浅谈英语独立结构及其用法.doc

羂艿蒂蒃蚂肂莈蒂袄芈莄蒁羇膁芀蒀聿羃薈蒀螈腿蒄葿袁羂莀蒈羃膇芆薇蚃羀膂薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿薃袂节膅薂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀莀蚀螆肃芆虿袈艿膁蚈肁肁薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂蚆羅羃芈蚅蚄膈膄螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿芅螂螁膅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇莅袀肄膃蒄羂艿蒂蒃蚂肂莈蒂袄芈莄蒁羇膁芀蒀聿羃薈蒀螈腿蒄葿袁羂莀蒈羃膇芆薇蚃羀膂薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿薃袂节膅薂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀莀蚀螆肃芆虿袈艿膁蚈肁肁薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂蚆羅羃芈蚅蚄膈膄螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿芅螂螁膅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇莅袀肄膃蒄羂艿蒂蒃蚂肂莈蒂袄芈莄蒁羇膁芀蒀聿羃薈蒀螈腿蒄葿袁羂莀蒈羃膇芆薇蚃羀膂薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿薃袂节膅薂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀莀蚀螆肃芆虿袈艿膁蚈肁肁薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂蚆羅羃芈蚅蚄膈膄螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿芅螂螁膅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇莅袀肄膃蒄羂艿蒂蒃蚂肂莈蒂袄芈莄蒁羇膁芀 浅谈英语独立结构及其用法 高一 赵振宇大家知道，独立主格结构是由两部分构成的词组组成。第一部分一般由名词、名词词组或代词担任，第二部分由动词的非谓语形式( 动词不定式、现在分词短语和过去分词短语)、形容词、副词、名词和介词短语担任。这两部分在逻辑意义上有主谓关系，即第一部分是第二部分的逻辑主语。例如： The question settled, they went to have their lunch. The weather ( being ) fine, we decided to go on an outing. The teacher came in, book in hand. The man lay there, his hands trembling. 独立主格结构在句子中可担任不同的句子成分。例如： The question rather difficult, we must spend more time considering it carefully.( 表示原因 ) 此句可改写为: As the question is rather difficult, we must spend more time considering it carefully. Weather permitting, we will go for an outing tomorrow.(表示条件) 此句可改写为：If weather permits, we will go for an outing tomorrow. 独立主格结构根据其不同词类的搭配可归纳如下：1. 名词(或代词)+现在分词短语； 在这种结构中，名词(或代词)与现在分词短语之间为主动关系。例如： It being Sunday, they had no classes. 此句可改写为：As it was Sunday, they had no classes. The bell ringing, all the students entered the classroom. 此句可改写为：As soon as the bell rang, all the students entered the classroom.2. 名词(或代词)+过去分词短语； 在这种结构中，名词(或代词)与过去分词之间为被动关系。 例如： Everything taken into consideration, he is the most suitable person for the job. 此句可改写为：If everything is taken into consideration, he is the most suitable person for the job. Her homework done, Mary decided to go shopping. 此句可改写为：As her homework was done, Mary decided to go shopping. 3. 名词(或代词)+动词不定式； 在这种结构中，名词(或代词)与动词不定式之间为主动关系，动词不定式表示将来。例如： The students were divided into three groups, each to finish one third of the work. 此句可改写为：The students were divided into three groups, and each (group) would finish one third of the work. Here are the first three volumes, the fourth one to come out next month. 此句可改写为：Here are the first three volumes, and the fourth one will come out next month. He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. 此句可改写为：He suggested going for a picnic and Mary would provide the food.4. 名词(或代词)+形容词； 例如： The baby began to cry again, his face very pale and his lips colorless. 此句可改写为：The baby began to cry again with his face very pale and his lips colorless. They were making a snowman, hands red with cold. 此句可改写为：They were making a snowman with their hands red with cold.5. 名词(或代词)+介词短语； 例如： He was lying on the lawn, his hands under his head. 此句可改写为：He was lying on the lawn with his hands under his head. So, Oliver rose from the table and went up to the master, bowl and spoon in hand. 此可改写为：So, Oliver rose from the table and went up to the master with a bowl and a spoon in his hand.6. 名词(或代词)+副词； 例如： The meeting over, they went home at once. 此句可改写为：After the meeting was over, they went home at once. His head down, he was standing at the door of the classroom. 此句可改写为：He was standing at the door of the classroom with his head down.7. 名词(或代词)+名词； 例如： His first attempt failure, he tried again. 此句可改写为：As his first attempt failed, he tried again. He fought the three rascals bravely, a stick his only weapon. 此句可改写为：He fought the three rascals bravely with a stick as his only weapon.8. Here (或there)+现在分词短语； 例如： There being no bus, we had to walk home. 此句可改写为：As there was no bus, we had to walk home. Here coming another guest, I had to buy one more bottle of wine. 此句可改写为：Because here came another guest, I had to buy one more bottle of wine.9. 介词with ( like, without, 等 ) +宾语(名词或代词)+宾语补足语构成的独立主格结构； 在这种结构中，作宾语补足语的主要有现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式、形容词、副词、名词和介词短语等。现在分词表示目前状态(主动)，过去分词表示动作已经完成(被动)，动词不定式则表示动作将要发生。 例如： He was so tired that he fell asleep with the lamp burning. With you to lead the way, we are sure to get there on time. With so many people communicating in English every day, it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English. With his homework finished, he went to see a film. We could hardly see anything with the lights out. Two guards were standing at the gate, with a gun in their hands. Without one more word spoken, they went away. The old man added a few lines and colored the open space like a child playing with a picture book. The old man lives alone with the dog his only companion. 注意： 从18种结构可以看出，这些独立主格结构相当于相应的状语从句或其他结构，只不过这些从句的主语与主句主语不同罢了。如果从句的主语与主句主语一致，则只能变为分词短语；从句为主动语态时，变为现在分词短语；若从句为被动语态时，则变为过去分词短语。 试比较： After he did the work, he went home.= Having done the work, he went home. After the work was done, he went home.= The work done, he went home. If water is heated, it will turn into steam.= Heated, water will turn into steam. As so many people were absent, the meeting had to be put off till next week. = So many people (being) absent, the meeting had to be put off till next week. 从第9种结构可以看出，此结构就是介词+复合宾语结构，这种结构在句中可以起到不同的语法功能。例如： With the boy leading the way, we had no difficulty in finding Mr. Greens house.此句相当于Because the boy led the way, we had no difficulty in finding Mr. Greens house. With Jim to help me with my English, I can do better in it. 此句相当于If Jim helps me with my English, I can do better in it. He lives in a room with its window facing north. 此句相当于He lives in a room whose window faces north. Our school looks more beautiful with all the flowers coming out. 此句相当于Our school looks more beautiful when all the flowers come out. With all the work done, he went for a holiday. 此句相当于After all the work was done, he went for a holiday. 介词with + 复合宾语结构有时也可将介词with省去，同时也可省去这种结构中的代词或冠词，这样使句子显得更简练。例如： The teacher went into the classroom, with a book in his hand. = The teacher went into the classroom, book in hand. Jim was standing there, motionless, with his eyes fixed upon Della. = Jim was standing there, motionless, eyes fixed upon Della. Tom stood in front of his teacher with his head down. = Tom stood in front of his teacher, head down She sat on a benc