语态是动词的一种形式.doc

英语被动语态讲解及练习一、什么是被动语态？ 英语中时态很多，但语态不多，只有两种，即：主动语态和被动语态。所谓“被动语态”，相当于中文中常说的“被”、“由”的句式，如：“他的自行车被偷了。”，“这座楼房是由他们建造的。”二、被动语态的结构 那么，英语中被动语态是怎么样构成的呢？请看下面的例句 His bicycle was stolen.The building has been built in 2000. 通过上面的例句，可以看出，“被动语态”的构成是：be + 过去分词 + (by+动作执行者) 三、被动语态的运用 什么情况下要用被动语态呢？一般地说，有下面3种情况： （1） 不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要。例如： Paper is made from wood. （纸是由木材生产出来的。） The house is quite old. It was built in 1950. （这座房子太旧了。它是1950年建成的。） He was wounded in the fight. （他在战斗在受伤了。） Electricity is used to run machines. （电是用来开动机器的。） （2） 需要强调动作的对象时。例如： Calculator cant be used in the maths exam. （计算器不能用于数学考试。） Books and newspapers in the reading room mustnt be taken away. （阅览室的书籍和报纸不准带走。He was awarded first prize in that contest. （他在比赛中获得了第一。（3）为了使语气婉转，避免提到是谁做的这件事。例如：The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month. （新实验室必须在下个月底前完工。） 四、各种时态的被动语态举例 一般地讲，被动语态可用于英语的各种时态。为了能准确地运用被动语态，重点是要掌握be动词的各种时态变化。各种时态的被动语态举例如下： 1、 一般现在时的被动语态. am / is / are + 动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned every day. This car is made in China. 2、一般过去式的被动语态: was / were + 动词的过去分词 His desk was cleaned just now. The station was built in 1928. 3现在进行时的被动语态: am / is / are + being + 动词的过去分词 A new factory is being built in our city now. Some trees are being cut down in the park. 4、过去进行时的被动语态: was / were + being + 动词的过去分词 A new factory was being built in our city at that time. Some babies were being looked after by Miss Chen last year. 5、一般将来时的被动语态: (A) will / shall + be + 动词的过去分词 (B) am / is / are + going to be +动词的过去分词. Some new factories will be built in our city this year. Your watch is going to be mended in an hour. 6过去将来时的被动语态: (1).would / should + be + 动词的过去分词 (2).was / were +going to be + 动词的过去分词. She said that some new factories would be built soon in our city. He thought that your watch was going to be mended after an hour. 7、现在完成时的被动语态:have / has + been + 动词的过去分词 Some new factories have been built in the city since last year. Your watch has been mended already. 8、过去完成时的被动语态:had + been + 动词的过去分词 He said that some new factories had been built in the city. I didnt know that my watch had been mended . 9、含情态动词的被动式：can/may/must + be + done 例如：He can not be found. / I must be paid for this. 五、如何将主动语态变成被动语态 1从句子意义上说，就是重新找出“什么事物”是“被完成”的。例1. 主动语态：人们说英语。People speak English in many countries. 被动语态：英语被说。 English is spoken in many countries. 例2. 主动语态：我们造这座桥。We built this bridge last year. 被动语态：这座桥被建造。This bridge was built last year. 2、从语法的角度说，把原句的宾语改成主语。例1. 主动语态：小王邀请你(宾语) Xiao Liu has invited you to a lunch party. 被动语态你(宾语)被邀请You has been invited to a lunch party by Xiao Wang. 例2. 主动语态：你不准带走杂志(宾语) You must not take these magazines out of the reading-room. 被动语态：杂志(宾语)不准被带走.These magazines must not be taken out of the reading room. 例3. 主动语态：他们授给他(宾语)一枚奖章(宾语).They gave him a medal for his wonderful work. 被动语态：他(宾语)被授予一枚奖章. He was given a medal for his wonderful work. 被动语态：一枚奖章(宾语)被授给了他.A medal was given to him for his wonderful work.另外，在主动语态和被动语态进行转换时，像使役动词make,have及感官动词see, hear, watch, feel等后接省略to的不定式作宾语补足语的主动语态在变成被动语态时，动词不定式的符号to还要加上去。例如： I saw Tom swim in the lake yesterday.-Tom was seen to swim in the lake yesterday.六be的时态变化来表示的，其人称和数方面应与主语保持一致。其具体变化为： 一般现在时：amisarepp 一般过去时：waswerepp 一般将来时：shall will be pp 现在完成时：have has been pp 现在进行时：amisarebeingpp 过去将来时：should would be pp 含情态动词的被动结构：情态动词bepp Chinese _ by the largest number of people Aspeak Bis speaking Cspeaks Dis spoken （选D。考查一般现在时的被动语态） The boy _ to get supper ready after school Awere told Bis telling Cwas told Dtells （选C。考查一般过去时的被动语态） A lot of new roads _ built in the west of China Amust Bmust be Chas Dhave （选B。考查含情态动词的被动语态） B明确用法 被动语态常用于以下两种情况： 1不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者； 2强调动作的承受者。例如： 这棵树是那个男孩弄断的。 The tree _ _ by that boy (填was broken） C熟练转换 1将主动语态变被动语态的基本方法为： 将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语； 谓语动词变为“be及物动词的过去分词”，并通过be的变化来表达出不同的时态； 主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后。（有时by短语可以省略）。 2被动语态的一般疑问句是将一个助动词置于主语之前；否定句是在第一个助动词后加not；特殊疑问句的语序为：疑问词一般疑问句。： You must throw the broken pottery away at once The broken pottery _ _ _ _ at once（同义句） （填m ust be thrown away） Where did they grow vegetables？（改为被动语态） Where _ vegetables _ ？（填were；grown） D注意特例 将主动语态变被动语态应注意几个特殊情况： 1含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，有两种方法： 将间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语保持不变； 将直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语用介词to或for引导。例如： He told us a story（变被动语态） We were told a story（by him）或：A story was told to us by him Her mother gave her a new pen（变被动语态） A new pen _ _ _ her by her mother （填was given to） 2短语动词的被动语态：在变为被动语态时，要将短语动词视为一个整体，其后的介词或副词不能省去。例如： This dictionary mustnt _ from the library Atake away Btaken away Care taken away Dbe taken away She will take good care of the children（变被动语态） The children will _ _ _ _ _ （by her） （填be taken good care of） 3含有复合宾语的主动结构变被动结构时，通常将宾语变为被动句的主语，而宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。注意：省略to的不定式作宾补时，不定式符号to必须补上。例如： Someone saw him swim in Qianling Lake yesterday（变被动态）He _ _ _ swim in Qianling Lake yesterday （填was seen to） 4不定式的被动结构：动词不定式的被动语态为“to be 过去分词”。例如： The radio says a wild animal zoo is to _ in our city Abe building Bbuild Cbe built Dbuilt ( )45 The broken bike_ here by Mr Smith.A. can mend B. can mended C. can be mend D. can be mended( )46 The old bridge in my hometown_ next month.A. is going to be rebuilt B. will rebuilt C. are going to be rebuilt D. are going to rebuilt( )47 The play _ at the theatre next Sunday.A. is going to be shown B. will shown C. will show D. is shown ( )48 The old stone bridge _ next week.A. is going to be rebuilt B. will be rebuild C. are going to be rebuilt D. will rebuild( )49 Now these magazines_ in the library for a long time. A. have kept B. are keeping C. have been keeping D. have been kept( )50 The pot _ for _ hot water.A. used; keeping B. was used; keeping C. is used; to keep D. are used; keep(