句型及语法结构导学案.doc

Period Reading and useful structures【学习目标】1. 掌握这些用法： 情态动词表示对过去的推测 先行词way 后面的定语从句形式 It is + V-ed + that 从句 Nor + 倒装句 限制性和非限制性定语从句异同比较2. 学会知识的迁移，灵活运用以上句型和结构3. 引导学生培养珍爱祖国文化遗产的情感【学法指导】1. 阅读课文，注意语境中对重点单词、短语的理解、掌握。2. 运用词典，拓展对词汇的学习。3. 背诵例句，强化对重点句型的记忆。【课内探究】I. Sentences structures (句型结构)1Frederick William I ,the King of Prussia, could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history.普鲁士国王腓特烈威廉一世绝不可能想到他送给俄罗斯人民的厚礼会有这样一段令人惊讶的历史。could not/never have done 表示对过去否定的推测，意为“过去不可能干过某事”。也可以改为 “cant have done” It couldnt have been a pleasant trip. 那一定是一次不愉快的旅行。 Mr. smith cant have gone to Beijing ,for I saw him in the library just now.史密斯先生不可能去北京了，我刚才还在图书馆见过他。知识链接：could have done (过去) 本可以做而没做某事； （过去）可能做过某事must have done (过去) 一定做过某事， * 此句型没有否定形式should have done (过去) 本该做而没做某事 shouldnt have done (过去) 本不该做而做了某事neednt have done (过去) 本不必要做却做了某事 I _ my examination easily ,but I made too many stupid mistakes.我本可以轻易通过考试，但我犯了太多愚蠢的错误。 He didnt turn up at the meeting. He _. 他没来开会，一定是忘了。 You _ the essay before 5 pm yesterday, but you went to the movie .昨天五点钟之前你就该交论文的，你却去看电影了。 They _ a taxi , for it was not far from the city center to the museum.他们没必要打的士，因为从市中心到博物馆很近。2Later ,Catherine had the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg where she spent her summers.后来，叶卡捷琳娜二世派人把琥珀搬到圣彼得堡郊外她避暑的宫殿中。have/get sth. done：（1）使某事被做（主语有意识的行为，可能是主语自己做，也可能是让别人做）；（2）遭遇，经历（此事违背主语的意愿）。 He was lazy and often had his clothes washed. 他很懒，常常让别人给他洗衣服。 She _in the storm. 她的房屋在暴风雨中遭到了破坏。知识链接：have sb.do sth.让某人做某事have sb./sth/doing sth.让某人/某物一直做某事get sb to do sth 让某人做某事Have the driver bring the car round at 4 oclock. 让司机四点钟把车开过来。 She entered the bank and _outside. 她进了银行，让她的助手在外面一直等着。 The manager asked me to get someone to repair the broken computer. _。3In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. 1770年，这间琥珀屋按照她的要求完成了。（1）本句是一个主从复合句：she wanted 是定语从句，修饰先行词the way.(2) the way 是名词短语在此处作状语，其功能相当于in the way,意为“以一样地”。知识链接：（1）the way 作先行词，并在定语从句中作状语时，其后定语从句的引导词可以用that/in which或者省略的形式。（2）the way 作先行词，并在定语从句中作主语或宾语，则用that或which引导。I dont like the way_.我不喜欢她跟你讲话的方式。This is _he often used to do such things.这就是他做这类事情常用的方法。We first broke the law in a way _.我们首先用和平的方式违背法律。4For example, it can be proved that China has more people than any other country in the world. 举例来说，中国人口比世界上其他任何一个国家的人口都多，这是可以证实的。本句是“It + be + v.-ed + that”句型。其中it 是形式主语，that 引导的从句是真正的主语。 It is proved that the little boy hasnt told lies. 事实证明小男孩没有撒谎。知识链接：It is said that 据说 It is reported that 据报道It is believed that 人们认为/相信 It is suggested that 人们建议It is hoped that 人们希望 It is advised that 人们建议It is said that the reporter will come to cover the election of this village.据说记者要来报道这个村的选举。_China will certainly play a more and more important part in the world.人们普遍认为中国将肯定会在世界上发挥越来越重要的作用。5Nor do I think they should give it to any government.我认为他们不应该把它交给任何政府部门。否定词nor 位于句首，应该用部分倒装。形式为：“nor + be动词/ 助动词/ 情态动词+主语+动词+其他”。表示前面的否定情况也适用于另一人或物，可用neither替换nor.Tom isnt good at maths, neither/nor am I. 汤姆不擅长数学，我也是。He didnt pass the exam,_. 他没通过这次考试，我也是。知识链接：（1）若表示前句中的肯定情况也适用于另一人或物，要用“so +be动词/ 情态动词/ 助动词+主语”，表示“也是这样，也是如此”。（2）当前句中既有肯定的情况也有否定的情况，两种不同的情况也适用于另一人或物时，则用以下句式：It is the same with sb./sth.或So it is with sb./sth.He likes swimming and_.他喜欢游泳，我也是。Tom is very clever and studies very hard._.汤姆聪明且努力学习，玛丽也一样。注意 如果后一句只是重复前一句的意思，表示“确实如此”，此时主谓不倒装，句型为“so+主语+be动词/ 助动词/ 情态动词”。She speaks French very well. 她法语说得很好。So she does. 她说得确实很好。【达标测评】1. Before driving into the city, you are required to _.(wash)在驱车进城之前，你必须将你的车洗了。2They had to _all day long because of poor light in the room.(burn)由于屋子里光线不好，他们整天不得不开着所有的灯。3What surprised me was not what he said ,but the way_to me.(say)使我吃惊的不是他所说的内容，而是他对我说话的方式。4If Pi had lost hope ,he _alone with a tiger in the lifeboat on the vast ocean.(survive)如果派失去了希望，他就不可能在茫茫大海上独自和一头老虎共处一舟而活了下来。5It has been proved _in childhood helps to protect you against serious illness in later life.(eat)已经证实，儿童时期食用蔬菜有助于保护你免受后期生活中重大疾病的侵扰。6What a pity! Considering his ability and experience, he _.(do)多可惜啊！考虑到他的能力和经验，他本可以做得更好的。7Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine that she _went wrong again.(have)布朗夫人很失望地看到她让人修理了的洗衣机又出了问题。8Never before in his life _such a great loss ,so he almost lost the hope of life.(suffer)他一生从来没有遭受过如此重大的损失，所以他几乎失去了生活的希望。II. Grammar (语法结构) 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句一、限制性定语从句定语从句对先行词具有限制作用，使该词的含义更具体、更明确，这种定语从句被称为限制性定语从句，这类从句不能省掉，否则句意就不完整。The boy (who/whom/that) I taught yesterday was very clever. 我昨天教的那个小男孩很聪明。I was the only person in our class that was praised by the headmaster at the meeting.我是我们班唯一一个在会议上受到校长表扬的人。This is the MP4 (that/which) I bought for my daughter yesterday. 这是我昨天为女儿买的Mp4。Id like to visit the factory which /that makes cars. 我想参观一下生产小汽车的那家工厂。I will show you to the supermarket where you can find everything you want.我带你去一家超市，在那里你能找到你想要的一切东西。二、非限制性定语从句定语从句有时与先行词的关系不是十分密切，只是作附加说明，不起限制作用，这种从句被称为非限制性定语从句，往往用逗号把这类从句与主句分开。She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into mouth.她听到一声巨响，这把她的心提到了嗓子眼上。This is our headmaster, who I think has something important to tell you.这是我们的校长，我认为他有一些重要事情要告诉你。This is his room, whose window faces south. 那是他的房间，房间的窗户朝南。He left his hometown in 1992, when he was only 12 years old.他于1992年离开家乡，当时他只有12岁。Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland, where he was buried in 1977.卓别林在瑞士度过了他的晚年，1977年他被安葬在那里。三、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别1、形式和作用不同限制性定语从句和主句之间不用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句必须用逗号和主句隔开。限制性定语从句用来修饰和说明先行词，具有限制作用；而非限制性定语从句一般跟先行词的关系并不十分密切，只是对先行词的附加、补充说明，不起限制作用，可以省略。省略后主句的意思仍然完整。Mr. Smith, who came to see me yesterday, is one of my best friends.昨天来看我的史密斯先生是我的一位好朋友。（非限制性定语从句）Her sister who teaches us English will go abroad next year.她教我们英语的姐姐明年将出国。（限制性定语从句，意思是她可能还有别的姐姐。）Her sister ,who teaches us English ,will go abroad next year.她的姐姐教我们英语，明年将出国。（非限制性定语从句，对先行词her sister起到补充说明的作用，言外之意：她只有一个姐姐。）2、先行词不同限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是一句话。试比较：This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我曾经看过的最好的小说。（先行词为novel）The novel, which I read last night ，is very interesting.这是我昨天晚上看过的小说 ，非常有意思。（先行词为novel）The novel is very interesting, which makes me very glad.这部小说很有意思，这让我很高兴。（先行词为“The novel is very interesting”）3.关系词的使用情况有所不同限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句使用的关系词不同可用that, why 引导不可用that, why, 要用which 代替that, for which 代替why关系词的省略情况不同关系代词作宾语时可省略所有关系词均不可省略The house (that/which) I bought last month has got a beautiful garden.我上个月买的那幢房子有一个漂亮的花园。Can you tell me the reason why he was absent yesterday?你能告诉我他昨天缺席的原因吗？注意：在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时，关系代词可用who,that或whom,但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时，关系代词只能用who或whom.I have a sister , who is a doctor. 我有个姐姐，她是个医生。四、as 和which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别1as 引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词一般为整个主句；而which 引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词既可以是整个主句又可以是主句的一部分。2. as 引导的从句位置比较灵活，可位于先行词之前，之中和之后，面which引导的从句仅能位于先行词之后。3as 引导从句时常译为“正如”，而which常译为“这；那”，常用句型有：as we all know ,as is known to all ,as everybody can see ,as is expected 等。He did the experiment s unsuccessfully, as had been expected.正如期望的那样，他试验做得非常成功。He failed in the experiment, which was unexpected. 他试验失败了，这是没有料到的。As we all know, paper was first made in China. 正如大家所知，纸是中国发明的。【达标测评】.用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空。1. They usually take a walk after supper ,_does them a lot of good.2. The old man had two sons, both of _did during the war.3. He is talking about the great woman,_films have been shown in many cities.4. The reason _he gave in the meeting sounded reasonable.5. This was the reason _he was late yesterday.6. This is the place _I lived three years ago.7. This is the place _we visited three years ago.8. The way _he explained to us was very simple.9. The way _he exp