动词非谓语形式讲解.doc

动词非谓语形式例1The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the _. A. 20 dollars remained B. 20 dollars to remain C. remained 20 dollars D. remaining 20 dollars答案D分析这是动词非谓语形式作定语的用法。在这句中，remain用作不及物动词。如果用定语从句来表示“剩下的20元”时，为 “the 20 dollars that remained”; 但若用非谓语形式应为现在分词remaining。分词及不定式作定语的用法：1） 现在分词作定语是表示主动的含义，亦即“使或令人”如何如何，或“正在”如何如何e.g. It was a frightening sound.e.g. It is dangerous to swim in running water.e.g. Do you know the man coming towards us?2） 过去分词作定语是表示被动或已经的含义，亦即“被、感觉或已经”如何如何；其中不及物动词的过去分词只是表示“已经成为状态”的含义e.g. The frightened child hid behind the door.e.g. The damaged automobile was sold for junk.e.g. In fall, the ground is often covered with fallen leaves.3） 不定式短语作定语可表示将来之意巩固练习1. The new bridge _ (build) now will be as grand as the first three.2. Can you sing the patriotic song _ (teach) the day before yesterday?3. He jumped into the water and saved the _ (drown) girl.4. The books _ (belong) to me are all on the shelf.5. This is the problem _ (discuss) tomorrow.Keys: 1. being built 2. taught 3. drowning 4. belonging 5. to be discussed例2_ at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door.A. Try to knockB. Try knockingC. To try to knockD. To try knocking答案B分析1）try后面接动名词时指用某种方法试试看能否解决问题；接不定式时指努力或企图做某事，如： e.g. I tried sending her flowers but it didnt have any effect. （我送了她一些花试试看，可是没有效果。）e.g. The teacher always tries to explain the problems as clearly as possible. （这位老师总是尽可能地将问题解释清楚。） 2) 有些动词如：forget, remember, mean, regret等也有类似用法，即接动名词或接不定式有不同含义，比较：e.g. What did you forget to carry before you left for class this morning?（忘了去做某事）He forgot ever making a phone call to me yesterday.（忘了做过的事）e.g. I didnt mean to cheat you.（有意或想要做某事）Dont you think his hesitation means giving up building another underwater tunnel? （意思是，意味着）e.g. I regret to say that we have no news for you.（遗憾地去做某事，还未做） I dont regret telling (=having told) her what I thought.（遗憾过去做过某事）巩固练习1 我记得我毕业时非常自豪和快乐。2 我后悔没有听我父亲的忠告。3 她睡觉前总是忘记关灯。4 再放些醋试试看，可能会使味道更好一点。5 我从来没打算读他的书。Keys: 1. I can remember being very proud and happy when I graduated. 2. I regret not listening / not having listened to my fathers advice. 3. She always forgets to turn off the lights before she goes to bed. 4. Try putting in some more vinegarthat might make it taste a bit better. 5. I never mean to read his books.例3American people appreciate _ when you wish to pay a visit to them. A. your calling beforehand B. you to call beforehandC. that you call beforehand D. their calling beforehand答案A分析appreciate之后通常接“所有格+动名词”或“被动的动名词”；其中所有格是后面动名词的逻辑主语，表示此动作是什么人做的 e.g. I appreciate your giving me so much of your time. e.g. I appreciate being given this opportunity.动名词的逻辑主语：1） 如动名词在句中做主语，它逻辑上的主语永远用所有格形式e.g. His being rich is true.e.g. The mans not knowing of it is no excuse at all.（那人不知道此事根本不成理由。）2） 如动名词在句中做宾语，它逻辑上的主语在正式场合都是用所有格；在日常口语中往往用名词或宾格代替所有格e.g. He is proud of his fathers being an honest man.（正式） He is proud of his father being an honest man. （日常） e.g. I dont like your talking about me behind my back.（正式） I dont like you talking about me behind my back.（日常）不定式的逻辑主语：1） 一般说来，句子中谓语动词的主语就是不定式的逻辑主语；但有时需要有自己的逻辑主语，常由介词for引出e.g. The chalk is for the teacher to use.e.g. We found it impossible for students to answer the question.2） 在It is / was + adj. + of / for +逻辑主语+不定式短语的结构中，介词for / of后的宾语即是不定式的逻辑主语；用of表示此结构中的形容词是针对做出不定式的行为的这个“人”加以评论；用for表示那形容词是对整个不定式所指的那件“事”加以评论e.g. Its impossible for you to give up smoking.e.g. It was rude of you to stare at her like that.巩固练习1. Did _ on time made her teacher angry?A. not to comeB. her not to comeC. her not comingD. not her coming2. I think a nice salad is better _ than all that junk food, _?A. for youisnt itB. /dont I C. of youisntD. /is it3. How careless _ John _ the pretty old Chinese vase!A. it was ofto have brokenB. was ofto breakC. it was forto have brokenD. ofto breakKeys: 1. C 2. A 3. A例4I dont know what _ this naughty child. He is always getting into trouble. A. to be done withB. to do with C. did withD. doing with答案B分析疑问词how, which, what, when, where, who(m), whether之后接不定式就相当于名词短语，在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语等等e.g. When to start remains undecided.e.g. He explained how to use a parachutes.e.g. He went away without answering my question of whether to go for a picnic with us tomorrow.巩固练习1. My friend is considering _ London this summer. Hell consider carefully _ and _.A. going towhere to gowhat to be seenB. spending his holiday inwhere to gowhat to seeC. to go towhere to gowhat to seeD. visitingwhere will he gowhat is to be seen2. The best advice about _ to eat is _ we should eat all kinds of food.A. what whatB. thatwhatC. whatthatD. thatthat3. Were not sure _ to finish the work in such a short time.A. whyB. ifC. thatD. howKeys: B C D例5The Telstar has made _ for us to watch events when theyre actually happening.A. it ableB. that possiblyC. possiblyD. it possible答案D分析在此句中，不定式作宾语，形容词possible为宾语补足语，这时也就构成了句型：主语+动词+形式宾语it+形容词或名词+不定式短语；有时形式宾语it代替的不是不定式短语，而是 “that”引导的宾语从句。用法类似的动词还有：think, find, consider, feel等等e.g. I think it wrong to waste time.e.g. The teacher consider it their duty to educate the students all-round.e.g. I find it true that she is an American.巩固练习1. I remember I made _ clear to you _ the experiment would be done next week.A. thatthatB. thisthatC. itthatD. thatwhat2. I think it no use _ again.A. to tryB. tryingC. that tryD. that trying3. We all considered _ brave _ you to do so.A. itsofB. itofC. thatsforD. itforKeys: C B B例6She is on the way _ a musician.A. to becomeB. to becomingC. becomingD. into答案B分析在有些词组及固定搭配中的to是介词，后跟动名词，而不是不定式符号“to”。常见的这类动词有：look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, devoteto, pay attention to, lead to, object to, be opposed to, preferto, come near(close) to等等。本句中，the way to中的to就是介词的用法巩固练习1. I prefer _ to _.A. drivingbeing drivenB. to drivebe drivenC. drivingbe drivenD. to driverather than be driven2. What do you say _ round to my mothers?A. go B. goingC. to goD. to going3. The two chemists used to _ in that dark room which was used _ their laboratory.A. workingto B. workasC. workto D. workinglikeKeys: A D B例7Many of the worlds great novels are reported _ into films last year.A. to be made B. having been made C. being madeD. to have been made答案D分析1) 结构 “be reported to”中不定式短语常有三种情况: “be reported to do”表在谓语动词同时发生或之后发生某事；不定式的进行式 “be reported to be doing”可表某事与谓语动词同时发生；而完成式 “be reported to have done”表示在谓语动词所显示的时间以前发生的动作或状况。所以，本句所表达的含义：去年这些小说被制成电影，这个动作当然发生在报道(are reported)之前，因此要用不定式的完成式；同时需用被动语态表示“被制作成”。类似用法的还有：be said to, be found to, be expected, be considered to, pretend to, seem to, appear to, happen to等等 e.g. He pretended to be studying hard when we arrived. e.g. He doesnt seem to have told a lie. e.g. Theyre said to be rehearsing in the auditorium. 2) 接在wished, hoped, intended, meant, expected, planned, promised, wanted, should/would like, was, were之后的不定式的完成式表示过去的、没有实现的希望或计划等 e.g. I intended to have told you, but you were out then. e.g. They wanted to have helped him, but couldnt get there in time. e.g. I would/should like to have stayed there some more days.（我本想在那里多住几天的。但未如愿） e.g. He was to have left for Beijing that day, but he fell ill.巩固练习1. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears _ everything.A. to tellB. to be toldC. to be tellingD. to have been told2. The King is reported _ the bone marrow transplanting and _ home soon.A. to haveto comeB. to have hadto comeC. to be havingto have comeD. to haveto be coming3. He wished _ by me then.A. not to have been seenB. to not have seen C. to not seeD. not having been seenKeys: D B A例8Better not _ tonight. Its actually _.A. go anywherea bitter coldB. go outfreezing coldC. to leave the housefreezingD. to go outbitterly cold答案B分析这句中，Better是You had better的省略形式。 “had better”表示建议，即“最好如何如何”，后面用不定式的原形，也就是 “to”的不定式短语；它的否定式为had better not do；而 “freezing cold”就等于 “extremely cold”省略 “to”的不定式：1） 在一般助动词和情态动词后（ought to, have to, be to除外）等词后应省略 “to”e.g. We should be kind to others.e.g. How dare you call me a liar?2） “Why not + 省略to的不定式?”表示建议或忠告e.g. Why not wear the new dress to the party? (=Why dont you wear?)3） 在不定式短语作 “but”或 “except”的宾语时，如果在其前有行为动词do，则省略to；否则就不省略e.g. He had nothing to do except watch VCD.e.g. There was nothing left for her to do but wait for her husband to come back.e.g. I had no choice but to turn to him for help.4） 在would rather(than), rather than , other than, cannot but, cannot help but, cannot choose but, let alone（更不用说）等结构后面省略toe.g. I cant choose but say he is wrong.e.g. Id rather go home immediately.5） let / make / have + 宾语之后的不定式不可有toe.g. Let me have a try.e.g. Money makes the mare go.e.g. Have Mary come in, please.注 let +宾语之后的不定式如果是被动语态，只需没有to, be不可遗漏e.g. Let it be done at once.e.g. Dont let him be interrupted. make用作被动语态时，不定式要还原toe.g. He was made to pay back what he owed.6） 主动语态的知觉动词（比如：look at, see, watch, notice, observe, listen to, hear, feel, perceive等）+宾语之后的不定式没有to；若是被动语态，后面的不定式则有toe.g. I never heard him speak English. This American was heard to sing a Chinese song.e.g. Did you notice anyone leave the house?巩固练习改错1. They desire nothing but go home.2. The pickpocket was seen take the wallet out of the foreigners pocket.3. After class, Tom was let to help Linda to correct the spelling mistakes in her composition.4. Why dont you to go to the hospital at once?5. Last evening I did nothing but to repair my farm tools.Keys:1. but to go2. was seen to take3. letmade4. you go5. but repair例9The wall needs _ as some places show the soils. A. paintingB. be paintingC. be paintedD. paint答案A分析有时，need之后常接主动语态的动名词以表示主语需要被如何如何的含义，也就等于to be done; want / require / deserve也有类似的用法。此外，形容词worth之后也接动名词表示被动的含义，但不可改为to be donee.g. Your hair wants / needs / requires cutting (or to be cut).e.g. () Have you got anything worth to be read? () Have you got anything worth reading?巩固练习1 这幅画不值得观赏。2 你的西装需要烫一下。3 这个问题需要彻底调查。Keys: 1. The picture is not worth looking at. 2. Your suit needs ironing (or to be ironed). 3. This problem requires looking into (or to be looked into) thoroughly.例10He can leave his car here if hed _. A. likeB. like toC. like to doD. to答案B分析为了避免整个不定式的重复，可以只用不定式的符号to，将动词以下所重复的部分省略。这句中，if hed like to代替了if hed like to leave his car here.e.g. Will you join us in a walk? Ill be glad to.e.g. Do you swim? Not now but I used to.e.g. Did they play? No, I asked them to, but they didnt want to.e.g. Do you want to come with us? I prefer not to.e.g. We should do as we are required to.巩固练习1. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not toB. not to doC. not do itD. do not do2. Do you intend to study abroad? Yes, _. A. I intend toB. I intend thatC. I intend soD. I intend3. I think he should get a job, but you cant _ if hes not _.A. make him toready toB. force him toreadyC. force toreadyD. make toready toKeys: A A B例11According to the arrangement, the Picasso exhibition is _ in Shanghai next week. A. to be heldB. to be hadC. going to be shownD. going to be attended答案A分析be + 不定式在这里表示既定的计划或安排e.g. The President is to make a statement tomorrow.（总统明天要发表说明。）e.g. The new building is to be ten storeys high.（新楼预计有十层高。）注 be + to do还常在以大众为对象的布告及说明书等类似的文书中，表示规定“应该”做的事情，且常以be + 被动语态的不定式 e.g. This is to be taken three times a day, after meals.（一天三次，饭后服用。） 有时此结构用于说明者转述禁律或规定 e.g. You are not to litter in this area. (= NO LITTERING.) be about to do表示即刻的未来，即“快要”，一般不接具体的时间 e.g. Hurry him up! We are about to start. e.g. He was just about to leave when we arrived.（我们到的时候，他正要离开。）巩固练习1. The cleaning is _ by mid-day.A. to finishB. to be finishedC. finishingD. being finished2. The ways of education _ in order to _ the need of fast changing situation.A. are to be changedmeetB. is to be changedsatisfyC. is to changeacceptD. have to be changedreceiveKeys: B A例12She was still fast asleep, with her head _ deep into her arms. A. buryB. to buryC. buryingD. buried答案D分析with +宾语+分词（宾语补足语）表示谓语动词所表示的动作发生时伴随着的情况；介词with后面的宾语也就是分词所表动作的逻辑主语。用-ing分词表示逻辑主语是主动做某事；用-ed分词表示被动。这句中，bury的逻辑主语是her head, 因此要用被动语态来表示“头被埋进”e.g. There he was lying with his eyes closed.e.g. A motorcycle roared past with smoke pouring from the exhaust.e.g. Be quiet. I cant hear with you talking so loud.注without也有类似用法e.g. He went angrily away , without a word spoken. （比较：He went angrily away, without saying a word.）e.g. Do you want to go with us without your parents knowing it?巩固练习1 房间里灯还亮着，他不可能睡着。2 有一个大家庭靠他养活，那人不得不日以继夜地干活。3 随着树木的种植，这个城市现在看上去像个大公园。Keys: 1. With the lights still burning in his room, he couldnt have fallen asleep. 2. With a big family depending on him, the man had to work night after day. 3. With thousands of trees planted, the city now looks like a big park.例13Why ever are you _ the milk _ over? A. seeingboilingB. observingbeing boiled C. watchingboilingD. noticingboiled答案C分析这是分词作宾语补足语的用法。现在分词作宾语补足语表示该动作正在进行中，且与宾语之间的关系为主动关系；过去分词作宾补，强调动作已经完成，及物动词的过去分词作宾补时与宾语之间的关系为被动关系。本题表示 “the milk”正在“沸腾”，所以用boiling来表示。而 “watch”表示“在一旁看着而无行动”。现在分词用作宾语补足语：1） 表示感觉和心理状态的动词，比如：hear, listen to, see, look at, watch, notice, observe, feel, smell, find等之后接宾语和动词的现在分词，表示动作正在进行的时候，偶然被看到或听到等等，换言之，用现在分词是表示看到、听到、感到或发现的时候，动作正在进行之中e.g. Last night when I passed her room, I heard her singing.e.g. Could you smell anything burning?e.g. I can feel the house shaking now.2） 一些表示“致使、使得”等意义的动词，如：have, set, leave, get等也有类似用法e.g. He entered first, and left me standing outside.（他先进去了，把我留在外面站着。）e.g. Try to get the car going.（想办法把车子修好。）e.g. He had us laughing all through the meal.（整个的那顿饭，他使他们大笑不已。）注 “I wont / cant have + sb. + doing”是表示“我不允许或容忍”的含义 e.g. I wont have you saying such things about my sister.（我不允许你说我姐姐这种事情。）3） catch + sb. + doing表示撞见或抓住宾语做出令主语不愉快的事情e.g. If she catches you reading her diary, shell be angry.（如果她撞见你在看她的日记会很生气。）过去分词作宾语补足语：1） 及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语，强调动作已经完成，与宾语之间的关系为被动关系，这类动词常见的有：see, hear, feel, find, keep, leave, get, have, want, make等等e.g. He often left the work half done.（他时常把工作只做了一半就丢下了工作是被做的，所以用过去分词表示） e.g. I never heard him spoken ill of.（我从来未听过有人说他的坏话。） e.g. Please keep your eyes fixed on your books.（请大家注意看书本。）比较： I could not make them understand me.（使他们理解我他们主动理解） I could not make myself understood.（使我的意思让他们明白我被理解）2） get / have +宾语+过去分词常用与以下场合： 主语叫人或雇人做某事，且对宾语来说是被动的e.g. Do you have (or get ) your lawn cut every week?（你是不是每星期请人剪草坪？）e.g. Get (or Have ) the wounded men taken to hospital as quickly as you can.（尽快叫人将伤员送去医院。） 叙述意外的、不幸的事情，并非主语叫他人所为e.g. He had (or got) his house burnt in the late fire.（他的房子在最近一次火灾中烧掉了。）巩固练习1. Then I started to listen to my students _ the most valuable thing in life.A. to discussB. discussC. to discussingD. to be discussing2. They want the job _ by the end of this year, which we consider _ impossible.A. to have been doneto beB. doneto beC. donebeingD. being done/3. Please hurry him up! We hardly have any time _.A. to goB. leftC. to leaveD. leaving4. A computer does only what thinking people _.A. have it do B. have it doneC. have done itD. having it done5. She should get her eyes _.A. to be testedB. being testedC. to have been testedD. testedKeys: B B B A D例14_ such a tool, she met with a lot of difficulties at first. A. Not having handledB. Never handling C. Having handled neverD. Never handled答案A分析分词及分词短语作状语可表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、方式或伴随状态，既可放在句首也可以放在句末，通常用逗号与句字其它部分分开。特别要注意分词及其逻辑主语（即整个句子的主语）的一致性。如果分词与逻辑主语的关系是主动关系，即分词中的动作是逻辑主语自己主动做的，分词用现在分词；如果是被动关系，则用过去分词。e.g. Walking down the street, I ran into Sunny.（时间）e.g. Used economically, one will last for a month.（条件）e.g. Being unable to afford a car, he bought a bicycle.（原因）e.g. The new machines will work twice as fast, thus greatly reducing costs.（结果）e.g. He died, leaving nothing but debts.（伴随）e.g. He came in unnoticed.（方式）注完成式分词可以表示该动作的时间是在谓语动词所表示的动作以前或已持续了若干时间、重复了若干次；not或never用以表示否定，一般放在分词之前e.g. Having lived long in London, he speaks the standard south-of-England English.e.g. Not having eaten his dinner, he rushed out of the house.e.g. Having failed twice, he didnt want to try again.因此，在例14中，用完成式not having handled来表示“在遇到困难前从未”。选项D表示被动的含义，这儿handle的逻辑主语是 “she”，应该是主动的关系，所以选A分词前可以加before, after, when, whenever, while, once, until, if, unless等连接词，这时分词的逻辑主语必须与句子中的主语一致 e.g. After talking to John, I always feel better.e.g. I stumbled over a stone while walking in a dark night.e.g. Though busily occupied, he still finds time to read daily papers.e.g. Whenever being introduced to somebody, an American