北京市成人学位英语第二部分词汇.docVIP

学位英语考试网上辅导 学位英语 第五部分英汉互译I、英译汉一、出题形式及考试要求英译汉的出题形式为从一篇文章中划出几个句子，要求翻译成汉语。共五道试题，10分。英译汉试题主要是考查考生在阅读理解的基础上运用汉语来准确而又完整地表达英文意思的能力。这其中涉及到词汇、语法、句子结构剖析，表达方式等各方面知识。翻译这一部分的要求是（1）内容忠实于原文。（2）内容并无残缺。（3）所写出的语句在不违反前两者的情况之下，符合中文的表达方式。二、解题步骤第一步：不用看全文，而是直接看需要翻译的句子。如果句中出现了模糊不清的信息或者不认识的单词需要通过上下文的信息加以辨认和推测，则需要把句子回归原文。 例：（80）Environments where passive smoking is unavoidable make it difficult to lead a healthy life.（2008.4）答疑编号500220410101第二步：找出句子的主干结构，即句子的主谓宾或主系表。例：（80）Environments where passive smoking is unavoidable make it difficult to lead a healthy life. （2008.4）【解析】划线句子的主干应当是 Environments make it difficult to lead a healthy life. it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式to lead a healthy life。翻译出来应当是：环境使得（人们）很难健康地生活。第三步：把一些局部的、修饰的信息，即定语、主语、补语以及同位语翻译出来，放在合适的位置。例：（80）Environments （where passive smoking is unavoidable） make it difficult to lead a healthy life. （2008.4）【解析】enviroments后面有一个where引导的限制性定语从句对其进行修饰，然后再把它翻译出来修饰“enviroments”：被动吸烟不可避免的环境使得（人们）很难健康地生活。第四步：把原文的句子全部抛开，看中文翻译如何用中文表达流畅就怎样表达。对上面的译文进一步修饰后，进行润色：在被动吸烟不可避免的环境下，人们很难以健康的生活方式来生活。三、测试重点英译汉的过程中普遍存在的问题有如下几种，这也是英译汉的测试重点和考试重点：（1）句子中有的单词不认识，影响了句子的连贯性。（2）句子的结构没有理清，使句子的表达受到影响。（3）心里明白英文意思，可就是不能用汉语准确表达出来。这主要是因为考生平时在此方面训练得少，没有掌握英译汉基本技巧。1.生僻单词的猜测句子中如果有不认识的单词，要根据这句话和上下文的逻辑关系，如并列关系、因果关系、转折关系等推测词义。例1：Before World War I we spent our summer holidays in Hungary. I have only the dim memory of the house we lived in, of my room and my toys. Nor do I recall clearly the large family of grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins who gathered next door. But I do have a crystal-clear memory of the dogs, the farm animals, the local birds and above all, the insects.答疑编号500220410102正确答案住在隔壁的那三代同堂，祖父母叔叔婶婶姑姑和堂兄弟挤在一个屋檐下的一大家子，也已在我的记忆中模糊。答案解析否定连词nor放在句首因此用助动词do倒装，宾语是the large family of grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins ,后面的定语从句修饰the large family，从句中的gather这里是“聚居”的意思。字面意思是“我也不能清楚地回忆起包括了祖父母叔叔婶婶姑姑和堂兄弟的住在隔壁的大家庭”例2：One study shows that Americans prefer to answer with a brief “Yes”, “No”, “Sure”, or the very popular “Yeah” rather than with a longer reply. But brief replies do not mean Americans are impolite or unfriendly to some extent.答疑编号50022500220410103对该题提问正确答案但是，在某种程度上，简短的回答并不意味着美国人不礼貌或不友好。 例3：A decreasing birthrate may lead to unemployment because it results in a declining market for manufactured goods. When the pressure of population on housing declines, prices also decline and the building industry is weakened.答疑编号500220410104正确答案人口对住房的压力一旦减少，房屋价格就会下降，建筑业也就会受到衰退。 例4：Nonverbal （非语言的） communication has to do with gestures, movements and closeness of two people when they are talking. （77） The scientists say that those gestures, movements and so on have meaning which words do not carry.答疑编号500220410105正确答案科学家们说，这些姿态、行为等，有着话语所不能承载的含义。 2.词汇的地道翻译英语的有些词汇和短语在汉语中不能直译，要根据语境作适当的意译，以符合汉语的表达习惯。例5：In addition, information about the daily activities of our ancestors can be provided by art. In short, art expresses the essential qualities of a time and a place, and a study of it clearly offers us a deeper understanding than can be found in most history books.答疑编号500220410201正确答案简而言之，艺术传达了一个时代和一个地区的本质的特征，艺术研究提供给我们的理解要比大多数历史书提供给我们的理解要深刻的多。 例6：Much unfriendly feeling towards computers has been based on the fear of widespread unemployment resulting from their introduction.答疑编号500220410202正确答案人们对计算机的敌视态度是由于人们担心因为使用计算机而导致的大规模失业。 例7：Human needs seem endless. When a hungry man gets a meal, he begins to think about an overcoat, when a manager gets a new sports car, a big house and pleasure boats dance into view.答疑编号500220410203正确答案当一个饥饿的人吃了一顿饱饭，他就开始考虑外套，当一个经理得到一辆新跑车后，一所大房子和游艇就在期待中了。 3.重点句型的翻译（1）定语从句英译汉中要求巧妙地翻译定语从句是最常见的题型。英语中，定语从句都放在被修辞词后面，考生关键就是把英语原句中的定语从句翻译成带“的”的定语词组，放置于被修饰词之前。 例8：Nonverbal （非语言的） communication has to do with gestures, movements and closeness of two people when they are talking. The scientists say that those gestures, movements and so on have meaning which words do not carry.答疑编号500220410204正确答案划线的句子中that引导的是宾语从句，宾语从句中which引导的是定语从句，修饰前面的恶meaning。考生只要把该定语从句变成一个前置性定语，此句就不难翻译为：科学家们说，这些姿态、行为等，有着话语所不能承载的含义。 例9：Scientists have observed that there is more eye contact between people who like each other than there is between people who dont like each other. The length of time that the person whom you are speaking to looks at your eyes indicates the amount of interest he has in the things you are talking about.（2006.4）答疑编号500220410205正确答案划线的句子中含有一个同位语从句that the person whom you are speaking to looks at your eyes修饰前面的the length of time。同位语从句中含有一个定语从句whom you are speaking to修饰前面的先行词the person。同时he has修饰前面的interest。根据定语从句的翻译方法，这句话可以译为：从和你说话的人凝视你的时间长短就可以判断他对你们所讨论事情的感兴趣程度。 有时，定语从句翻译成汉语时要放到先行词的后面，单独翻译成一个句子，因为在定语从句中，语法上虽然是定语，但在语义逻辑上并不是定语。这样翻译这样更符合汉语的表达习惯。 例10：The media provide entertainment and information. Unfortunately, they also promote fast food which fits easily into busy lifestyles.答疑编号500220410206正确答案遗憾的是，媒体也促进快餐业的发展，因为快餐业正好迎合了人们节奏紧张的生活方式。 例11：Why is work good for health? It is because work keeps people busy away from loneliness. Researches show that people feel unhappy, worried and lonely when they have nothing to do. Instead, the happiest are those who are busy. （76）Many high achievers who love their careers feel that they are happiest when they are working hard.答疑编号500220410207正确答案有许多取得很高成就的人，他们特爱他们的职业，这部分人认为他们努力工作的时候是最幸福的时候。 例12：Also, the young are less patient. （80） Used to TV shows, where everything is quick and interesting, they do not have the patience to read an article without pictures; to read a book that requires thinking; to listen to a teacher who doesnt do funny things like the people on childrens programs.答疑编号500220410208正确答案年轻人适应了电视节目，因为在电视节目中，一切都是迅速和有趣的，他们没有耐心去读没有图片的文章，也没有耐心读需要自己思考的图书，也没有耐心聆听老师，因为这些老师不能像教小孩的老师一样做一些有趣的事情。 （2）含有后置的介词短语/非谓语动词作定语句子含有后置的介词短语作定语的句子和定语从句的翻译方法是一样的，在汉语中只要把介词短语所表达的意思放到所修饰的单词的前面就可以了。例13：Technology is enabling man to explore even deeper under the sea. It is obvious that the technology to harvest the sea continues to improve. By the year 2050, experts believe that the problems to explore the food, minerals and energy resources of the sea will have been largely solved.答疑编号500220410301正确答案此句中含有一个较长的不定式作了problems的后置定语，在汉语中我们要把不定式变成一个前置定语来修饰problems。所以此句话可以译为：到2050年，专家相信开发海洋食品、矿产和能源的问题将会在很大程度上得到解决。 例14：Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people, but I also explain that theres a big difference between “being a writer” and writing. In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours alone at a typewriter. “Youve got to want to write,” I say to them, “not want to be a writer”.答疑编号500220410302正确答案此句中含有一个有between引导的介词短语作了的后置定语，修饰difference，在汉语中我们要把这个介词短语变成一个前置定语来修饰difference。所以此句话可以译为：我总是鼓励这些人，但是我也会向他们解释“当作家”和“写作”的不同。 例15：The advantages and disadvantages of a large population have long been a subject of discussion among economists（经济学家）. （2006.11）答疑编号500220410303正确答案此句中第一个of短语修饰前面的The advantages and disadvantages，第二个of短语修饰subject。在第二个of短语中含有另一个介词短语among economists修饰前面的discussion.。所以此句话可以译为：人口庞大的利弊一直是经济学家讨论的话题。 例16：In the1880s the United States was a land sharply divided between the immensely wealthy and the very poor. 答疑编号500220410304正确答案此句结构简单，翻译关键是把divided修饰的后置定语巧妙安置到land前。 译文为：19世纪80年代美国是一个贫富分化极为明显的国家。 例17：As the Finns always act on good faith in everything they do, living in such a society has turned everyone into a real “gentleman”. In a society of such high moral practice, what need is there for people to be on guard against others?答疑编号500220410305正确答案在一个道德水平如此高的社会，人们又何必事事处处设防呢？ 例18：They contain the quickest and the most efficient means of communicating within their respective culture.答疑编号500220410306正确答案它们包含着它们自身文化中最快速、最高效的交流方式。 （3）宾词从句宾词从句一般在句子中做宾语，它总体上也符合汉语主、谓、宾表达方式。而三级英译汉试题中的宾语从句本身也较容易，没有复杂结构。故此类试题用顺向法即可翻译出，即顺着字面的内容从前向后翻译，也就是通常所指的直译。 例19：Unfortunately, televisions influence has been extremely harmful to the young. （79） Children do not have enough experience to realize that TV shows present an unreal world; that TV advertisements lie to sell products that are sometimes bad or useless. They believe that the violence they see is normal and acceptable. All educators agree that the “television generations” are more violent than their parents and grandparents.（2006.4）答疑编号500220410307正确答案此句话的句子包括两个由that引导的宾语从句，第二个宾语从句中含有一个由that引导的定语从句修饰products。这句话可以翻译成：孩子们没有足够的经验来判断电视呈现的现实其实是不真实的；电视广告欺骗宣传以出售一些劣质或者没用的商品。 例20：Manufacturers （生产商） have discovered by experience that sugar sells badly in green wrappings, that blue foods are considered unpleasant, and that cosmetics （化妆品） should never be packaged in brown.答疑编号500220410308正确答案生产商通过经验发现，绿色包装的糖卖得不好，蓝色的食品被认为是令人不愉快的，化妆品绝不应该用灰色来包装。 （4）状语部分英语中作状语的成分有时是一个从句，有时是介词短语或副词。英语的状语部分位置和汉语中的状语位置有时不同，做题时要符合汉语表达方式将它提前。例21：If people praise them or thank them in an especially polite way, they may become uncomfortable and not know what to say in reply. （2006.11）答疑编号500220410309正确答案从句中的介词短语in an especially way作了状语修饰动词thank，在翻译时应当把它放到动词的前面。所以此句话可以翻译成：如果人们以特别礼貌的方式表扬或感谢他们，他们可能会变得不舒服和不知道该说什么作为回答。 例22：I would keep putting my dream to the test even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure.答疑编号500220410310【译文】我仍然会把希望寄托在这次考验上，尽管这意味着我要面对不确定的未来和失利所带来的恐惧。例23：They are usually too lazy to plant and look after the trees. （78） So, unless the government has a good system of control, or can educate the people, the forests will slowly disappear.（2005.11）答疑编号500220410311正确答案此句为条件状语从句。可以翻译成：所以，除非政府有好的控制体系，或者能教育好民众。否则，森林将会缓慢地消失。 例24：Even though a government realizes the importance of a plentiful supply of trees, it is difficult for it to persuade the villagers to see this.（2005.11）答疑编号500220410312正确答案此句包含一个让步状语从句。可以翻译成：即使一个政府意识到了大量树木存在的重要性，它要劝说村民们也看到这点却是困难的。 例25：In the highly industrialized society the problem may be more complex. A decreasing birthrate may lead to unemployment because it results in a declining market for manufactured goods. （79）When the pressure of population on housing declines, prices also decline and the building industry is weakened. Faced with considerations such as these, the government of a developed country may well prefer to see a slowly increasing population, rather than one which is stable or in decline.（2006.11）答疑编号500220410313正确答案此句含有一个时间状语从句。可以翻译成：当人口增长对住房的压力减少，房价降了下来，建筑业就会衰退。 例26： You very likely give other passengers a quick glance to assure them that you mean no threat. 答疑编号500220410314正确答案此句结构简单，含有一个不定式作状语的句子。不定式作状语的翻译不用前置，按照原文的顺序翻译出来即可。译文：你很可能很快的瞥一眼其他乘客，打量他们一下，以此让他们确信你对他们没有威胁。 （5）同位语从句同位语从一般都较长，一般先将该从句用顺译法或合成法（视具体情况而定）译成一独立分句，然后前面的先行词视具体情况取舍或巧妙安排。 例27：The atmosphere is usually very friendly, and the teachers have now accepted the idea that the important thing is to make the children happy and interested. （2006.4）答疑编号500220410315正确答案idea的后面有一个同位语对其进行修饰，但这个同位于太长，翻译中如果把它放在idea的前面不符合汉语的表达方式，因此把它放到后面，让其和前面的句子并列。所以此句话可以译为：气氛通常非常友好，老师们也接受了这个观念，即重要的是让学生们感到快乐和有兴趣。 例28：From the above we can come to the conclusion that the more you work the happier and healthier you will be. Let us work hard and study hard and live a happy and healthy life.答疑编号500220410316正确答案从以上我们可以得出这一结论：你工作越努力，你就会越幸福，也越健康。 （6） 强调句型例29：Umbrellas have not changed much in style during all this time, though they have become much lighter in weight. It wasnt until the twentieth century that womens umbrellas began to be made in a variety of colors.答疑编号500220410317正确答案正是直到20世纪，妇女们用的伞才被开始做成了不同的颜色。 II汉译英一、出题形式本部分有五个句子，要求翻译成英语。共五道试题，10分。二、解题步骤第一步：确定句子的测试点，找出句子的主干结构，即句子的主谓宾或主系表。英语中有五种基本句型。英语五种基本句型，列式如下： 基本句型一： （主谓） The sun shines. 基本句型二： （主系表） This is an English-Chinese dictionary.基本句型三： （主谓宾） He enjoys reading.基本句型四： （主谓间宾直宾）I gave my car a wash.基本句型五： （主谓宾宾补） I saw them getting on the bus.英语中的复合句都是由简单句加连接词构成，所以简单句的准确掌握对长句的写作至关重要。下面介绍英语中五个基本句型：1.主谓结构在此句式中，谓语是不及物动词，又叫自动词（vi.） 【例】He runs quickly. 他跑得快。答疑编号5002204104012.主系表结构常见的系动词（以下的系动词为连系动词或半系动词）有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall ill/asleep，stand/sit still，become，turn out【例】He is older than he looks. 他比看上去要老。答疑编号500220410402【例】He seems interested in the book. 他似乎对这本书感兴趣。答疑编号5002204104033.主谓宾结构在此句式中，V是及物动词（vt.），因此有宾语。 【例】They found their home easily.他们很容易找到他们的家。答疑编号5002204104044.主语十谓语十间接宾语十直接宾语在此句式中，V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn ；call【例】He bought her a gift. 他给她买了一件礼物。答疑编号5002204104055.主语十谓语十宾语十宾语补足语在此句式中，V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多，哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补，须根据动词的惯用法而定，不能统而概论。 【例】They made the girl angry. 他们使这个女孩生气了。 答疑编号500220410406【例】I saw him come in and go out. 我见他进来又出去。答疑编号500220410407第二步：把一些局部的、修饰的信息，即定语、主语、补语以及同位语翻译出来。第三步：检查句子成分。注意以下几点。 英语句型是否正确 单数复数和冠词是否正确 时态和语态是否正确三、测试重点名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句、虚拟语气、倒装句以及不定式、分词、动名词、等都是汉译英考题的重点语法。1. 状语从句例17：由于我没有读过这本书，所以我无法对此作出评论。（2007.4）答疑编号500220410501正确答案Because I have not read the book, I can not make comment on it.步骤一：本题测试原因状语从句，应当使用连词because来引导。步骤二：主从句都是主谓宾。步骤三：注意“对做出评论”的表达方式为comment on。 例18：无论多忙，你都应该抽时间看望父母。（2006.4）答疑编号500220410502正确答案No matter how busy you are, you should spend some time visiting your parents.步骤一：本题测试让步状语从句。应当使用no matter how +形容词或者however+形容词引导。步骤二：从句为主+系+表结构，主语为主谓宾结构。步骤三：句中的“抽时间”可以翻译成spend （time）doing。 例19：每次访问他们都会发现这个城市呈现出新的面貌。（2006.4）答疑编号500220410503正确答案Each time they visit this city, they can notice that it is taking on a new look. 例20：我们向李先生学习，因为他有丰富的工作经验。（2005.4）答疑编号500220410504正确答案We learn from Mr. Li, because he has rich working experience. 例21：尽管有许多困难，我们仍然决心执行我们的计划。（2005.4）答疑编号500220410505正确答案Although there are many difficulties, we are still determined to carry out our plan.=Despite many difficulties, we are still determined to carry out our plan.还有一些重要的引导状语从句的连词的用法需要注意，如so that（以便），so.that.（如此.以至于），as long as（只要），however（= no matter how无论如何），no matter.（无论），although（尽管），while（一边.一边），just as （正如），in case（= for fear that万一）。 例如：讲清楚些、大声点，以便他们能听懂你的话。答疑编号500220410506正确答案Speak clearly and loudly so that they can understand you. 夜黑沉沉的，我们什么也看不见。答疑编号500220410507正确答案It was such a dark night that we could not see anything. 既然你提到这件事，我就向你解释一下。答疑编号500220410508正确答案Now that you mention it, I will explain it to you. 只要我们合作，就会很容易完成这工作。答疑编号500220410509正确答案As long as we cooperate, we can finish the work easily. 尽管他努力学习，也没有通过考试。答疑编号500220410510正确答案Although he studied hard, he failed to pass the exam. 带上伞，免得下雨。答疑编号500220410511正确答案Take the umbrella with you in case it rains. （2）定语从句例22：同意这项建议的请举手。（2006.4）答疑编号500220410512正确答案Those who agree on the suggestion raise your hand. 步骤一：测试定语从句。汉语句子补充完整的话，应当是“同意这项建议的（人）请举手。”在英语句子中“人”做主语。步骤二：主句是主谓宾结构，人举手。People raise your hand.。定语从句也是主谓宾结构，（人）同意这项建议：People agree on the suggestion.步骤三：“同意（某件事情）”为agree on。 例23：然而，在那个国家还有成千上万的年轻人却很难找到工作。（2005.11）答疑编号500220410513正确答案However, there are still thousands of young people who are hard to find a job in that country.步骤一：测试定语从句。步骤二：主句为there be结构，在那个国家还有成千上万的年轻人：there are still thousands of young people。定语从句为主+系+表结构，成千上万的年轻人却很难找到工作：Thousands of young people are hard to find a job in that country.步骤三：本句中应当使用there are，谓语动词使用复数形式。 例24：我们居住的地球是一个大球体。（2005.4）答疑编号500220410514正确答案The earth where we live is a huge sphere.步骤一：测试定语从句。步骤二：主句是主+系+表结构，地球是个大球体：The earth is a huge sphere。定语从句是主谓结构，我们居住（在）地球：we live in the earth. 步骤三：主句的谓语动词应当使用is，即单数形式。 例25：每个人都知道，学习对一个人的成长是至关重要的。答疑编号500220410515正确答案As we all know, learning is vital to ones growing-up.步骤一：测试定语从句。本句测试的是非限制性定语从句，由as引导。步骤二：主句为主+系+表结构，学习对一个人的成长是至关重要的：Learning is vital to ones growing-up。非限制性定语从句是主谓宾结构，每个人都知道：we all know。步骤三：主句的谓语动词应当使用单数形式。 （3）宾语从句例26：我不知道你那奇怪的想法来自何处。（2006.11）答疑编号500220410516正确答案I do not know where your strange ideas come from.步骤一：测试宾语从句。在本句中宾语从句由where引导。步骤二：主句是主谓宾结构，我不知道：I do not know。定语从句也是主谓宾结构，你那奇怪的想法来自何处：Where do your strange ideas come from?步骤三：在宾语从句中应当使用陈述语序。 例27：父母没有预料到孩子的问题这样难回答。（2005.11）答疑编号500220410517正确答案The parents did not expect that their childs question was too hard to give a reply.步骤一：测试宾语从句。在本句中宾语从句由that引导。步骤二：主句是主谓宾结构，父母没有预料到：The parents did not expect。从句为主+系+表结构，孩子的问题这样难回答：their childs question was too hard to give a reply.步骤三：注意句中的tooto结构。 （4）非谓语动词例28：他们发现在下午6点前不可能完成这项工作。（2007.4）答疑编号500220410601正确答案They found out that it was impossible to finish this job before 6 pm.步骤一：测试不定式做主语。步骤二：主句是主谓宾结构，他们发现：They found out。从句为主+系+表结构，在下午6点前不可能完成这项工作：To finish this job before 6 pm was impossible。不定式做主语改为形式主语it：It was impossible to finish this job before 6 pm.步骤三：注意句中的时态。 例29：她的工作是照看这些老人。（2006.11）答疑编号500220410602正确答案Her job is to look after these aged people.步骤一：测试不定式做表语。步骤二：主句为主+系+表结构，她的工作是：Her job is。步骤三：“照看”应当为look after。 例30：他起得很早为的是赶上第一班公共汽车。（2006.4）答疑编号500220410603正确答案He got up early so as to catch the first bus.步骤一：测试不定式做状语。步骤二：主句是主谓宾结构，他起得很早：He got up early。不定式做状语：s