高等教育自学考试“英语”常考词汇.docVIP

高等教育自学考试“英语（二）”常考词汇第一单元1.常考单词：goal，objective，accomplish，predict，accompany，implement，tendency，achievement，argue，budget，define，entity2. 常考词组：in the way，in part，point of view，contribute to，toapply for，in hand，to turn down3. 常考句子：1） A decision is a choice made from among alternativecourses of action that are available.2） Often managers must make a best guess at what thefuture will be and try to leave as little as possible tochance.3） If there is no choice，there is no decision to bemade.4） For managers every decision has constraints basedon politics，procedures，laws，precedents and the like.5） For example，managers sometimes treat problems in aneither/or fashion.6） Decision makers must have some way of determiningwhich of several alternatives is best - that is，whichcontributes the most to the achievement oforganizational goals.7） In the larger scheme of things，however，increasedfunding for research to improve the products might bemore beneficial to the organization.8） Some of these objectives are more important thanothers，but the order and degree of importance often varyform person to person and from department to department.第二单元1.常考单词：escape，explode，collapse，shrink，gravity，measurement，basis，launch，convincing，companion，speculation，swallow，operate，tomake use of，a great many，above all2. 常考句子：1） Astronomers and scientists think that a black holeis a region of space into which matter has fallen andfrom which nothing can escape.2） The theory is that some stars explode when theirdensity increases to a particular point.3） Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem couldhave been a supernova.4） If a man fell into a black hole，he would think thathe reached the center of it very quickly.5） It is only recently that astronomers have begunspecific research into black holes.6） On the other hand，scientists have suggested thatevery advanced technology could one day make use of theenergy of black holes for mankind.第三单元1.常考单词：weaken deteriorate debate legal request criterionensure oppose tradition consideration disabled burdenvulnerable prohibition sensitive2. 常考词组：to debate on to make request for be opposed to totake into account3. 常考句子：1） Affected with a serious disease，van Wendal was nolonger able to speak clearly and he knew there was nohope of recovery and that his condition was rapidlydeteriorating.2） Van Wendels last three months of life before beinggiven a final，lethal injection by his doctor were filmedand first shown on television last year in theNetherlands.3） The programme has since been bought by 20 countriesand each time it is shown，it starts a nationwide debateon the subject.4） What those people who oppose euthanasia are tellingme is that dying people havent the right.第四单元1.常考单词：demestic statistics diplomat exploit campaignexecute convict despite deserving shelfminimumstatus deport2. 常考句子：1） There are estimated to be more than 20，000 overseasdomestic servants working in Britain.2） Of these 20，000，just under 2，000 are beingexploited and abused by their employers.3） The sad condition of women working as domesticsaround the world received much media attention earlierthis year in several highly publicized cases.4） A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore afterbeing convicted of murder，despite protests form variousquarters that her guilt had not been adequatelyestablished.5） She used to work for a very low wage at a teafactory in Sri Lanka.6） Because she found it difficult to feed her fourchildren，she accepted a job working as a domestic inLondon.7） So if they do complain，they risk being deported.第五单元1.常考单词：Musician rhythmic distinct consciousnessoriginatereadily instrument electronic thereby passiveparticipant2. 常考词组：to take place to take over to take on in a senseat a stretch to serve as in advance for the sake of3. 常考句子：1） The new music was built out of materials already inexistence.2） Folk music，old and modern，was popular among collegestudents.3） They freely took over elements form jazz，fromAmerican country music.4） With records at home，listeners imitated theselighting effects as best they could.第六单元1.常考单词：efficiency increasingly install personnel exposereduction completion specific switch criticalintensity scale defective2. 常考词组：in that in question plenty of3. 常考句子：1） Most of todays robots are employed in theautomotive industry，where they are programmed to takeover such jobs as welding and spray painting automobileand truck bodies.2） Robots，already taking over human tasks in theautomotive field are beginning to be seen，althoughto alesser degree，in other industries as well.3） The robots used in nuclear power plants handle theradioactive materials，preventing human personnel frombeing exposed to radiation.4） Robots differ from automatic machines in that aftercompletion of one specific task，they can be reprogrammedby a computer to do another one.5） Engineers skilled in microelectronics and computertechnology are developing artificial vision for robots.6） With the ability to “see”，robots can identify andinspect one specific class of objects out of a stack ofdifferent kinds of materials.7） Anyone wanting to understand the industry of thefuture will have to know about robotics.第七单元1.常考单词：research attach underlie relevant positivepossession desirable relaxation occupation urbanacquire participation2. 常考词组：be concerned with be relevant to to set asobjective3. 常考句子：1） People in advanced industrial societies areincreasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure.2） The importance people attach to paid holidays andthe rapid development of services for mass entertainmentand recreation are signs of this increasing concern.3） The specific use of leisure varies from individualto individual.4） Since leisure is basically self-determined，one isable to take to ones interests and preferences andgetinvolved in an activity in ways that will bringenjoyment and satisfaction.5） Basically，such attitudes amount to a recognitionthat leisure is an important area of life and a beliefthat Leisure can and should be put to good use.6） For example，the degree to which and the ways inwhich a school encourages participation in games，sportsand cultural pursuits are likely to contribute to theshaping of leisure attitudes on the part of thestudents.7） Schools usually set as their educational objectivethe attainment of a balanced development of the person.8） The more seriously this is sought，the more likelypositive attitudes towards leisure as well as academicwork will be encouraged.第八单元1.常考单词：flight negotiation transport overcome internalexternal rhythm feasible assumption promote2. 常考词组：effect on to blame on to advantage now thatout of step to leave alone3. 常考句子：1） The problem of Jet Lag is one every internationaltraveler comes across at some time. （para.1）2） The effects of rapid travel on the body areactually far more disturbing than we realize. （para.2）3） He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag.（para.3）4） Now that we understand what Jet lag is，we can gosome way to overcoming it.（para.4）5） The other belongs in our internal clocks which，leftalone，would tie the body to a 25 hour - yes，25 -rhythm.（para.5）6） In time the physiological system will resetitself，but it does take time. （para7）7） One reason for this discrepancy is that differentbodily events are controlled by different factors.（para.8）8） It is not feasible to wait four days until the bodyis used to the new time zone. （para.9）第九单元1.常考单词：classify approximate proportion appreciationacknowledge alter lengthen wealthy neglectexpectation2. 常考词组：to approximate to resistance to to cope withattribute to3. 常考句子：1） Nation classified as “aged” when they have 7percentof more of their people aged 65 or above. （para.1）2） The nearer a society approximates to zeropopulation growth，the older its population is likely tobe - at least，for any future that concerns us now.3） The older you are now，of course，the greater thisproportion will be，and greater still if you are a woman.4） If you are now in your thirties，you ought to beaware that you can expect to live nearly one third ofthe rest of your life after the age of 60.第十单元1.常考单词：election vote certainty loyalty decline democratstrategy pursue impact headquarters economy stircongress representative2. 常考词组：to identifyas impact on3. 常考句子：1） Candidates try to project a strong leadershipimage. （para.4）2） Whether voters accept this image，however，dependsmore on external factors than on a candidates personalcharacteristics. （para. 4）此句注意主语从句作主语。3） A year later，with the nations economy introuble，Bushs approval rating dropped below 40 percent.4） Candidates are particularly concerned with winningthe states which have the largest population.5） Clinton received only 43 percent of the popularvote in 1992，compared with Bushs 38 percent and Perots19 percent.第十一单元1.常考单词：disorder irrelevantmisleadingirresponsibleeventualreplace partly undergo suitable to doresearch into be central tobe irrelevant to to aimfor2. 常考句子：1） The use of animals has been central to thedevelopment of anaesthetics.2） Animal research is irrelevant to our health and itcan often produce misleading results.3） People and animals are different in their reactionsto drugs and in the way their bodies work.4） It would be completely irresponsible and unethicalto use drugs on people that had not been thoroughlytested on animals.5） The eventual aim of computer modeling is to reducethe number of animals used in experiments.6） Many other new techniques are now available thatenable more research to be done in the test tube to seeif chemicals produce harmful biological effects.7） The number of animals used in laboratory tests hasdeclined over the last 20 years.8） This is partly due to alternatives and partly tothe fact that experiments are better designed so fewerneed to be used.9） Professor David Morton of the department isinvolved in animal research and is concerned withreducing animal suffering as much as possible.10） This includes keeping them in more suitable cages.include 后面接动名词作宾语。11） In the US，one experiment in nerve regenerationinvolves cutting a big nerve in a rats leg.involve 后面接动名词作宾语。12） When it comes to research into heart disease andits effects on the body，or diseases of the brain forexample，we do not have adequate substitutes for the useof animals.When it comes to 当提到 的时候第十二单元1.常考单词：symptom intellectual detail initialinventorconfront sensitivity reflectioncreativity charactertrace modestinvestment to substitute for becontrary to to put offbe confronted with to gaze atbe unaware of to impresson be free from bebeneficial to2. 常考句子：1） At its best，daydreaming was considered acompensatory substitute for the real things in life.2） There are always those who would substitute fantasylives for the rewards of real activity.（para.2）3）Most people suffer from a lack of daydreaming ratherthan an excess of it. （para.2）4）Not only are they less able to deal with thepressure of day-to-day existence，but also their self-control and self-direction become endangered. （para.2）5） But its beneficial effects go beyond this. （para.3）Go beyond 表示“超越 ，不仅仅是 ”6）Historically，scientists and inventors are one groupthat seems to take full advantage of relaxed moments.Take advantage of 利用7） Whenever confronted with a task which seemed toohard to be dealt with，he would stretch out on hislaboratory sofa and let fantasies flood his mind.（para.7）8） Picture yourself as winning and that willcontribute remarkably to success.The important thing to remember is to picture thesedesired objectives as if you had already attained them.第十三单元1.常考单词：compel voluntary undertake coincidemanualefficiency compulsion division eliminateboring amusement so far as knows to coincide withattitude toward to go in for2. 常考句子：1） He cannot be really happy if h is compelled bysociety to do what he does not enjoy doing.2） Whether a job is to be classified as labor or workdepends，not on the job itself，but on the tastes of theindividual who undertake it.3） The difference does not，for example，coincide withthe difference between a manual and a mental job.4） So that it is natural for him to imagine that thefewer hours he has to spend laboring，and the more hourshe is free to play，the better.第十四单元1.常考单词：device compassion grab belongingthreateningconvince foster persuasion availsuspectprofound to convince sb. to do sth. tocomment on2. 常考句子：1）It was a microcassette found in Kathleen Weinsteinsshirt pocket that not only led police toher allegedkiller but also revealed the New Jersey teacher to be awoman of extraordinary courageand compassion.本句是个强调句，另外注意 found 的用法2） It was there，police believe，that Weinstein was ableto activate the recorder she kept in her bag. 本句是强调句。3） Weinsteins body，with hands and feet bound，wasdiscovered by a hiker on March17.4） But before she died she somehow slipped themicrocassette into her pocket without her killer knowingit.第十五单元1.常考单词：solely content sensible persist vital logicevaluate raw ultimate functionalextension undueconcrete conquer error prolong technicianproof possess to pull downto mistakefor todistinguish between to come to terms withto end into reflect on to come about to speculate on2. 常考句子：1） Electronic brains can reduce the profusion of deadends involved in vital research.2） Nor do they connect a man to the things he has tobe connected to - the reality of pain in others.注意本句的倒装形式。并且注意“ connect to ”表示“把 与 连接起来”。3） The reason these matters are important in acomputerized age is that there may be a tendency tomistake data for wisdom.本句中注意“ tendency ”后面要接动词不定式作定语。另外“ mistake for ”表示“把 错认为 ”4） For the danger is not so much that man will becontrolled by the computer as that he may imitate it.高等教育自学考试2007年10月英语二常考单词Word Commentorganizational a.组织（上）的goal n.目的，目标；得分进球，球门objective n.目标，目的 a.客观的；无偏见的accomplish vt.完成（任务等）predict vt./vi.预言；预示accompany vt.伴随，陪同；为伴奏implement vt.实现；完成；履行constraint n.强制；强制因素，制约条件precedent n.先例，前例simplify vt.简化tendency n.趋势，倾向managerial a.经理的，管理人的；管理上的，经营上的maker n.制造者；制造商achievement n.完成，达到；成就，成绩attain vt.达到；完成optimal a.最适宜的；最理想的suboptimization n.局部最优化，次优化trade-off n.（对不能同时兼顾的因素）权衡；物物交换argue vt./vi.争辨，争论，辩论；说服budget n.预算 vt.把编入预算；安排，预定scheme n.计划；方案 vt./vi.计划，策划define vt.解释，给下定义；限定，规定multiple a.多样的，复合的 n.倍数profitability n.赚钱，获得correctness n.正确，正确性unintended a.非计划中的，非故意的ongoing a.进行中的，前进的entity n.存在，实体；统一性skilled a.熟练的；有技能的in the way 挡路；碍事make a guess at 猜测and the like 等等，诸如此类seek to 追求，争取in part 部分地，在某种程度上point of view 观点interview vt./n.面谈，采访；面试，口试criticism n.批评；评论candidate n.候选人，候补者；应试者vague a.含糊的；不明确的notion n.概念；想法，看法prospect n.展望，景象；常pl.前景，前程community n.社区；共同体unattractive a.无吸引力的；不引人注意的indifference n.冷漠；不感兴趣（to）interviewer n.接见者；面谈者personality n.个性；人格；品格prospective a.预期的；未来的speechless a.不会说话的；不说话的clarification n.澄清，阐明correspondence n.符合，一致；通信photocopy vt./n.复印，影印；照相复制本resume n.摘要，梗概；个人简历inefficiency n.无效；效能差neat a.整洁的；简洁的；整齐的conservative a.保存的，防腐的；保守的，守旧的punk n.（俚）阿飞；朋克 a.颓废派的miniskirt n.超短裙panel n.专门小组intimidate vt.恐吓，恫吓clutch vt./vi.抓住，握紧grip vt./n.紧握，紧夹；掌握，控制painful a.痛苦的；费力的rephrase vt.重新措辞，改用别的话表示apply for 申请day to day work 日常工作take the trouble to 不辞劳苦，费力to ones advantage 对某人有利ask for 请求，向要；寻找in hand 手头上有make sure 查明，弄确实；确信at a disadvantage 处于不利地位turn down 拒绝；调小或调低；翻下astronomer n.天文学家escape vi./vt.逃跑；避免 n.逃跑；逃路，出口exert vt.尽（力）；施加（压力等）；行使（职权等）explode vt.使爆炸 vi.爆炸；突发density n.密集度，稠密度；物化密度collapse vt./vi./n.（使）倒塌，（使）崩溃；瓦解supernova n.天超新星daytime n.白天，日间dwarf n.矮子；天矮星neutron n.物中子shrink vt./vi./n.收缩；缩小；退缩，畏缩gravity n.严肃，认真；重要性；物重力marble n.弹子；大理石 a.大理石的，大理石般的boundary n.分界线，边界observer n.遵守者，奉行者；观察者，监视者interchangeable a.可交换的；可互换的constant a.永恒的，经久不变的；经常的 n.常数measurement n.衡量，测量implication n.含意，暗示；牵连，涉及，卷入basis n.基础，根据；主要成份；军事基地launch vt.发射；使（船）下水 n.发射，（船）下水galaxy n.天星系，G-银河系observatory n.天文台；了望台convincing a.有说服力的，使人信服的binary a.二，双；二进制的 n.双（体）；联星twin a./n.双胞胎（的）Twins天双子座companion n.同伴，同事；天伴星（=star）speculation n.推测，猜测；投机swallow vt.吞咽 n.燕子mankind n.用作单或复人类operate v.运转，起作用；动手术；操作；经营research into 研究speculation about 关于猜测swallow up 吞没，耗尽make use of 利用Star of Bethlehem 圣诞星White Dwarf 天白矮星Albert Einstein 爱因斯坦（美籍德国理论物理学家）Milky Way 银河；银河系（=Milky Way galaxy）planet n.行星revolve vi.旋转；绕转solar a.太阳的，日光的；利用太阳光的largely ad.大量地；主要地glitter vi.闪闪发光，闪烁 n.闪光cloudless a.无云的，晴朗的unlikely a.未必可能的；靠不住的astronaut n.宇航员thrilling a.令人激动的；颤动的，震颤的outer a.外部的whereas conj.而，却；反之lesser a.较小的；更少的；次要的concerned a.有关的；关切的，担心的microscop