。改为：We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which to play.或者：We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden to play in.例2：He felt miserable unless he had neighbors （whom）he could quarrel with.他要是没有可以吵架的邻居就难受。改为：He felt miserable unless he had neighbors with whom to quarrel.或者：He felt miserable unless he had neighbors to quarrel with. 例3： The conference which will be held this afternoon is bound to be a great success. 计划在今天下午举行的会议一定会取得成功。改为：The conference which to be held this afternoon is bound to be a great success. 或者：The conference to be held this afternoon is bound to be a great success. 例4：At a ceremony in Honolulu on Dec. 29, Postmaster General John E. Potter gave a preview of the Lunar New Year Commemorative Stamps Souvenir Sheet, the grand finale of the Lunar Year stamp series, which will be available in 2005. 12月29日，美国邮政总局局长约翰E波特在檀香山从句了农历新年的纪念邮票小型张的揭幕仪式，这枚小型张将于2005年正式发行，它为农历新年的系列纪念邮票写下了完美的结局。（注意：与定语从句一样，也可以采用非限制性形式）改为：At a ceremony in Honolulu on Dec. 29, Postmaster General John E. Potter gave a preview of the Lunar New Year Commemorative Stamps Souvenir Sheet, the grand finale of the Lunar Year stamp series, to be available in 2005. （二）改用“介词短语”介词短语替代定语从句有两种方式：（1）省略“关系副词主语be动词”，或“关系代词be动词”；（2）根据从句的意思改编。例1：We have never forgotten the days (when we were) at college.我们从来没有忘记在大学对书的日子。（1）例2：I dont know the person (who is) in your office.在你办公司的那个人我不认识。（1）例3：Those who have high expectations but do not have those relationship skills are likely to be brought down to earth fairly quickly as their Prince or Princess Charming falls off their pedestal.改为：Those with high expectations but without those relationship skills are likely to be brought down to earth fairly quickly as their Prince or Princess Charming falls off their pedestal.那些对婚姻期望太高却又不具备处理婚姻关系技巧的人，一旦他们心中的白马王子或白雪公主从神圣的光环里跌落，他们就会很快地回到现实中。（2）例4：He is not a person who likes to haggle over every ounce.改为：He is a person above personal interests. 他不是一个斤斤计较的人。（2）（三）改用“现在分词短语”和“过去分词短语”“现在分词短语”作后置定语此项要明白三点：（1）“现在分词短语”与前面的名词一定是主谓关系；（2）它隐含的时态为与谓语动词同一阶段的时态。例如：谓语是一般现在时或将来时，现在分词所隐含的是现在时、现在正在继续时；如果谓语动词为一般过去时或将来时，现在分词所隐含的时态为过去时、过去正在进行时；（3）being-ed表示“正在进行时的被动语态”。如果信息的中心在什么时候可以用现在分词呢？（1）当被修饰的名词为“不定代词”、“泛指意义的名词”或“专有名词”，可用现在分句短语作后置定语由于主语是泛指，句子的意思往往表达的是一条“道理”或一件“事实”，所以它们的隐含时为“一般现在时”，此时就可以用分词短语作后置定语。为了看清分词所隐含的时态，配上定语。为了读者看得明白，配上定语从句，把分词所替代的时间展示出来。 例1：Anyone touching that wire will get an electric stock. 任何人碰到那根电线就会触电。 Anyone who touches that wire will get an electric stock.例2：The only real and lasting solution is to convince people that driving is a skilled task requiring （which requires） constant care and concentration.唯一一个有效、持久的方法是说法人们相信，开车是一种技术活，需要不断的小心，思想不能开小差。例3：Charles and Sydney, looking （who look）so much like each other, are often considered to be twins. 查尔斯和悉尼两个人的相貌非常相似，经常被人误解为双胞胎。注：虽然被修饰的词是泛指意义的词，但是如果从句里的时态不是同步，则不可以用“现在分词”去作后置定语，只能用“定语从句”。例句Do you know anybody who has lost a dog? 你知道有谁丢了一只猫？（2） 当被修饰的名词为特指，即有the限定，可用现在分句短语作后置定语此类与上面一类一样，与被修饰词之间的关系为主动关系，所不同的是它强调该动词“正在进行”。 例1：Would you help me to pass this note to the person sitting in the corner? 能帮助我把这个条子递给坐在角落的那个人吗？ Would you help me to pass this note to the person who is sitting in the corner? 注：同上一个“注”道理一样，本项虽然主句的主语是特指，但两个动作时态不是在同一阶段时间内发生，所以也不能用“现在分词”作定语，只能用“定语从句”。 例句The police are questioning the criminal who robbed the bank. 警察在审问那个抢劫银行的犯人。（3）“Being过去分词”表示“正在进行时的被动语态”“Being过去分词”作后置定语等同于含有“正在进行时被动语态”的定语从句。请注意与下面的“过去分词”作后置定语的区别，此项里的being是不可以省略的，否定表示现在时、完成时和过去时的被动关系了（详见2）“过去分词”作后置定语）。 例1：The dormitory being built is for girl students. 正在盖的宿舍是给女生住的。 例2：The baby being taken care of by my mother is mine. 正在由我妈妈带的这个婴儿是我的。2）“过去分词短语”作后置定语此项要明白三点：（1）“过去分词短语”与前面的名词一定是动宾关系；（2）主句为一般现在时或一般将来时，“过去分词”所隐含的时态是“一般现在时”或“现在完成时”。如果有时间/地点状语或有by引导的介词，还可以替代过去时，因为时间/地点状语以及by引导的状语都是强调的是动作。当谓语动词是“一般过去时或过去将来时”的时候，“过去分词”所隐含的时态是“一般过去时”或“过去完成时”。下面同样用分词与定语从句对比的方式要看看“过去分词”所替代的时态。例1：The risk associated with a particular course of action may be lessened by use of a group rather than an individual decision-maker. 对于作出某项行动的决定，集体作的要比个人作的风险小。 The risk which is associated with a particular course of action may be lessened by use of a group rather than an individual decision-maker. （由于主句为一般现在时，从句的时态与它同步，所以可以省略关系代词和助动词）例2：In fall 1992, people in Iowa sent truckloads of water to help Floridians hit（which was hit） by a hurricane. 在1992年的秋天，爱荷华州的居民将好几辆卡车的水送到受飓风袭击的佛罗里达州人的手里。 例3：Id like to make some comments on the meeting held （which was held）yesterday. 我想对昨天召开的会议发表一点看法。（四）改用“形容词短语”“形容词短语”省略的理由和方式，与“分词短语”作后置定语一样。当它们不是句中的重点信息，就可以去掉关系代词和be动词。形容词作后置定语同定语从句一样，可以分为“限制性”和“非限制性”。例1：I bought this comic book hot off the press. 我买了这本刚刚出版的漫画书。例2：She is a kind lady, ready to help others. 她是一个善良的女人, 总是帮助别人。例3：Companies large and small the world over have been developing their own “corporate universities”. 全世界大大小小的公司都一直在办自己的“公司大学”。（五）改用“主语从句”或“名词短语”当which引导的定语从句指代主句全部内容时，可以把which改为it，作形式主语，把原来的主句改成正在主语。或者把定语从句的整个信息改换为名词短语作主语，使原来的定语从句变成简单句。例4： He indulges himself all day in computer games, which makes his parents extremely sad.改为：It makes his parents extremely sad that he indulges himself all day in computer games.他整天沉湎于电脑游戏，这使他父母伤心至极。（主语从句）或者：His indulgence in computer games all day makes his parents extremely sad. （名词短语）Before的用法我们把before和after放在一块儿讲，主要是想突出英汉不同的逻辑思维在此表现的比较明显。中国人喜欢用“在之后才”，而以英语为母语国度的人喜欢用before。因此，before常常被作为考题。Before汉译时，不必死译成“在之前”。请欣赏下列各句以及它们的译文。 例1：It was ten days before my dream came true. 过了10年我的梦想才实现。 例2：Would you please do it before you forget it. 趁你还没有忘记，请把这事办了。 例3：It rained heavily before I could arrive home. 我还没有来得及到家，天就下雨了。 例4：Go now before it is too late. 现在就走，要不然就太晚了。 例5：I had tried it ten times before I gave it up. 在尝试了10之后，我才放弃。 例6：Youd better do it well before you are dismissed. 你得好好干，免得被解雇。 例7：Ill be back before you know it. 我很快就会回来。 例8：Look before you leap. 三思而后行。 例9：Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。全名放在主句里，代词放在从句里复合句里必须有两个主语，一般来说，一个是全名、一个是代词。这点英汉相同，但是对于全名和代词的位置，英汉却相反。虽然英语的主句往往出现在从句后面，但英语的全名需要放在在主句里，代词，包括物主代词和所属格放在从句，这是因为英语以主句为中心。汉语的全名出现在从句里，代词出现在从句里，这是因为汉语重视时间和逻辑的顺序”例1：Since Mary got married，she has been living in New York. （错）改成：Since she got married, Mary has been living in New York. 自从玛丽结婚之后，她一直住在纽约。例2： In Mozarts childhood, he was exposed so much to music. （错）改成：In his childhood, Mozart was exposed so much to music. 在莫扎特小的时候，就常常接触到音乐。例3：When Johns father died, he was only 6. （错） 在约翰爸爸去世时候，他才六岁。改成：When his father died, John was only 6. 用“连词分词”来替代从句当主句和从句的主语一致，谓语的时态又是同时段发生，可以把从句的主语省去，变谓语动词为现在分词或过去分词（详见“分词短语作状语”）。如果分词的逻辑或时间意义不明确，还可以保留连词。例1：Guests mingle while enjoying cake, punch and other treats. 客人们一边吃蛋糕、喝饮料以及享用其它的食品，一边却在一起聊天。例2：While speaking out against Hitlers atrocities, the American people generally favored isolationist policies and neutrality. 虽然美国人谴责希特勒的暴行，但是他们却一惯奉行孤立政策和中立态度。例3：Plastics are materials which are softened by heat and set into lasting form when shaped in a mold.注：如果从句的谓语是系动词be，在简化句型时应该把be动词改成being，但是由于being语义意义，所以可以省略，这样就造成了形容词作状语了。例1：These apples, when ripe, are picked. 这些苹果一旦熟了就要被摘下来。 例2：She knows all the hazards of smoking while pregnant. 她知道怀孕时吸烟的一切危害性。2. 用“介词分词”来替代从句一般说来，用on和at表示“as soon as, once”。on后面常接“来、去”之类的词，at后面常接“听到、看到”之类的词。in后面接其他带动作的词，相对于从属连词“while”。例1：On removing them he was stunned to see that the plates were fogged where the crystals had covered them. 当他把晶体揭开时，发现盘子上方雾蒙蒙，他吃了一惊。例2：In running down the stairs, I heard the clock struck twelve. 我在跑下楼的时候，听见钟敲了十二下。 例2：He jumped with joy at hearing the news. 他一听到这个消息就高兴得跳了起来。3. 用“介词动作性名词”来替代从句同上面一样，At基本上后接sound，sight“听到、看到”之类的词；on接“回来、到达”之类的词；用in，during表示“when, while”；用over表示“while”之意。当然，这一切都是相对的分类。 例1：The little girl passed out at sight of a snake. 小女孩一看到蛇就昏过去了。例2：In our hurry to get from one place to another, we failed to see anything on the way. 当我们急急忙忙从这儿到那儿的时候，一路上什么也没有看见。例3：On arrival at the railway station, he found the train had already left. 当他到达火车站的时候，他发现火车已经开走了。例4：He had intended to go, but on second thoughts, he gave up the idea. 他本来想去，但进一步考虑后,打消了这个念头。例5：During my absence, would you please take care of my cat? 在我不在的时候，请帮我照看一下猫，好吗？ 例6：He fell asleep over a book. 他看书的时候睡着了。例7：After reelection he announces that he will not help. 经过一番考虑后，他宣布将不提供任何帮助。例8：After graduation, he went to America for his PhD studies. 毕业之后，他去了美国攻读博士。4. 用“并列句”代替 例句Two other poses were tried and I emerged from the booth to find a lot people waiting for my signatures. 又试了两个其他的姿势后，我从拍照亭里出来，发现很多人在那里等待我的签名。条件状语从句“条件状语从句”分有真实条件状语从句和非真实状语从句两种。两者不同的焦点的是，前者可能性大，后者可能性小。后者属于虚拟语态（详见“虚拟语态”），而此处只讲真实条件句。（一）If引导的条件状语从句1. 条件状语从句中的“will”和“should”以if引导的从句是所有的条件状语从句中从属连词使用频率最高的。以它为代表的条件状语从句与时间状语从句在时态上所要注意的事项是一样，但是if后面偶尔能看得will。此时的will不是时态，而是be willing to“愿意”之意。另外，如果在if后面用了should，那则是“虚拟语态”，表示“竟然”之意，所以它不属于真实条件句。总之，如果是正常的真实条件句，还是遵循“主句不用will，主句用will”的原则比较好。 例句If you will marry this guy, Ill shut the door to you forever. 如果你愿意跟这个家伙结婚，你就永远别再进这个家门。（这里的will表示“愿意”）2. 在相对正式文体中，if可以用来表示与though相似的意思在“if形容词”的结构中最常见。虽然译成汉语时可以直接译为“虽然”，但是它的让步意义比(al)though语气要弱。 例1：His style, if mannered, is pleasant to read. 他作品的文风虽然有的造作，但是读起来还是令人愉快的。 例2：The profits, if a little low than last years, are still extremely healthy. 利润虽然比去年低了一点，但是还算是丰厚的。3. If经常与so, not, possible, necessary等连用，替代完整的从句 例1：Are you free tonight? If so, lets have dinner together. 你今天晚上有空吗？如果有空，我们就一起去吃晚饭。 例2：Chemistry is nothing if not practical. 化学如果不能做到实用的话，还是什么意义呢？例3：Metaphysics is simply an attempt to get to the bottom of things, and ascertain if possible what is the fundamental constitution of reality, and what is its first and last causes. 形而上学只是想对事物追根求源，如果有可能的话，想探知现实的基本构造是什么，以及它形成的的第一和最后的因素是什么。例3：Airline pilots, however, often live by their own watches, ignoring local time, and have breakfast at midnight if necessary. 但是飞行员经常不管当地的时间，而且依靠自己的手表来掌握时间，所以有必要的话，午夜吃早餐。4.“祈使句and陈述句”等于if条件句例1：Take my advice and all your troubles will be over. 如果你能接受我的建议，你的一切烦恼就会结束。例2：Speak louder and everybody here can hear you. 你大声一点说，让大家都能听见。例3：Trust me and I will trust you. 你要是相信我，我就相信你。例4：Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach him how to fish and you feed him for a lifetime. 授人以鱼，你只能养活他一天，授人以渔，你可以养活他一生。句型转换与简化1. 用“并列句”表示原因例1：We know that embracing a whole new culture can be a difficult process, and we are dedicated to easing the culture shock you may be experiencing. 因为我们知道投入一个全新的文化可能是一个困难的过程，所以我们将竭尽全力减少你们可能遇到的“文化冲突”。例1：Increasingly, accreditation is important to corporations and they seek university and professional body partnerships that will provide cumulative credits, portability and seamless application. 随着水准鉴定对公司变得日益重要，所以它们就向大学和专业机构寻求各作，建立伙伴关系，从而会为公司提供累积信用、提供方便和源源不断的生源。2. 用“介词”表示原因这种表示原因的介词可以单独使用，也可以与表示情绪或状态的形容词、分词、动词组成合并使用。什么介词搭配什么单词可以表示原因是固定的，所以平时要加以注意。例1：His illness was due to overwork. 她的病是由于工作过度所致。例2：He was absent on account of/ because of illness. 他因为生病才缺席的。 例3：His eyes were red with excessive reading. 由于他看书过度，所以眼睛都红了。例4：She started at the sound of a gun. 她听到枪声，吓了一跳。例5：They were overjoyed at this happy tidings. 这个喜讯使他们欢欣鼓舞。例6：He died from a stroke. 他因中风而死。 例7：Many teachers are praised for their lifetime devotion to the education. 许多老师因毕生致力于教育事业而受到表扬。3. 用“名词词组”表示原因例句Lack of time prevented me from writing to you. 因为我没有时间，所以未能给你写信。4. 用“动词词组”表示原因 例1：His pride resulted in his failure in the competition. 他的骄傲导致了他比赛失败。 例2：His failure in the competition resulted from his pride. 他比赛失败了是因为太骄傲了。表示“让步”的as用法从“状语从句从属连词图表”可以看出，as可以引导很多状语从句时间、原因、让步、方式和比较。但是作为考试，把作为“让步状语”的as考的比较多，出现的形式为：形容词、副词或名词as主谓。例1： Young,as he is he has made several inventions so far. 虽然他很年轻，但是迄今为止他已做了很多发明。例2：Quickly as she ran, she still failed to catch up with him. 尽管她跑的很快，但是仍然没有赶上他。例3：Baby as he is, he can count up to ten. 虽然他是个婴儿，但是他已能数到10了。注1：名词提前时，名词前面为零冠词。注2：从句里的主语和谓语不能颠倒。“疑问词ever”等于“no matter疑问词”What, when, where, how, who, whom加了ever之后就等于“no matter 疑问词”，但是“疑问词ever”除了能作状语从句外，还可以作名词性从句（详见“名词性从句”或“名词定语从句”），“no matter疑问词”则不可以作名词性从句。“疑问词ever”作“名词性从句”和作“状语从句”区别在哪里呢？区别在于，状语从句的“疑问词ever”在主句中不承担基本结构成分，在形式上可以与主语用逗号割开。例1：Dont trust him no matter what he says. Whatever he says, dont trust him. 无论他说什么，都不要相信他。 例2：However tired you feel, you must finish typing this letter today. 无论你感到多累，你都必须今天把这封信打完。 例3：Wherever he goes, this singer is always warmly welcome. 这个歌星无论到哪都会受到热烈的欢迎。 例4：Ill always love you, no matter what (no matter what happens). 不管发生什么事，我将永远爱你。注1：However本身有两个意思：一个是“但是”，一个是“无论多么”；一个是副词，一个是连词。作为“但是”，在句中一般有逗号隔开。如果放在句首，后面也要有逗号。作为连词“无论多么”后面跟的是形容词或副词，不可以用逗号隔开。注2：No matter what后面的内容可以省略（见上面例4）。用“介词或词组”替代从句例1：In spite of his old age, he still keeps working. (Though he is old, )尽管他年事已高，但是他还是坚持工作。例2：Despite his personal success, he led his team to only one championship. 尽管他个人成绩卓越，但是他带领的队却只得过一次冠军。例3：Regardless of the reasons you are visiting the UK, we are dedicated to providing the kind of information that will make it a bit easier to feel at ease and relaxed. 不管你们为何原因来到英国，我们都会给你提供恰当的信息，使你们在英国感到方便、愉快。2. 用“连词形容词”替代从句如果两个分句的主语一致，谓语时态相当，从句的谓语又是系表结构，可以省去主语和be动词。例1：Though (they were) safe, his bodyguards were so scared that they were soaked in sweat.尽管他们已经身处安全地带，但是他的保镖还是吓得汗湿衣襟。 例2：Though nervous in answering the teachers question, my voice was loud enough to be heard. 仍然在回答老师的问题时我很紧张，但是我的声音足以让大家都听到。As后面的句子可以省略当as引导的从句在基本结构上等同于主句的时候，实际上是一种同级比较现象。此时从句的基本结构可以省略，从而突出所比内容。例1：In 1998, as in 1954, there was a big flood throughout the country. 1998年和1945年一样全国遭受了特大洪水。（这里的as后面省略了there was a big flood throughout the country.）例2：In 1939, as in 1914, there was a great surge of patriotic feeling. 在1939年，和在1914年一样，爱国热情大高涨。注1：As后面的句子全省，只保留一个能表示时间的名词，形成某些固定说法。例如as before，as usual。例1：Hair and clothing checks will go on as before. 对发型和衣着的管制将会像以前那样继续进行。例2：As usual, I got up late last Saturday morning. 上个星期六早晨，我像往常一样起来的很迟。（三）从句的助动词与主语对调当as引导的方式状语从句与主句主语不同，谓语相同，则可以保留主语，用助动词、情态动词或系动词be替代。此时，由于助动词、情态动词或系动词短于主语，所以需与主语对调，避免“头重脚轻”。例1：We feel, as do many other scientists, that its science that has brought us great chances. 和其他许多科学家一样，我们也感到是科学给我们带来了变化。例2：He believed, as did all his family, that the King was their supreme lord. 他和他全家一样，都认为国王是至高无上的君王。例3：He was a Catholic, as were most of his friends. 他是天主教徒，他的朋友大多数也是。目的状语从句（一）In order that的用法In order that与in order to在意义上完全一样，所不同的是in order that是主从复合句，in order to（包括so as to）是简单句。我们在运用中可以遵循这样一个原则：当主句和从句的主语一致时，我们就可以采用用in order to；如果不一致时，则要用in order that。（二）So that的用法So that可作“目的状语”，也可以作“结果状语”。区别在于，如果从句里有情态动词can, could, might等，则是“目的状语”；如果没有情态动词，则是“结果状语”。当so that和in order that都表示“目的状语”时，它们的区别是，in order that可以放句首，so that则不可以。Sothat可以分开用，in order that则不可以。So that较为常见，in order that较为正式。 例1：I ran quickly so that he could not catch up with him. 我跑的很快，让他赶不上我。 例2：In order that he cou