2012年英语六级写作[开头-结尾]指导.docx

2012年英语六级写作分段逐句指导我们知道文章的开头很重要，因为好的开头可以吸引读者、抓住读者的注意力。同样，文章的结尾也很重要，好的结尾会使读者对全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象，可以增添文章的效果和说服力，让人深思，回味无穷。确切地说，结尾的作用就是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使读者加深印象;有时也用于展望未来，提出今后方向或令人深思的问题给读者留下回味和思考的余地。 但是，如何才能写好文短文的结尾呢? 下面就介绍几种写结尾段最常用的方法：， 1.重复中心思想: 回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到再次肯定和强调的效果。 (例1)A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. It gives zest to life to make it worth living. (例2)With all these benefits, it is no wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever.， 2.作出结论: 文章最后用几句话概括全文内容，并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点。 (例1)In conclusion, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job. (例2)On the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people may have different attitude toward TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it.， 3.应用引语: 用格言、谚语或习语总结全文，既言简意赅又有更强的说服力。 (例1)If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest way to permanent success. Remember the famous saying. God helps those who help themselves. (例2)If we stick to studies day after day, there is nothing that cant be achieved. As an old saying goes: Constant dropping of water wears away a stone.， 4.用反问结尾: 虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，具有明显的强调作用，引起读者思考。 (例1)Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and communication, why should we not develop this ability as far as possible? (例2)So，what can we benefit from wealth if we do not have health?， 5.提出展望或期望: 表示对将来的展望或期待读者投入行动。 (例1)I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. As China will open further to the outside world the language is sure to be spread world widely. (例2) If everyone has developed good manners, people will form a more harmonious relation. If everyone behaves considerately towards others and social ethics people will live in a better world. With the general mood of society improved, there will be a progress of civilization. 以上介绍了几种写结尾段最常用的方法，但到底选择何种方法结尾还得根据文体来决定。平铺直叙的记叙文，往往在故事或事实情节讲完时文章也就自然结束了，而说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文都应有一个正式的结尾。希望以上介绍的几种方法能对大家写好结尾有所帮助。主题句主题句(topic sentence)是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。请看下例：My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they will think you dont love them. Dont argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Dont argue. 主题句中提出的 certain rules 指的是什么?展开句中通过四个 Dont argue - 逐一加以交代。从结构来看，这是一个比较典型的段落，它包括了主题句，推展句和结论句(即本段中的末句)。 1.1 主题句的位置 主题句通常放在段落的开端，其特点是开门见山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章的结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内容。主题句可以放在段中起到承上启下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。但初学者比较难于掌握，因而在四级考试中，考生应尽量采用将主题句放在段落开头的写作手法。， 例1: Our life today depends very much on energy. In towns and in villages, on farms and in factories, machines have made life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods - everything. Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.， 这段文字所讲的主要是能源问题。第一句就概括性地提出“我们目前的生活很大程度上依赖于能源”。而随后出现的三句都是具体事例，对第一句进行说明和论述。我们可以断定第一句为该段的主题句(斜体部分)。 ， 例2: (主题句)No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. (推展句1)Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. (推展句2)In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weakness. 以上这段由三句话组成。第一句是主题句，直截了当指出无人不受广告影响这个主题，接着列举两个推展句对其补充和支持，指出我们已无法自由选择所需的商品，理由是广告商已仔细研究了我们的心理，并完全掌握了我们的弱点。句子衔接自然，步步紧扣主题。 1.2 如何写好主题句中的关键词 段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现的。关键词要尽量写得具体些。对“具体”的要求包括两个方面：一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展;二是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法。准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句的重要前提之一。在上面的例1，例2中，主题句的关键词分别为：depends very much on energy; no one can avoid being influenced. 我们再看下列例句： 原句1: He can fix a bicycle himself. 斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。但它只是限制了段落发展的部分内容，并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开，是用因果关系法还是用分类法? 修正：He can fix a bicycle himself in several simple steps. 的 修正：There are several reasons why he can fix a bicycle himself. 原句2: She tries to improve her looks. 斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。她试着改变她面容的理由是什么?或者她采取什么方法来改善呢?我们无法从关键词中清楚得知。 修正：She tries many ways to improve her looks. 的 修正：There are some reasons why she tries to improve her looks。 1.3 如何写好主题句的中心思想 主题句由两部分组成，即主题(topic)和中心思想(controlling idea)。中心思想的作用是导向(control)和制约(limit)。我们前面谈到的关键词就反映了中心思想。所谓导向就是规定段落的发展脉络，所谓制约就是限制主题的覆盖范围，两者不可分割。没有导向，内容就会离题或偏题;没有制约，内容就可能超出一个段落所能容纳的范围。 对于初学写作的人来说，“导向”的重要性容易理解，但如果由他们自己来构思一个主题句，就可能忽视“制约”这一面。例如： There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you have made it a part of yourself and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it. 本段的主题句如果没有in which 引出的定语从句，那么two ways 不仅不能起制约作用，而且也不能起导向作用，句子本身读起来也就使人觉得欠缺点什么。 Exercise is beneficial to your heart. A 22-year study was conducted by doctors in California. They found that people who work at physical jobs experience fewer heart attacks than other people. These active people work all the time at moderate speeds, their daily routine gives them an adequate amount of exercise and helps them stay in shape. Exercise is beneficial这是毫无疑义的。但主题句中如不加上to your heart来加以 control 和 limit，那就流于空泛。 因此，紧紧把握主题句中controlling idea的导向和制约作用，是短文写作成功关键之一。文章结尾形式 2-1 结论性- 通过对文章前面的讨论 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点 . e.g: 1. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw theconclusion that 2. In summary/In a word ， it is more valuable 2-2 后果性- 揭示所讨论的问题若不解决, 将产生的严重后果. e.g: 1. We must call for an immediate method ， because the currentphenomenon of ， if allowed to proceed， will surely lead to the heavycost of 2. Obviously ， if we ignore/are blind to the problem ， there isevery chance that will be put in danger . 2-3 号召性 - 呼吁读者行动起来, 采取行动或提请注意. e.g: 1. It is time that we urged an immediate end to the undesirabletendency of 2. It is essential that effective measures should be taken tocorrect the tendency . 2-4 建议性 - 对所讨论的问题提出建议性的意见, 包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法.e.g: 1. While it cannot be solved immediately， still there are ways. Themost popular is Another method is Still another one is 2. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward thesituation. 2-5 方向性的结尾方式 - 其与建议性的唯一差别就是对问题解决提出总的, 大体的方向或者指明前景. e.g: 1. Many solutions are being offered here ， all of them make somesense， but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in awide way . 2. There is no quick method to the issue of ， but might behelpful/beneficial. 3. The great challenge today is There is much difficulty ，but 2-6 意义性的结尾方式 - 文章结尾的时候,从更高的更新的角度指出所讨论的问题的重要性以及其深远的意义! e.g: 1. Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success， butthe pay off might be worth the effort . It will not only benefit but alsobenefit 2. In any case， whether it is positive or negative， one thing iscertain that it will undoubtedly Nowadays many people prefer (_)because it plays a significant role in our daily life.Generally speaking,its advantages can be seen as follows.On one hand,(_).One the other hand,(_). But every sword has two blades.The negative aspects are also aparent.One of the prominent disadvantages is that (_).To make matters worse,(_). Through the above analysis,I believe that The Positive aspects far outweighs its negative aspects.Whatever effects it has,one thing is certain,(_) itself is neither good nor bad.It is the uses which is put on it that determines its value to our society. Some,others and I There is no consensus among people as to the view of (_).The opinions vary from person to person. Some people hold the idea that (_).A case in point is that (_). On the other hand, other may have a quite different view. According to them,(_).The most typical example is that (_). Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments,I am inclined