真核微生物酵母菌和霉菌课件

,A Microbiology Course by Bo CHEN (e-mail: ),第5章 真核微生物: 酵母菌和霉菌 Eucaryotes: Yeasts and Moulds,Contents (内容),1 Overview of Eucaryotic Microorganisms 2 The Kingdom of Fungi 3 Applications of Fungi 1 真核微生物概览 2 真菌界 3 真菌的应用,Section 1 Overview of Eucaryotic Microorganisms (第一节 真核微生物概览),Overview (概览) Importance of Fungi (真菌的重要性),1.1 Overview (概览),According to Whittakers 5 kingdom system, eucaryotic microorganisms include 2 kingdoms: protista (原生生物界) and fungi (真菌界), totally 1.5 million species estimated.,The Kingdom Protista (原生生物界),Microscopic algae (微藻): photosynthetic cells with rigid walls, unicellular. Protozoa (原生动物): animal-like creatures that feed upon other live or dead organisms and lack cell walls.,The Kingdom Fungi (真菌界) ,Yeasts：酵母菌 Unicellular fungi Moulds：霉菌 Filamentous fungi Mushrooms：大型真菌 酵母菌单细胞真菌 霉菌丝状真菌,Microscopic fungi (小型真菌),Macroscopic fungi (大型真菌),Fungi are eucaryotes (真核生物) that feed on organic substrates, have nucleus and cell walls, reproduce asexually and sexually by spores, and exist in macroscopic or microscopic forms. 真菌：真核微生物，需要有机底物作为营养，有细胞核和细胞壁，有无性和有性繁殖方式，产生孢子，有宏观和微观两种存在形式。,Definition,Some Examples of Fungi,Yeasts (酵母菌),毕赤酵母不产酒精的酵母,Moulds (霉菌),Penicillium (青霉)-penicillin producer,扫帚状 分生孢子梗,Rhizopus (根霉),毛霉,Aspergillus niger (黑曲霉),红曲霉,红曲米酒,Aspergillus oryzae (米曲霉),Aspergillus flavus (黄曲霉),Aflatoxin (黄曲霉毒素 ！),peanuts,区别： 米曲霉 ！,黄曲霉,Mushrooms,Agaricus bisporus (双孢蘑菇), the most common commercial mushroom of the Western world.,Agaricus bisporus (双孢蘑菇), the most common commercial mushroom of the Western world.,Shiitake (Lentinus edulus香菇), the most common commercial mushroom of the Far East.,金针菇,猴头菇,灵芝,鸡纵,羊肚菌,牛肝菌,块菌（黑松露）,块菌（松露、猪拱菌）,1.2 Importance of Fungi (真菌的重要性),Edible fungi (食用菌)mushrooms (菇类) Baking (焙烤), brewing (酿造)yeasts Useful metabolites (代谢产物)antibiotics (抗生素), alcohol (乙醇), organic acids (有机酸) Enzymes (酶)amylase (糖化酶), cellulase (纤维素酶), protease (蛋白质酶), lipase (脂酶) Biological pesticides (杀虫剂)白僵菌，绿僵菌，捕食线虫真菌 Forestry (林业)main decomposer (主要降解者),Beneficial,Harmful,腐败：粮食、水果约40%，木材、棉布、皮革 植物病害：主要是真菌病害，玉米黑粉病、小麦黑锈病、水稻恶