hreekindsoffatigue研究生英语课文U.ppt

Unit 4 Three kinds of fatigue,I. Introduction,We all want to be healthy, but in todays society where many occupations do not involve physical activity, maintaining health is often difficult. People try to stay healthy in a variety of ways, including daily exercises, dieting, and for some trying to stop smoking. Yet maintaining ones health is not all that easy. Although health-conscious people may exercise or diet seriously for a certain length of time, many of them discontinue these activities due to a loss of motivation.,This essay explores one common problem in our not-so-healthy society. The author analyzes the causes of fatigue into three kinds-physical, pathological, and psychological-and then discusses what causes certain types of fatigue and studies how each cause operates to produce tiredness, and what should be done to combat the fatigue. So, in this typical classification essay, it is less a question of whether you have got the categories right, and more a question of whether you can make a convincing case for the ones you discover.,Fatigue is one of the most common complaints brought to doctors, friends, and relatives. Youd think in this era of labor-saving devices and convenient transportation that few people would have reason to be so tired. But probably more people complain of fatigue today than in the days when hay was baled by hand and laundry scrubbed on a washboard. (Main idea) The causes of modern-day fatigue are diverse and only rarely related to excessive physical exertion. The relatively few people who do heavy labor all day long almost never complain about being tired, perhaps because they expect to be. Today, physicians report, tiredness is more likely a consequence of under-exertion than of wearing yourself down with over-activity. In fact, increased physical activity is often prescribed as a cure for lowering energy. (How can increased physical activity be a cure?),Physical (Whats the cause and the solution?) This is the well-known result of overworking your muscles to the point where metabolic waste productscarbon dioxide and lactic acid accumulate in our blood and reduce your strength. Your muscles cant continue to work efficiently in a bath of these chemicals. Physical fatigue is usually a pleasant tiredness, such as that which you might experience after playing a hard set of tennis, chopping wood, or climbing a mountain. The cure is simple and fast: You rest, giving your body a chance to get rid of accumulated wastes and restore muscle fuel.,Pathological (What are the possible causes and what should be done?) Here fatigue is a warning sign or consequence of some underlying physical disorder, perhaps the common cold or flu or something more serious like diabetes or cancer. Usually other symptoms besides fatigue are present that suggest the true cause. Even after an illness has passed, youre likely to feel dragged out for a week or more. Take your fatigue as a signal to go slow while your body has a chance to recover fully even if all you had was a cold. Pushing yourself to resume full activity too soon could lead to a relapse and almost certainly will prolong our period of fatigue. Even though illness is not frequent cause of prolonged fatigue, its very important that it not be overlooked. Therefore, anyone who feels drained of energy for weeks on end should have a thorough physical check-up. But even if nothing shows up as a result of the various medical tests, that doesnt mean theres nothing wrong with you. (subhealth),Psychological (Causes and negative solutions) Emotional problems and conflicts, especially depression and anxiety, are by far the most common causes of prolonged fatigue. Fatigue may represent a defence mechanism that prevents you from having to face the true cause of your depression, such as the fact that you hate your job. It is also your bodys safety mechanism for expressing repressed emotional conflicts, such as feeling trapped in an ungrateful role or an unhappy marriage. When such feelings are not expressed openly, they often come out as physical symptoms, with fatigue as one of the most common manifestations. “Many people who are extremely fatigued dont even know theyre depressed,“ Dr. Bulette says. “Theyre so busy distracting themselves or just worrying about being tired that they dont recognize their depression. “ There is a great deal you can do on your own to deal with both severe prolonged fatigue and those periodic washed-out feelings. Vitamins and tranquilizers are almost never the right answer, sleeping pills and alcohol are counterproductive, and caffeine is at best a temporary solution that can backfire with abuse and cause life-disrupting symptoms of anxiety. Instead, you might try:,Diet If you eat a small breakfast or none at all, youre likely to experience mid-morning fatigue, the result of a drop in blood sugar, which your body and brain depend on for energy. For peak energy in the morning, be sure to eat a proper breakfast, low in sugar and fairly high in protein, which will provide a steady supply of blood sugar throughout the morning. Coffee and a doughnut are almost worse than nothing, providing a brief boost and then letting you down with a thud. (Why and what breakfast?) Exercise Contrary to what you may think, exercise enhances, rather than saps, energy. Regular conditioning exercises, such as jogging, cycling, or swimming, help you to resist fatigue by increasing your bodys ability to handle more of a work load. You get tired less quickly because your capability is greater. Exercise also has a well-recognized tranquilizing effect, which helps you work in a more relaxed fashion and be less dragged down by the tensions of your day. At the end of a day exercise can relieve accumulated tensions, give you more energy in the evening, and help you sleep more restfully. (Why and what exercise?),Sleep If you know youre tired because you havent been getting enough sleep, the solution is simple: Get to bed earlier. Theres no right amount of sleep for everyone, and generally sleep requirements decline with age. Find the amount that suits you best, and aim for it. Insomnia and other sleep disorders should not be treated with sleeping pills, alcohol, or tranquilizers, which can actually make the problem worse. (Two items?) Know yourself Try to schedule your most difficult jobs for the time of day when youre at your peak. Some are “morning people“ who tire by mid-afternoon; others do their best work in the evening. Dont overextend yourself, trying to climb the ladder of success at a record pace or to meet everyones demands or expectations. Decide what you want to do and what you can handle comfortably, and learn to say no to additional requests. Recognize your energy cycles and plan accordingly. Many women have a low point premenstrually, during which time extra sleep may be needed and demanding activities are particularly exhausting. (What should you know about yourself?),Take breaks No matter how interesting or demanding your work is, youll be able to do it with more vigor if now and again you stop, stretch, and change the scenery. Instead of coffee and a sweet roll on your break, try meditation, yoga, callisthenics, or a brisk walk. Even running up and down the staircase can provide refreshment from a sedentary job. /If your job is physically demanding, relax in a quiet place for a while. /The do-something-different rule also applies to vacation; “getting away from it all“ for a week or two or longer can be highly revitalizing, helping you to put things in perspective and enabling you to take your job more in stride upon your return. (What are the dos and donts about break-taking?),Tasks,Try to find all the synonyms of 1. tired 2. energetic Finish and memorize ExII at P65,1. According to the passage, it is hard for people to find causes of tiredness when they are leading a comfortable and convenient life. 2. Causes of certain types of fatigue are discussed and some suggestions are put forward in the passage. 3. Most people dont want to talk about their unhappy feelings with others. 4. Physical fatigue is good because it brings us a lot of pleasure. 5. Psychological fatigue is the likely response of our body to emotional problems and conflicts. 6. Coffee and a doughnut make the satisfying breakfast as they provide people with the desired energy. 7. When you have a prolonged fatigue, it is necessary to have a thorough physical check-up even if there is nothing wrong with you. 8. No matter how interesting or demanding your work, you need to_. 9. From the passage, it can be seen that the authors attitudes towards the approach to dealing with modern-fatigue is_. 10. According to physicians report, tiredness more probably results from_. I. N 2. Y 3. NG 4. N 5. Y 6. N 7. N 8. take breaks 9. positive 10. under-exertion,II. Language points,1. fatigue: n. great tiredness His health is deteriorating from fatigue. She flung herself upon a sofa, protesting that she was fatigued to death. Vt. He is too fatigued to eat. Vi. The woman often complains that she fatigues easily.,Compare: tire, weary, exhaust,tire: (cause a person or an animal to) become weary or in need of rest Shes got so much energy she never seems to tire. Old people tire easily. Weary 侧重指由于连续不断进行某项活动而造成的疲劳，以致感到厌烦。 I feel weary after such a long journey.,Exhaust heightens fatigues implication of drained strength. They exhausted themselves in a day of difficult climbing.,2. diverse: various; different,The countries of Asia are diverse in their cultures and traditions and are proud inheritors of some of the worlds ancient and enduring civilizations The more diverse the product types are, the more seriously the traditional costing systems distort the information of product costs. To accomplish this, I use a variety of hands-on activities and different teaching strategies to accommodate diverse learning styles.,3. excessive: too much, too many,His symptoms include loss of appetite, weight loss, excessive fatigue, fever and chills. In a few cases it seems to result from excessive weight or an injury.,4. Wear sb./oneself down: cause to be reduced bit by bit; feel exhausted,We wore down their opposition after several hours argument. 争辩了几个小时之后我们削弱了他们的异议。 Recently he has been so consumed with work that he has worn himself down.,5. Sag: lessen or become lower,The branch sagged under the weight of the apples. 树枝在苹果的重压下下垂了。 Interest rates were raised to brace up the sagging dollar. 利率提高了,借以支撑疲软的美元。,6. Sap: weaken or destroy,The long walk sapped the old ladys strength.,7. underlying:,The story has an underlying theme. 这故事有一个内在的主题。 The underlying reason for the failure remains unknown. 失败的根本原因尚未搞清。,8. Feel dragged out: feel very tired,However, people feel dragged out and complain a lot in the modern time of labor-saving devices and convenient transportation. 而如今人们拥有各种节省体力的装置和方便的交通设施，但却总是抱怨疲惫不堪。 As he has been preoccupied with so many things to deal with, he has felt dragged out for months.,9. resume: v. restore n.,A careful treatment in the hospital helped him resume full activity. They proposed that he should resume his job as farmhand. They won the battle and resumed lost territory. Youre required to submit a resume.,10. precipitate: hasten; make happen,Her remark precipitated my decision. 她的话促使我作出决定。 The drugs may precipitate a first attack in unrecognized cases of this rare condition 当这种少见的疾病未被查出时，应用此药促使其第一次发作。,11. mechanism: behavior unconsciously used to protect against feeling or impulses,APEC should establish a more effective participation mechanism in the course of economic and technical cooperation. APEC在开展经济技术合作过程中应建立更为有效的参与机制。 The mechanism of local government is far from perfect. 地方政府的结构还很不完善。 Theres no mechanism for changing the decision. 没有办法改变这一决定。,12. counterproductive: having negative results,The arguments at this point will be counterproductive 在这方面的争论是不利于生产的。 The medicine has some counterproductive effects on some patients in particular cases.,13. backfire: have the opposite effect,Parents can do a tremendous amount to help their kids learn to read, but pushing them before theyre ready can backfire 家长可以做大量的工作帮助孩子学会看书，但是(如果)孩子准备不足就逼他看书，反而会事与愿违。,These measures were supposed to be effective in the management of transportation system, but backfired.,14. skimpy: small or inadequate,They work very hard, for little money, clinging to the illusion of job security, looking forward to a three-week vacation each year and a skimpy pension after forty-five years of work. 他们为一点点钱而勤奋工作，兼有一种有工作的虚幻安全感，盼着一年三周的假期和工作45年后获得的一小笔养老金。,His wages are too skimpy to support his family. She gave them a skimpy meal with hardly enough for everyone.,Compare: meager, skimpy, scanty, spare and sparse,Meager stresses thinness as applied to persons or animals, but as applied to things in general, it implies the absence of elements, qualities or number necessary to a things richness, substance or potency.,Aside from his meager savings, he has no resources to fall back on. 除了极少量的积蓄外，他没有可以依赖的财源。 Particulars are too meager to form a decision. 详情不明，难以做出裁夺。,Scanty emphasizes insufficiency in amount, quality or extent. The weather grew drier and the grass became scanty and the nomads stirred afresh. 气候干燥，水草稀少，游牧民重新动荡起来。 He was kindly, within his scanty means generous, and obliging. 他和蔼可亲，在自己菲薄的经济能力范围内乐善好施，有求必应。,Spare implies merely a falling short of what is easily or fully sufficient; unlike scanty and meager, it seldom suggests resulting loss or hardship. He is spare of speech. 他很少说话。 Fat people should live on a spare diet.,Sparse stresses a lack of normal or desirable thickness or density, the term need not suggest insufficiency or inadequacy in numbers or in quantity, but it always connotes a thin scattering of the units.,The population was sparse. 人口稀疏。 The television coverage of the event was rather sparse. 电视上对这件事报道很少。 He has a sparse beard. 他长着稀疏的胡子。,15. With a thud: suddenly and quickly; with dull sound as of a blow,The bullet entered his brain and he fell with a thud to the carpet. 他砰地一声倒在地板上。 The body turned over and over in space and hit the ground with a dull thud. 身体在空中翻滚了几下，沉重地摔到地面上。,16.accordingly: in a way that is suitable for a particular situation; therefore,Learn the rules and act accordingly. If we want to do our work according to economic law, we should train people to act accordingly. He was too sick to stay. Accordingly, we sent him home. He was told to speak briefly; accordingly he cut short his remarks.,17. overextend: take on too much,Any users of credit may overextend themselves. 每个贷款使用者都有可能作出不自量力的事。 He overextended himself when he accepted the additional assignment.,18. demanding: expecting a lot of attention; needing a lot of ability, effort or skill,Teaching is a demanding profession. Her mother could be very demanding at times.,19. Get away from:,She struggled to get away from her attacker. How can we get away from poverty?,20. revitalize: give new life or renew,I think we have to revitalize our society. 我觉得我们的社会需要新生。 The old man feels his youth revitalizing in the reti