硕士生英语复习大纲.doc

2011级（秋）硕士生基础英语考室安排接研究生院通知，本学期研究生基础英语期末考试时间定在第17周星期六（12月31日）下午2：30进行。地点在B区第二综合楼。具体教室还在安排中。请通知学生考试的时间，并做好准备；提醒重修，缓考的学生必须在考前一周到研究生院去登记，方能参加考试，否则后果自负。考试时间：第17周星期六（2011年12月31日）下午14：30-16：30考试地点：B区二综 B二4班电气，城环 （41人）B二25班机械 （41人）1. 请提醒学生务必带上有效身份证件, 否则后果自负。2. 提醒重修和缓考的学生需提前一周到研究生院登记，方能参加考试。(联系人: 李玉兰-电话: 65111647)。没有登记者不能参加考试, 后果自负. 请通知学生相互转告。3. 请提醒学生提前20分钟到指定教室参加考试。Part I. Reading Comprehension (40%) 水平考试 (见各单元补充试题)Part II. Translation from English into Chinese (20%) (见参考译文)Part III. Translation from Chinese into English (20%) 水平考试(见各单元补充练习)汉译英提示 1：主语确定原则 由于英语是主语显著语(subject-prominent language), 构建在主谓轴(subject-predicate pivot)上，主语决定了句法结构；汉语为语义性语言，其中主语的重要性相对较低，无主语的现象比比皆是。因此在汉英转化中最重要的就是确定主语，主语选择成功了，句子越翻越顺；选择失败，考生越翻越累。主语的确定归根结底有三种方法：使用原主语；重新确定主语；增补主语。 汉译英提示2： 谓语最小化原则 在汉译英中，动词的考察是必然的。其中动词和其他成分的转换也是重中之重。如果考生把所有的动词都翻译成动词的话，只能说明其还属于“入门”境界。我们在翻译中一定要注意动词和其他词性的转换，常见减少谓语的方法有： a） 把动词变成名词; b） 使用介词短语; c） 使用分词短语; d） 多使用to表示目的的状语; e） 把并列谓语中最后一个谓语处理成“，which”的非限制性定语从句。汉译英提示 3： 汉译英的合并译法汉译英时，往往必须先找出主谓框架树起主干，然后将各种关系词、短语（介词短语、名词短语）、附加成分（同位语、插入语）、分词结构、从句（定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句）等添加到主干，使树木枝繁叶茂。翻译汉语的多个分句时，注意分析各个分句之间的逻辑关系，确定好主从关系，采用恰当的方式进行连接。1. People may decide to study foreign languages for various reasons. They may do so for the immediate purpose of satisfying the requirements of some public examination or of getting greater fun and enjoyment out of a holiday abroad. Men of business may have to deal directly or indirectly with foreign correspondence and researchers may realize the importance of being able to read the latest accounts of advances made in their subject as soon as they are published in foreign journals, without waiting for a translator. Learning a new language implies approaching a new world, and it inevitably leads to a widening of intellectual experience.人们决定学习外语也许是出于多种原因。他们也许是为了某种最近的目的-满足某个公共考试的要求，或从国外度假中获得更大乐趣和享受。商人们也许不得不直接或间接处理外国信函；研究者也许认识到，不用等待翻译人员，就能阅读外国报刊杂志刚刚发表的有关学科最新进展的报告是何等重要。学习一门新语言意味着接近一个新世界，必定会扩展一个人的智力体验。2. Lifelong learning refers to (means / is about acquiring) the process of acquiring and updating (modernizing) all kinds (sorts) of abilities, interests, knowledge and qualifications from the pre-school years to post-retirement. It promotes the development of knowledge and competences and enables people to adapt to the knowledge-based society and actively participate (take an active part) in all spheres (areas / fields) of social and economic life, taking more control of his or her future. Lifelong learning also provides “second chances” to update basic skills and learning opportunities at more advanced (higher) levels. All this means that systems of formal education need to become much more open and flexible, so that such opportunities can truly (really) be tailored (adapted) to the needs of the learner.终身学习是指从学前到退休后获得和提升各种能力，兴趣，知识和资质的过程。它促进人们的知识和能力发展，使他们能适应知识型社会并能积极参与各领域的社会和经济生活，更好地把握自己的未来。此外，终身学习还为人们提供提升基本技能的第二次机会以及更高级别的学习机会。所有这些都意味着正规教育体系需变得更开放更灵活，以使这些机会真正适合学习者的需求。3. The debate regarding the effects of applied science and advanced technology has gained wide attention. It is no doubt that modern science and technology have offered great convenience to human beings. But on the other hand they have also resulted in some serious problems such as all kinds of pollution, greenhouse effect, nuclear bombs and other threats to our very existence. Therefore, we have to learn to use high-tech under careful planning and control. 有关应用科学和先进技术影响力的辩论已获得广泛关注。现代科技无疑已给人类提供了极大便利。但在另一方面也导致了一些严重问题，诸如各种污染，温室效应，原子弹及其它对我们生存的威胁。因此，我们不得不学会在仔细规划和控制的条件下应用高技术。4. As our economy continues to grow, as standards of living continue to rise, as environmental protection improves, the demands for energy development are reaching a new level. The Chinese government faces a major issue. That is to achieve sustainable energy development and to balance energy production and consumption with the environment and society. To meet the demand for sustainable social and economical development, the Chinese government will continue with its policy of “developing energy and at the same time saving it.” We will take advantage of our rich resources, optimize our energy structure, and improve energy efficiency and environmental protection. 由于经济的持续增长，生活水平的不断提高和环保的改进，对能源开发的需求正进入一个新阶段。中国政府面临着一个重大课题，那就是实现能源的可持续发展，并处理好能源生产和消费与环境和社会的平衡关系。为了适应经济和社会可持续发展的需求，中国政府将继续坚持“开发能源与节约能源并举”的方针。我们将充分利用自己丰富的资源，优化能源结构，提高能源效率并加强环境保护。5. Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eyes upon the doughnut, not upon the hole? Suddenly these clichs are scientific questions, as researchers study the power of positive thinking. Research is proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimism leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure. If you change your mindfrom pessimism to optimismyou can change your life. 你看到的是半杯水还是杯中空的一半呢？你关注的是炸面包圈（doughnut）还是其中的空洞呢？当科研人员研究积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调（clichs）徒然间都是科学问题了。研究证明，乐观能使人更快乐，健康和成功。相反，悲观则导致绝望，生病和失败。如果你转变思想-从悲观主义变为乐观主义-你就能改变你的人生。6. For businesses, training may work better online. For example, Ford employees can now download a range of courses, including one on “Listening and Handling Tough Situations”, all designed for digestion of a unit in a particular course in 10 or 15 minutes. The company claims to have cut training costs by $2 million during the past six months, as few people leave their desks to learn in a certain training class. 对企业来说，在线培训也许效果更好。例如，福特的员工现在就可以下载系列课程，其中一课有关“倾听并处理棘手情况”。按其设计，所有课程均能使学员在10至15分钟内消化某课程的一个单元。公司声称，在过去半年里，培训费用已削减了200万美元，因为几乎没有人为了去某个培训班学习而离开他们的电脑桌。7. We should encourage scientific personnel from research institutes, universities and colleges to associate with enterprises so that institutes and schools will enter into associations, cooperative agreements or joint ventures with enterprises to enhance the capacity of enterprises to make technical innovations. We should also help research institutes that are engaged in applied science to become science and technology-based enterprises, so as to resolve the problem of a majority of scientific personnel being divorced from enterprises and the market. We should deepen the reform of the internal management system of research institutes and establish incentive mechanism to stimulate the initiatives and creativity of scientists and technologists. 我们要鼓励科研院所和高等院校的科技人员与企业联手，由此，这些院所高校就会与企业开展联合，合作协议或风险共担项目，增强企业的技术创新能力。我们还要帮助应用型科研院所转变为科技型企业(science and technology-based enterprises)，解决大部分科技人员游离于企业和市场之外的难题。我们要深化科研院所内部管理体制改革，建立激励机制，激发科研人员的积极性和创造性。Part IV. Writing (20%) 水平考试 (见各单元范文)写作提示 How to use transitional words or phrases correctlyIn order to organize a good paragraph or composition, you should learn to use transitions（转换词）properly. When a runner in a relay race passes his wand（接力棒）to another team member, his team keeps moving ahead. When a writer uses transitions, he keeps his ideas moving ahead.Transitions are words or phrases that join one idea to another. They add coherence(连贯性)to writing by joining ideas together. You can write good paragraphs by using transitions correctly.Transitions placed in sentences within a paragraph make it easier for a reader to follow the movement of an idea from one sentence to the next.1. 次序：First and foremost, First, Firstly, Second, Secondly, third, thirdly, then=next=after that=afterwards. 例: Then you come to a traffic light and turn right.2. 强调：Certainly=Surely=really=truly=indeed, above all=most importantAs a matter of fact=in reality=to tell the truth. 例: Above all, do not build an open fire in a forest. Indeed a dessert is always enjoyable. I am going there tomorrow, as a matter of fact.3. 说明：For example, for instance, such, so=thus=in this / that way=like this, in fact=in truth=really 例: Thus the trip finally began. Such an earthquake happened last year in China. So it was that he had his first sight of snow. For eight years she was in fact spying for the enemy.4. 对照：whereas=but in contrast=while, On the contrary, instead of, on the other hand.instead=as an alternative 例: The husband wanted a boy, whereas the wife wanted a girl. Weve no coffee. Would you like tea instead? Lets play cards instead of watching TV.5. 比较：like, unlike, asas, Similarly, Equally important, In the same way, At the same time=Meanwhile, Compared with例: Equally important the car drives thirty miles on a gallon of gas. I went to college. Meanwhile, all my friends got well-paid jobs.6. 并列/补充：Besides, Furthermore, Moreover, also, On top of=In addition=Additionally, too, as well, What is more, bothand, not onlybut also. 例: I did not like the house; moreover, it was too high-priced.7. 转折(make a statement less general or extreme)：As a matter of fact, However=though, Nevertheless(fml)=in spite of this=still, Unfortunately, Conversely, Yet, but. 例: We hope, though, that she could change her mind.Yet there was still a chance that he would win.8. 让步：although= though, after all, Nevertheless(fml)=in spite of this=still 例: After all, you learn to cook many foods in this job. Though very intelligent, she is nevertheless rather modest. Still, a winter vacation can be pleasant / fun.9. 结果/后果：Hence=for this reason, as a result=Therefore=For that reason=Consequently, Thus=As a result of this=Accordingly, sothat, otherwise, then=in that case=therefore 例: Consequently, we opened an account at the bank. Nothing more was heard from him so that we began to wonder if he was dead.10. 目的：to, in order to (fml)= so as to, so that=in order that 例He left early in order that he should/would/might arrive on time. She works hard so that her husband suspects nothing.11. 结论/总结: As you can see, As I have said, Obviously, Apparently, To sum / end up, To conclude, In brief / short / summary / conclusion / a word, By and large=All in all 例: In summary, recreation is big business. By and large, the companys been pretty good to me.Specialized Education or All-round Education(Introduction)I think that getting a general education is very important, and I also think it is important to be specialized to a degree in order to be successful. (Body) First of all, people who are all-round, tend to know about many subjects. This will help them to understand not only where things stand right now, but also the reasons why they are the way they are. If you only study one subject in university, chances are your knowledge will be limited, which will make it difficult for you to understand things in a proper context. On the other hand, if you know about many subjects, on top of (in addition to) your specialized knowledge, then you will be able to think about more possibilities when it comes to thinking about these problems. As you can see, a more informed decision is made, when you are aided by a greater knowledge base. As important as it is to have a general education, one must also specialize. In fact, today many university students finish their degrees with no idea about what they are prepared for. This is because their knowledge is too general, and they have not focused enough upon any subject. Thus, ones education must be both general and specialized, in order to function best in todays real world.(Conclusion) So from what has been discussed, one can reach only this conclusion: in order to solve problems and prepare for life, it is only logical to balance oneself in the pursuit of general and specialized knowledge.英文作文活用句型（用于文章主题句）1 不用说 It goes without saying that子句 = (It is) needless to say (that) 子句毫无疑问地 There is no doubt (that)子句= It is obvious that子句 = Obviously, S. + V例不用说早睡早起是值得的。It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours. 2. In todays industrial society, . is indispensable to life.例在这信息的年代计算机扮演非常重要的角色。In this age of information and communication, the computer plays an extremely important role.3. (A) 随着人口的增加, With the increase/growth of the population, (B) 随着科技的进步, With the advance of science and technology, 例随着中国经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了。With the rapid development of Chinaseconomy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.4. 是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved (that) 子句例时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time.5. 就我的看法，；我认为 In my opinion, = To my mind, . = As far as I am concerned, = I am of the opinion that子句 例就我的看法，打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。 In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.6. 俗语说得好：”.”。As an old saying goes (runs, says), = An old saying goes, = Its an old saying (that)子句例俗话说得好：”诚实为上策”。 As an old saying goes, Honesty is the best policy.7. 根据我个人经验 According