Aristotle研究领域一则小故事.docx

1. 亚里士多德是世界古代史上最伟大的哲学家、科学家和教育家。他创立了形式逻辑学，丰富和发展了哲学的各个分支学科，对科学做出了巨大的贡献。Aristotle is one of the greatest philosophers, scientists, and educators in the world ancient history. He created the form logic, enriched and developed the philosophy of each branch, and made great contribution to the science. 2. 亚里士多德认为分析学或逻辑学是一切科学的工具。他是形式逻辑学的奠基人，他力图把思维形式和存在联系起来，并按照客观实际来阐明逻辑的范畴。 Aristotle regards analytics or logic as a tool for all science. He is the founder of the form logic. He is trying to relate the form of thinking and existence. And in accordance with the objective to clarify the logical category.3. 在天文学方面，他认为运行的天体是物质的实体，地是球形的，是宇宙的中心；地球和天体由不同的物质组成，地球上的物质是由水气火土四种元素组成，天体由第五种元素“以太”构成。Aristotle proposed a fifth element, aether（以太）, in addition to the four proposed earlier byEmpedocles（恩培多克勒（古希腊哲学家）.Earth, which is cold and dry; this corresponds to the modern idea of a solid.Water, which is cold and wet; this corresponds to the modern idea of a liquid.Air, which is hot and wet; this corresponds to the modern idea of a gas.Fire, which is hot and dry; this corresponds to the modern ideas ofplasmaand heat.Aether, which is the divine substance that makes up theheavenly spheresand heavenly bodies (stars and planets).Each of the four earthly elements has its natural place. All that is earthly tends toward the center of the universe, i.e., the center of the Earth. Water tends toward a sphere surrounding the center. Air tends toward a sphere surrounding the water sphere. Fire tends toward the lunar sphere (in which the Moon orbits). When elements are moved out of their natural place, they naturally move back towards it. This is natural motionmotion requiring no extrinsic cause. So, for example, in water, earthy bodies sink while air bubbles rise up; in air, rain falls and flame rises. Outside all the other spheres, the heavenly, fifth element, manifested in the stars and planets, moves in the perfection of circles.4. 在物理学方面，他反对原子论，不承认有真空存在；他还认为物体只有在外力推动下才运动，外力停止，运动也就停止。Aristotle definedmotionas the actuality of a potentialityas such. Aquinas suggested that the passage be understood literally; that motion can indeed be understood as the active fulfillment of a potential, as a transition toward a potentially possible state. Becauseactuality and potentialityare normally opposites in Aristotle, other commentators either suggest that the wording which has come down to us is erroneous, or that the addition of the as such to the definition is critical to understanding it.5. 在生物学方面，他对五百多种不同的植物动物进行了分类，至少对五十多种动物进行了解剖研究，指出鲸鱼是胎生的，还考察了小鸡胚胎的发育过程。Aristotles classification of living things contains some elements which still existed in the 19th century. What the modern zoologist would call vertebrates and invertebrates, Aristotle called animals with blood and animals without blood (he did not know that complex invertebrates do make use ofhemoglobin, but of a different kind from vertebrates). Animals with blood were divided into live-bearing (humans and mammals), and egg-bearing (birds and fish). Invertebrates (animals without blood) are insects, crustacea (divided into non-shelled cephalopods and shelled) and testacea (molluscs). In some respects, this incomplete classification is better than that ofLinnaeus, who crowded the invertebrata together into two groups, Insecta and Vermes (worms).At least 50 many kinds of animals for the anatomical study, points out that the whale is viviparous, also examines the developmental process of chicken embryos.6. 在教育方面，他认为理性的发展是教育的最终目的，主张国家应对奴隶主子弟进行公共教育。使他们的身体、德行和智慧得以和谐地发展。In terms of education, he thinks that rational development is the ultimate goal of education, and argues that countries should make public education for the slave owners children. That making their bodies, virtue and wisdom can develop harmoniously.7. 亚里士多德还曾提出许多数学和物理学的概念，如极限、无穷数、力的合成等。Aristotle also put forward many concepts of mathematics and physics, such as limit, infinite number, and force of synthesis and so on.附小故事：用整个大海来填满这个洞有一天，亚里士多德正在海边沙滩上走路。他看到有个人正在用勺子从海里舀水，然后把水倒在岸边他挖的一个小洞里。亚里士多德正在为他自己的问题着急呢。他没有在意一次，两次，他走近了那个人，但那个人那么专注，以至于亚里士多德也好奇了，“他在做什么？”，他没法控制自己，而那个人绝对地专注。他走到海边，舀满一勺，带着水过来，把它倒到洞里去，再去海边，最后，亚里士多德说：“等一下，我不想打扰你，但你在做什么？你搞得我莫名其妙。”那个人说：“我要用整个大海来填满这个洞。”亚里士多德，即使是亚里士多德，也大笑起来。他说：“你真笨！这是不可能的！你简直是疯了。你在浪费你的生命！只要看看大海有这么大，你的洞这么小而且就用一把勺子，你想把大海都舀到这个洞里，你简直是发疯了！回家休息去吧。”他说：“你做的也一样甚至更傻。看看你的头，它比我的洞还小。再看看大自然、存在，它比海洋还大。再看看你的思考它们比我的勺子更大吗？”这人走了，笑着走了。亚里士多德怔住了。One day, Aristotle was walking on the beach by the sea. He saw a man using the spoon scoop the sea water, then pour water into a small hole on the shore. Aristotle was anxious of his own problem at that time, so he didnt care about it. But time and time again, that man was so focused on his behavior that caused the Aristotles curiosity.Aristotle couldnt control his own curiosity, and finally went past. He asked him:” Excuse me, my intention is not to disturb you, but what are you doing? You make me so confused”.That man said:” I will fill the hole with all the sea”Aristotle, even Aristotle, laughing. He said:” How stupid you are! It is impossible, maybe you are crazy. It is also a waste of life time. The sea is so big and the hole is so small. And your tool is just a spoon. You cannot succeed. Just stop it and go home to rest.”But that man said:” You are