动词不定式在中学英语中应用.docVIP

动词不定式在中学英语中应用非常广泛，一方面在句中可起名词、形容词或副词的作用，同时也可在句中作主语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。动词不定式的形式一般是to +动词原形，但to有时要省去。而动词不定式在具体运用时用不用to，取决于谓语动词的用法。现就以下几方面介绍如下。一、 不定式结构1. 带to的不定式结构能直接跟带to的不定式结构的动词主要有：want, ask, tell, hope, learn, try, decide, forget, remember, like, love, stop, go, come等。如：I want to go to the movies with you.我想跟你一起去看电影。Dont forget to turn off the light before you leave.在你离开之前别忘了关灯。注意：动词不定式的否定形式是在不定式前直接加not，即not to do sth.。如：Dave told me not to wake up Kate.大卫告诉我别叫醒凯特。2. 不带to的不定式结构以下几种情况使用不带to的动词不定式：（1）在固定词组had better之后。注意：had better的否定形式是had better not do sth.。如：You had better go home now.你最好现在回家。Its cold outside. Youd better not go out.外面很冷，你最好不要出去。（2）在let, make, see, feel, watch, hear等感官或使役动词后，要跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：I made them give me the money back.我迫使他们把钱还给我。I didnt see you come in.我没看见你进来。（3）在引导疑问句的why not之后。Why not+不带to的不定式是Why dont you do的省略，可以用来提出建议或劝告。如：Why not study with us？为什么不和我们一起学呢？Why not take a holiday?=Why dont you take a holiday？为什么不休个假呢?（4）不定式动词在介词but, except, besides后面时，如这些介词前有实义动词do的各种形式，则后接不带to的不定式，否则带to。如：I have no choice but to accept the fact.除了接受这个事实我别无选择。What do you like to do besides swim?除了游泳你还喜欢做什么？（5）为了避免重复，不定式可省去to。如：Im really puzzled what to think or say.对于想什么或说什么，我真的很困惑。二、 不定式的时态不定式常用的时态有一般时、完成时、进行时和完成进行时四种，常用的为前三种。1. 一般时动词不定式的一般式表示不定式的动作或状态与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在之后发生。如：I plan to attend the meeting.我计划参加这次会议。2. 完成时不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如：I am sorry to have kept you waiting.很抱歉让你久等了。3. 进行时不定式的进行式表示不定式的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如：They are said to be working hard.据说他们工作得很努力。4. 完成进行时不定式的完成进行式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前已经发生，并且一直进行着。如：He is said to have been working in that factory for twelve years.据说他已在那家工厂工作12年了。三、 动词不定式在句中的作用1 作主语如：To live is to work.生活就是工作。To save time is to lengthen life.节约时间就等于延长了人的生命。不定式结构作主语时，现代英语倾向于采用it作形式主语，而把不定式结构后置的形式。如：It is important for students to study English.学好英语对学生来说是很重要的。2. 作定语（1）不定式作定语，要放在它所修饰的名词或代词的后面。如：I have nothing to say on this question.对这个问题我无可奉告。（2）如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就应有必要的介词。如：Give me a piece of paper to write on. 给我一张纸写字。（3）有些名词常可用不定式作定语。如：Our teacher had no time to think about rest.我们老师根本没时间考虑休息一下。3. 作宾语I wish to be a college student.我希望成为一名大学生。有的及物动词要求跟复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)。如果其中的宾语是不定式短语，则必须将形式宾语it放在宾语的位置上，而将不定式短语(真正的宾语)放在宾语补足语之前。如：I find it useful to learn English well.我发现学好英语很有用。4. 作宾语补足语动词不定式作宾语补足语是动词不定式用法的一个重点，学习时要注意以下三种情况。（1）作动词ask, like, tell等的宾语补足语时，动词不定式符号to不可以省略。如：He asked me to talk about English study.他请我谈谈英语学习。（2）作使役动词let, have, make以及感官动词feel, hear, see, watch等的宾语补足语时，动词不定式符号to要省略。如：The teacher made him say the word like this.老师让他像这样说这个单词。（3）作动词help的宾语补足语时，动词不定式符号to可以带，也可以不带。如：Could you help me (to) carry the heavy box？你能帮我搬这个重箱子吗？5. 作状语动词不定式及其短语具有副词的特性，可在句中作状语。（1）作目的状语。如：He stopped to have a rest.他停下来休息。（2）作结果状语。如：He woke up to find everybody gone.他醒来发现大家都走了。（3）在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后作原因状语。如：Im sorry to hear your grandma is ill.听到你奶奶生病真遗憾。（4）在带有enough或too的句子里作状语，表程度。如：He is old enough to go to school.他到了上学年龄了。（5）强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可用in order to或so as to +动词原形，so as to不用于句首。如：The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.公共汽车停下来以便接乘客。点以及它在中考英语中的考查点，作一简要的总结和分析，供同学们学习时参考。一、动词不定式作主语1. Its our duty _ the room every day.A. to clean B. cleaned C. clean D. cleans(甘肃省)2. Its hard for us _ English well.A. learn B. learns C. to learn D. learning(江西省)3.建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。It will _ the workers over a year _ _ the flyover.(北京市海淀区)4. Its very nice _ you to get me two tickets _ the World Cup.A. for， of B. of， for C. to， for D. of， to(安徽省)Keys： 1. A 2. C 3. take， to， build 4. B简析动词不定式作主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词前面的主语位置，也可以用先行词it作形式主语，而将真正的主语(不定式)置于后面。常见的句式有：(1)It is +形容词(of sb)to do sth.(2)It is +名词(for sb)to do sth.(3)It takes sb some time to do sth.(4)It is +形容词(for sb)to do sth.句式(1)中常用nice， kind， clever， good， right， wrong， foolish， careless等形容词，与介词of搭配，这些形容词常表述不定式逻辑主语的属性或性质；句式(4)中常用hard， difficult， easy， important等形容词，与介词for搭配，表示不定式表示的动作、行为的性质。二、动词不定式作宾语1. He wants _ some vegetables.A. buy B. buying C. to buy D. buys (山西省)2. Dont forget _ your homework with you when you come to school.A. to bring B. bringing C. to take D. taking (福建省)3. He found it very difficult _.A. sleeping B. sleepsC. slept D. to fall asleep (湖南省)Keys： 1. C 2. A 3. D简析在want， like， agree， hope， wish， learn， begin， start， seem， decide， hate， choose， forget， remember等动词后面，可以接不定式作宾语。如果其后接形容词补足语时，则可以用it作形式宾语，而把作真正宾语的不定式放到后面。三、动词不定式作宾语补足语1. Robert often asks us _ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than before.A. help him B. to help him with C. to help with D. helps him with (江苏省)2. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends _ Chinese food.A. cook B. cooks C. to cook D. cooked (甘肃省)Key： 1. B 2. C简析不定式可以用作宾语补足语。后面可以接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask， teach， expect， tell， allow等。四、动词不定式作状语1. She went _ her teacher.A. to see B. looks C. saw D. seeing (江西省)2. Meimei likes English very much. She does her best _ English well.A. learn B. learning C. to learn D. learns (四川省)Key： 1. A 2. C简析go， come， try， do / try ones best等动词或短语动词作谓语时，其后常常可以接不定式作目的状语。3. Im sorry _ that.A. hears B. hearing C. hear D. to hear (河北省)4. Im sorry _ you.A. trouble B. to trouble C. troubling D. troubled (吉林省)5. My mother was very glad _ her old friend.A. to meet B. meet C. met D. meets (甘肃省)Keys： 3. D 4. B 5. A简析be +形容词+ to do sth结构中的不定式作状语，常表示原因或方式。6. The panda is so fat that it cant go through the hole.(改为意思相同的句子)The hole _ _ _ _ such a fat panda to go through. (广东省)7. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldnt skate on it. (改为意思相同的句子)The ice on the lake wasnt _ enough _ people _ _ _. (广东省)Keys： 6. is， too， small， for 7. thick， for， to， skate， on简析在上述too +形容词/副词(for sb)to do(太而不能)和enough (for sb) to do(足以、足够做)结构中，不定式作结果状语。五、动词不定式作定语1. Would you like something _?A. drink B. drinking C. to drink D. drinks (湖北省)2. I have a lot of homework _.A. do B. doing C. did D. to do (河南省)3. He is not an easy man _.A. get on B. to get on C. get on with D. to get on with (山东省)Key： 1. C 2（转载自中国教育文摘http:/www.edU，请保留此标记。）. D 3. D简析不定式作定语时，常放在被修饰的词语之后，与被修饰的词语为逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系；如果不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后要加上必要的介词或副词，构成的短语动词相当于及物动词。六、不带to的动词不定式1. We saw him _ the building and go upstairs.A. to enter B. enter C. entering D. entered (河南省)2. So much work usually makes them _ very tired.A. to feel B. feels C. feeling D. feel (吉林省)3. Your father is sleeping. Youd better _.A. not wake up him B. not to wake up himC. not wake him up D. not to wake him up (陕西省)4. I was made _ my homework in the afternoon.A. do B. doing C. to do D. did (贵州省)Key： 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C简析1.在see， watch， hear， feel等感官动词和make， have， let等使役动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式不带to.但是在被动语态中，作主语补足语的不定式要带to(let没有被动语态)。2.在had better后面接不带to的不定式。七、动词不定式的否定形式1. Mr Black asked the man _ the queue.A. not to jump B. to not jumpC. didnt jump D. not jump (广西壮族自治区)2. The old man told the child _ noisy.A. not be B. not to be C. to not be D. be not (湖北省)3. There is going to _ an important meeting tomorrow. Please try _ late.A. have， not to be B. have， not beC. be， not to be D. be， not be (内蒙古自治区)Key： 1. A 2. B 3. C简析动词不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号to的前面加上not，如果是不带to的不定式就直接在动词原形前面加上not.八、某些动词后面接不定式和接动词-ing形式的区别1. Please stop _ a rest if you feel tired.A. to have B. having C. have D. has (广西壮族自治区)2. Why didnt you buy some bread on your way home?Sorry, I forgot _ some money with me.A. take B. taking C. to take D. took (湖北省)3. Lets have a rest, shall we?Not now, I cant stop _ the letters.A. write B. to write C. writing D. and write (湖北省)4. Jim was badly hurt, so he had to stop _ (walk). (用所给单词的正确形式填空)(四川省)Key： 1. A 2. C 3. C 4. walking简析一些常见的动词后面接不定式和接动词的-ing形式的区别如下：stop to do sth意为停止正在做的事情去做另外一件事，stop doing sth意为停止正在做的事：remember to do sth意为记住去做某事(事还未做)，remember doing sth意为记得做过某事(事已做)：go on to do sth意为接着做某事(做完一事，接着做另一事)，go on doing sth意为继续做某事(一事未做完接着往下做)：forget to do sth意为忘了做某事(事还未做)，forget doing sth意为忘了曾做过某事(事已做)。5. When I was walking in the street I saw a plane _ over my head.A. flies B. flying C. flew D. to fly (福建省)6. A woman saw it _ when she was walking past.A. happen B. happens C. happening D. to happen (黑龙江省)Key： 5. B 6. A简析在see， hear， watch， feel等感官动词后面可接不带to的不定式，也可接动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，用不定式表示动作的全过程(动作已结束)，用动词的-ing形式表示动作正在进行(动作尚未结束)。九、动词不定式的省略及其符号to的保留1. Would you like to go to the cinema with us?Yes, _. What time are we going to meet?A. I would B. I would like C. I like to D. Id like to (浙江省)2. Would you like to go for a picnic with us?_. What time are we going to meet?A. No, I cant B. Yes, Im gladC. Yes, Id love to D. Id like (大连市)Keys： 1. D 2. C简析在口语中，动词不定式中的动词或短语动词在上下文中重复出现时，第二个动词不定式可以省略，但是to不可省略。这种用法常见于be glad to，would like (love) to，have to等结构中。十、动词不定式的被动式和其他形式The new hospital _ is near the factory.A. build B. builds C. to build D. to be built (青海省)Key： D简析当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者(宾语)时，用动词不定式的被动式，即：to be +过去分词；如果不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，不定式用完成式，即：to have +过去分词；如果不定式表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，用不定式的进行式，即：to be +现在分词动词不定式可以作以上各种成分，但它毕竟是动词，所以有动词的属性动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语，虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语，但它表达的意义是动作，这一动作一定由使动者发出。这一使动者我们称之为 逻辑主语，其形式如下：主动形式 被动形式一般式 （not） to make （not） to be made完成式 （not） to have made （not） to have been made进行式 （not） to be making完成进行式 （not） to have been making(1)语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如：Its a great honour to be invited to Marys birthday party.（不定式作主语）It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主语）I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作宾语）Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定语）He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语）在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：There are still many things to t ake care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如：These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)(2)时态1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again. = I hope that Ill see you again. 我希望再见到你。2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something.4) 完成进行时：She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.疑问词不定式结构疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如：When to leave for London has not been decided yet.Mr. Smith didnt know whether to leave or stay there.I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well.The question was where to get the medicine needed.以上例句中疑问词不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。如：When we shall leavehow Icould learn经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。动词不定式的语法功能一、作宾语1) 动词+ 不定式afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake举例：The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2）动词+不定式 ；动词+宾语+不定式ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wishI like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。3） 动词+疑问词+ todecide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tellPlease show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。The question is how to put it into practice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。4)以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish 等，这些词大部分可接th at引导的从句。如：I decided to ask for my money back.I decided that I would ask for my money back.When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot.When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot.5)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语动 词it补语to do句式。如：We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well.He feels it his duty to help the poor.二、作补语1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn例句：a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。b. We believe him to be guilty.我们相信他是有罪的。Find 的特殊用法：Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。I found him lying on the ground.I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English is important.典型例题:The next morning she found the man _ in bed，dead.A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understandWe consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。典型例题Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented答案：A. 由consider to dosth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。3) to be +形容词Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, meanThe book is believed to be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。4) there be+不定式believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstandWe didnt expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。三、作主语动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：(1)把不定式置于句首。如：To get there by bike will take us half an hour.(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：Itbe名词to doIts our duty to take good care of the old.It takes sb+some time+to doHow long did it take you to finish the work?Itbe形容词for sbto doIt is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour.Itbe形容词of sbto doIt is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays.It seems(appears)形容词to doIt seemed impossible to save money.在句型中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is形容词to do句式 ，如：Itskind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.(3)举例1） Its easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enoughIts so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。2) Its very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)例句:It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。注意：1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is to的句型(对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。(错)It is to believe to see.四、作表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter.What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例）。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例），不定 式说明主语的内容。Our work is serving the people.What he likes is taking a walk after supper.The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving thepeople is out work,而句中是现在分词作 表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来。五、作定语不定式作定语不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：The next train to arrive is from Washington.Have you anything to be taken to your sister?Do you have anything to say on the question?Would you please give me some paper to write on?My wish to visit France has come true at last.不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：(1)表示将来的动作（例）。(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例）。(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍 用主动语态（例）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例）。(4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例to arrive=that will arrive。六、作状语1）目的状语To only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such) as to (如此以便)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。