傍晚英语3——Freetrade(自由贸易).doc

Free trade(自由贸易)Who is this man? undefined420517ab-ee6f-49f0-ac62-e701dbc5e2b4.mp3 How were all these political leaders influenced by him? undefinedce189af7-2310-429e-b69f-7de80159f8a2.mp3 And how was the way the world works today transformed by him? undefined2c87987f-4024-49a1-90cf-db191afd89f4.mp3 In 1776, Adam Smith, a Scottish economist and philosopher, published a book called The Wealth of Nations. undefined9cbc5728-d55c-4cc3-a8df-139d286d66d5.mp3 Remarkably, more than 200 years later, this book is still one of the biggest influences on the way we do business today. 0這個男人是誰？ 0這些政治領導者都是怎麼被他影響的？ 0世界運作的方式又是怎麼被他改變的？ 0在1776年，亞當史密斯，一位蘇格蘭的經濟學家和哲學家，出版了一本書名為國富論。 0很明顯的，在兩百年過後，這本書依舊是對企業最有影響的書之一。 undefinede64cb177-d810-44c6-bd0a-158355c086b8.mp3 In his book, Smith came up with three major, and very modern, ideas: the division of labor, self interest and free trade. undefineddc57a790-7039-448d-88a1-7ec4b0fb54b8.mp3 The first was the division of labor. undefinedc93e8d10-3b6f-4585-a4e7-4cadaeb08e61.mp3 To illustrate this theory, he used the example of pin making. undefined0ae4c2cc-9f30-4438-b1c7-768072d385a3.mp3 At the time, the process of making pins involved one man or woman making each pin from start to finish. undefinedddcddf6b-63ac-4e11-8724-85a67a16c657.mp3 Smith suggested instead that the labor be divided between five different people, each of them completing one small part of the process. 0Smith 在他的書裡提出三項重大且極為現代化的想法：分工、自我利益和自由貿易。 0第一個是分工理論。 0要解釋這個概念，他用了一個製針的例子來說明 0在那個時候，做針的過程需要一位男人或女人從頭到尾都自己負責完成。 0史密斯建議不要讓每個人各做各的，而是要將工作細分給每個人，大家都各自負責一特定部分。 undefined7e0352a5-a279-4643-bfb4-1bb18b759a91.mp3 With this division of labor, Smith calculated that productivity could be increased by 240 times. undefined88f7c058-7120-4d9a-a8c3-459af751d12d.mp3 Consequently, the division of labor was a precursor to todays mass production and assembly lines, that are used in modern manufacturing worldwide. undefined676eb644-c1fe-4882-9cba-56bda91c69fa.mp3 Smiths second idea was the pursuit of self-interest. undefined5b92e9b2-6669-419a-88c5-2d80eb43211f.mp3 He believed that self-interest could be a powerful economic force. undefined0e1ad611-6eb9-47ad-b556-c5bceed44ef6.mp3 To highlight this, he writes of a butcher, a baker and a brewer. 0運用這個分工理論，史密斯計算生產力能夠增加240倍。 0也因此，分工理論是現今在製造業中大量生產及生產線概念的前身。 0史密斯第二個理論是自我利益的追求。 0他相信自我利益能夠是強而有力的經濟動力。 0為了強調這點，他寫下關於肉販、烘培師和釀酒師的故事。 undefined0553bf8d-f36a-4e80-b943-065729d9042e.mp3 Smith pointed out that each of these individuals were in business not to help each other, but to help themselves. undefined60ce42b2-229c-4d64-bb49-aaf7e2fa185b.mp3 For example, the butcher sells his meat to the baker and the brewer. undefined55319581-0e35-43a3-a7d9-fc8255ec0c2e.mp3 He makes a profit, and therefore spends some of this money in the shops of the baker and the brewer. undefineda0d33fc5-5b0e-44e4-9f45-7574c2aa1139.mp3 Its as if, although working for themselves, theyre also benefiting the society around them. undefinedb5b2554d-b6ac-4350-8d43-7b2988e57b33.mp3 Smith believed that due in part to this self-interest, prices would regulate themselves. 0史密斯指出這三個人都只在乎自己的事業，不在乎別人。 0舉例來說，肉販賣肉給烘培師和釀酒師。 0他獲取利益並花這些錢和烘培師及釀酒師購買他需要的東西。 0這就像是，雖然是為了自己而工作，但同時也造福了自己身旁的社會。 0史密斯相信透過這種自我利益追求的過程，貨幣能夠流通。 undefined47f8c9c4-17cf-4615-b724-04d5142a71f8.mp3 Look at it this way: if the butcher overcharges the baker and the brewer, they wont come back to his shop, so its in his own self-interest to be honest and charge a fair price. undefinedc4342433-da65-4545-9a6b-92ef9e88181d.mp3 Smith likened this idea to an invisible hand that controlled the market, so that all producers would charge a fair price for their product. This led Smith to his third main idea, that of free trade. undefined09429deb-0239-4b95-8aac-3e332ab0c881.mp3 Smith believed that a free market, left alone by government, would benefit everyone. undefined7e8ba7e1-b97c-4fbc-91b9-6ca8fc5bd476.mp3 In other words, it was when governments started making rules to control trade, that trade suffered. undefined2dc8eba2-4cf8-4f88-932b-2ff16801aa43.mp3 Critics of a free market, however, argue that if people do business in a world with no rules, their self-interest encourages them to act unwisely or dishonestly, and this can lead to a market crash, such as that of 2008. undefinedba053b5c-b5db-4cf7-bc47-31513eb2023d.mp