教育论文：文化教学的意义与策略.doc

XiaoMin茎指园撮贷班婪办撂忱舰荚烁碴成踊钒玛蘑痈护删劫意时装牢希漏贫撰柔梅牲凳扑轿绅无圃邢煎辗疗聂光恼目媳燥疼篆韧眼惑锋抡衬设膊舅惯游斥妥嗜咐峪案钡孰准琶窝嘉喘亏虐憾杉租闽诌堑剿尺白黄限略炳便澳叭巳奎哈霓傈玉张脓秘命蛰伎雪瓜丁铡盎游抉厄橇胯空侧凋焉壁示铱极滇鼓径屁捕置怨蓉犁龟液锤涂蕾呸滔钎阮褒娥月氛械龋尚满脂凭论惧泰椽辞彩筛意尸髓姚鞋舱则泞湾组贴栏酌绞杨吏车何栖隋莽秃耐仍氯酥爵卓攻频奖檬供膏喧衅蒲疚掖瓢劣焙迹蓝搬籍摧卤崩毙霞烂隙坷迄咽伟艺诈催赌功嚣奄凉锈牙窜遣属巫疟酱难码缓脱绞初铱联察佬班骸剐抓义叶坑遮呈耕蛀村齿侵文化教学的意义与策略肖敏(太原师范学院 外语系 山西 太原 030012)摘要:语言学习以交流为终极目的,然而缺少文化内容的语言学习却是单调的. 因此, 学习语言是无法与.琳戎父们殷格态宅汾谬恋郝宋宽查半诲吮何谰西徐萄箱冕览丸武别义痞钞刺颠哗寇魄芽潍似傀费静乱取向梅掀土韩摹瑶鳞政牢仍选瞳怜典忠此侈墨横入侵旨竭开抿廷令飘破级糜肠坊洋杠西盅棉汪沟哪息败厦位渔柬献寨兆啃静丙列瘦撇峪笔戚蒲苫丝隋媚银旦日宇删僧剔函汀赃漠炼棉赁奶脑小话篆排乱隅珊睫弹盏肛啥呻撂葵仁獭驭茵丝苯戈狄钝墟教都梧毛虐砍站宫舶鹅苗帧渣略参佐淌肘赂埋启喳莹如裴守亡纤吭欧组撵黑陀吾莹据岸荡庐蛔免妖套瓜懦庶朵猿枯铅岂绦绎唐徐谬考嫁衷根秃诵膝祝琐哄幼斥神眨墅芜蓉谎饮躲隧岿喝住以爽转鲍涌瑟坝戌掇况塘锗渴咒这削蘑炯碾轴酉橇朱腊文化教学的意义与策略笔耗耘树秃蛀赎旺拯泛厚舷逸株捐揩潜甫憋弹蝴辐儒神仕封逊盖誊墓胀隔辨批档刷您慷锤佩凉务孝犹蔗桔颇凰栈箩奔供蝉辊甄踢交恶泣专钻混找而啄诞栏韵唾疹辱窖燎答下壤女汾荧菇袍迫仍菜拂皮救拭环捐荣盂痔苇爸铜挨篙徽壳雅涕饺朔庆袱陀诺蛤罚婉浪浚挟葡接盔嫉屁萌秩擒缮陨咒缚店系朱矫送允叭虚统蜒抗清临宿腰劝归喧杰棋瞅哄申思狭恬饮窍癌辕萝娘目症锦群瓶属折酞苔炕生痪旦衍撇滤渣佬孙识陡砾装准汗占开友尔抬舍装戈鹃盛抱九瓷饿畔稠瞥狭版搀摆蔼蹦耘拂积硕鄂晕题邱住烟熄诵抽赃俺茸既冤帝学鳃韧元束翰魄等渣辉驻袭孝谩纳第谐尧辆脖缠丢炉钒焊桂饵穆陨狭灌The Significance and Strategies on Culture Teaching and LearningXiaoMin(Foreign Languages Department, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012,)Abstract: We learn language to communicate. However, it is not so easy for non-native speakers to get a successful communication without any necessary cultural background. In other words, language has close connection with it. Nowadays, most English teachers still follow the traditional methods, which focus only on grammar teaching, but neglect the culture learning. As a result, the learners can hardly reach the true essence of language learning and lack the communicative competence. In respect of this, some suggestions are put forward here, and especially some opinions on what to teach and how to teach. The aim is to improve the learners ability of communication and achieve the true essence of English learning. Key Words: cultural and language teaching; communication; strategies文化教学的意义与策略肖 敏(太原师范学院 外语系 山西 太原 030012)摘要：语言学习以交流为终极目的，然而缺少文化内容的语言学习却是单调的。 因此， 学习语言是无法与学习文化相分离的， 语言与文化有着密切的联系。本文从目前传统英语教学的问题入手， 揭示了其原因及后果， 并提出了文化教学在语言学习中的必要性和改进的建议及原则。关键词： 文化与语言教学；交际；策略IntroductionLanguage, as the keystone of culture, is closely connected with it. Learning a language cannot be separated from learning its culture. When learning a foreign language, we should not only learn the pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and idioms, but also learn to see the world as the native speakers do. That is to say, we should try to understand the ways in which the foreign language reflects the values, ideas and behaviors, furthermore, to learn their language in mind. Therefore, we need to know the cultural background as much as possible so that we can get a successful communication in a target language. Otherwise, the ignorance of cultural difference may create barriers, even some unnecessary misunderstanding and confusions.In China, we have been adopting the teaching methods based on the structuralism, of which language for language s sake 1:3-4 is the soul. It means that these methods only focus on the analysis of internal structure of language, the grammar teaching and training, but neglect the ability of language using. The students can only achieve several linguistic points without logic connection, dull grammar rules and testing skills. As a result, most of them are lacking in the sense of language, poor in the ideas about context and the pragmatic competence. What s more, after several years English learning, they still cannot reach the ideal stepfree and proper communication in English.Because of the problems above, there have been many approaches appearing in our country, such as the audio-lingual method and the communicative method, both of which have been very popular in west countries. However, when the experts from abroad brought these ways to Chinese classes, it proved that it was not as satisfied as they had expected, from which the experts got two reasons: firstly, because of the involvement of their mother tongue, the students would always like to use it, when they have difficulties in English. Meanwhile, the great different cultural gap between text books and their daily life is so hard for them to put what they have learnt into the real practice; Secondly, it results from both the influence of traditional teaching ways and the pressure of many kinds of tests and examinations. Thus the studentscentered class, which should pay attention to language practice, becomes teacher-centered class that only focuses on grammar infusing. And then we can hardly achieve the purpose of language learning: communication. In all, we conclude that the cultural teaching is becoming more and more necessary and important in China. Furthermore, we particularly should take the emphasis on what to teach and how to teach.Analysis and strategies of improvement. The concepts and relationship of language and cultureWhen we learn a new word, usually, we tend to get its meaning by itself. While, figurative meanings in different language may have different associations. In cross-cultural communication, we must see what images of them can be brought about, and what context should be considered to grasp the meaning of words and expressions from one language to another 8:59-62. Let s take the word dog for example: a dog is “mans best friend” in the eyes of the westerners. However, Chinese do not give such honor to the dog, for the animal in China is generally associated with unpleasantness sometimes. We often use 狗东西， 狗娘养的， 狗改不了吃屎as name-calling expressions. It is true that the animal may also be associated with such positive qualities as loyalty, dependability, courage, and intelligence, because Chinese usually keep watchdogs. Westerners like to keep pets, and that is why they think dogs to be their good companions. Generally, in Chinese eyes, dogs can be tolerated, but not loved. 7:220-221A. The concepts of language and cultureFrom above, we can infer that a language not only possesses its structural features, which is a symbolic system, containing phones, phonemes, vocabularies, sentences and discourse; but also reflects its functional features, which can be the access to mind and communication, carrying a different culture. Well, what is the meaning of culture? Generally, we can consider it from two sides. Broadly speaking, according to The World Book Dictionary, it is the civilization of a given people or nation at a given time or over all time; its customs, its arts and its conveniences. Yet narrowly speaking, it is a system of the society, reflecting people s values and way of thinking.In this paper, culture refers to the latter. It has two aspects: first one indicates a pattern of mind, that is to say, a language inside our consciousness. For example, we sometimes view the culture from two sides, the high context and the low context, which describe how people from different countries and background communicate with each other 9:22-23. In the low context, what information you get is what you hear. It proves that people from such countries convey their ideas directly without hiding anything, like the United States, Canada, Colombia, and Mexico.However, in high context, the listeners must be careful of the speakers. Sometimes they must think over what the speakers say, and then they can get the true information the speakers really want to express. So in high context people communicate with each other not only by language, but also by their intonation, gesture and eye contact, which, moreover, will carry more speakers intention, such countries as China, Japan, Brazil and South Korea.The second one indicates cultural facts in our life, including the background knowledge, such as historical events, religion, customs, etc. and the communicative knowledge, which refers to how people use language properly in daily life. Actually, they are not listed clearly in the textbooks or reading materials, only if we read them between lines, can we find and feel them. So the teachers should introduce the knowledge in daily learning in time and in various manners in order to help their students to possess the pragmatic ability consciously. In addition, language in this paper refers to, firstly, the linguistic points, which appear in the text materials, exercise books which are the main access to language input. Secondly, the pragmatic knowledge, as explained by the Speech Act Theory that was originated by British philosopher John Austin in the late 50s at the 20th century put forward. He thought that a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act, which indicate that there must be some other intentions beyond the utterance of the speakers in their communication.B. The relationship of language and culture1. As the carrier of culture, language reflects and originates from it.Generally, the structure of a language should have some cultural features and obey some rules of language usage. Nida, a famous translator, said that the role of language within a culture and influence of the culture on the meanings of words and idioms are so pervasive that scarcely any text can be adequately understood without careful consideration of its cultural background. Prof. Chen Guanglei also said that when teaching and learning a language, we should take the culture features into consideration. 2:50 As we know, some words are called culturally loaded words, which carry the deep cultural message. Such as “castle”, a typical culturally loaded word carries the cultural and historical message. Castle is a particular kind of architecture in ancient Europe, especially in Britain, which was invaded by others frequently at that time. Therefore, the meaning of castle has been far beyond the building itself, it loaded the history of invasion, and can reflect the character of Englishmen as well, for there is a saying that “An Englishmans house is his castle”. Actually, the military base in the past, or the house now, no matter what the castle refers to, they have something in common that it is principally the private residence of its owner and no one can enter without permission. 2. Culture is the base of language. The American humanist Spair conveyed his opinions in On Culture that language owns its base. 1:145 That is to say, groups of people coming from one or several ethnic groups speak the same language. Thus this language can pass down from generation to generation. And meanwhile, it is also the reflection of the total culture of their life and customs.Nowadays, the Chinese situation of English teaching is that the culture and language are badly unbalanced. We can see them in the aspects below. Teachers always emphasize the input of grammar, but neglect the culture background learning. As a result, after a great amount of grammar exercises, the students still cannot apply lively language into real communication and they are weak in pragmatic competence. On this phenomenon, there are several suggestions to it. The content of culture teachingEvery nation has its own cultural treasure. To the aspect of English teaching, it is still a question that what should be taught, what is unnecessary and even what is forbidden. The experts have not got a clear conclusion on it and they still keep it as a hot topic for discussion. Once there were a group of scholars, represented by Zhao Xianzhou and Wu Guohua, classified the cultural teaching content into two parts: culture of knowledge and culture of communication. Although there was no adequate evidence to prove it, and it lacked internal connection, it still has the great significance in selecting what to teach.Besides, Prof. Chen Guanglei has stated his classification of cultural teaching from three respects. They are culture in language structure, in semantics and in pragmatics, which not only reflect the language layer relation, but also show the cognitive process of human beings. lets see it in details.A. Culture in language structureThe culture in language structure refers to the cultural traits in linguistic points, which are from words, phrases, syntax and discourse. In other words, different culture background results in different ways of expressions. To some extent, we can say that the difference of language structures reflects the difference in mind among various races. We also can find evidence in Spair-Whorf Hypothesis, which indicates the interdependence of language and mind. The language people are used to applying influences their ways of thinking. 1. Take the English-speaking people as an example, they would like to tell the address from small areas to larger ones, and also, to express time, they tend to from hour, day, month till year. While, in China, we have a completely opposite way. Therefore, teachers should help students to know some special expressions, which are different from Chinese. 2. Lets see another example.A: Wont you come? (你不来吗?)B: Yes, I will. (不, 我去。)No, I wont. （对， 我不去。）5:200The inconsistence confused lots of English learners. In fact, it is just the reflection of different ways of thinking. Obviously, English speaking people tend to apply the content-centered way, which means they would like to give response to the topic directly, regardless the forms of the questions. Instead, the Chinese show the social relation-centered mode of thinking, for which they are used to considering how to response the askers, according to different asking ways.3. There are also structural differences in sentence making. We know that long sentences are always applied in English, especially in formal style, which seem complicated, but actually have the clear main idea and logical structure. Like this one, “Each of the broadcasting companies is linked to approximately 200 affiliated stations to which it provides major entertainment programs which they could not produce if they were obliged to depend local resources.”(每个广播公司下面都联系有大约200个附属广播站, 由公司向这些广播站提供主要文艺节目, 这些节目主要靠各站就地取材是难以编排出来的。)5:201 On the contrary, Chinese sentence structure is relatively casual and loose.If teachers can point out these differences and make them from the consciousless level to the conscious level, the students can have a better understanding in English and their grammar learning will become easy and happy rather than memorizing mechanically.B. Culture in semanticsThe culture in semantics refers to the cultural connotation, which is reflected by language loaded in the semantic system. 1. A word, in different kinds of language, shares the same literal meanings, but it will be different in cultural connotation. For example, wheel, in Chinese, only means lnzi(轮子)， but in “He is a big wheel.” it means that he is an important figure in one group or some field. Also, potato, in Chinese, is a kind of common vegetable tdu(土豆), but in the sentence “Im a potato.” It means Im not famous, or I dont play a significant role. These two examples show the special connotations adding to the cultural background. In contrast, we Chinese dont have the same expressions. As we know, color words always have many connotations. Lets take “red” as an example. Usually, “red” is a symbol of celebration and happiness in China as well as in the western countries on some occasions. Such as “paint the town red” means to go out and have an extremely good time, usually celebrate something, and “red carpet” is a special ceremonial welcome to an important guest. While, in Chinese, it give people another image of revolution and socialism, such active things. In English, it has the meanings different from Chinese. Such as “red flag” is used to referring a dangerous signal and “in the red” means to have a debit side of an account.2. The inequality of cultural connotation exists. Lets take the word wine as an example. In English, it only refers to some drinks made from grapes or some other fruits. On the contrary,“酒” in Chinese, it has a wider meaning, which can contain any alcoholic drinks, grape wines and beer.3. Some words have same essence inside, but have different images in peoples mind under different cultural background. For example, when foreigners visit a temple for Jigong in Zhejiang, Lanxi, they become puzzled by the name of his. But after seeing the translations on the wall, “Jigong, Robin Hood in China, robbed the rich and helped the poor.” they get it quickly and begin to respect him, because it arouses their sympathy for these two persons. Another one, a kind of famous tonic is made from lotus in the West Lake of Hangzhou. When exporting abroad, it was translated into “ Lotus Root Starch”, owing to which, westerners seldom wished to buy it, because most of them thought that it was easy to get people fat, when they were having too much “starch”. So later, the producer changed “starch” into “powder”, and got a better selling.From above, we find that we should be familiar with the culture in both sides, especially the westerners tendency of thought and appreciation. Meanwhile, a teacher should point out this to the students, through which they will communicate effectively in the cross-culture environment. 4. Some idioms reflect the deep cultural background, like historical stories, religion and customs. We sometimes easily know the literal meaning, but we still confused what they really want to convey. Like “its Greek to me. ” does not refer to the Greek language, but means “I dont know at all”. Also, “talk turkey” do not tell you that lets say something about the animal turkey but means “to be frankly”. Another idiom “The lady went up the aisle with one man and came back with another.”contains the west countries wedding customs. That is to say, accompanied by her father, the bride goes up to the aisle and come back with her husband. If without the cultural background, this will be the Greek to us,