Alkanes - Solon City Schools：alkanes梭伦市学校.docx

Honors ChemistryUnit 7AOrganic Chemistry Allotropes Isomers Hydrocarbonso Alkaneso Alkeneso Alkyneso Aromatics Alkyl HalidesParent Chain:MethaneCH4EthaneC2H6PropaneC3H8ButaneC4H10PentaneC5H12HexaneC6H14HeptaneC7H16OctaneC8H18NonaneC9H20DecaneC10H22UndecaneC11H24DodecaneC12H26Branches (one less Hydrogen than Parent Chain): all prefixes can be made into branchesMethylCH3EthylC2H5Introduction of parent chain and branchesOrganic Chemistry Hydrocarbons contain Carbon and Hydrogen only If all bonds on the carbons are single bondsdrocarbon Alkanesq Have form CnH2n+2 (where n = # of carbons) q Ending of the name is “ane”NameMolecular FormulaCnH2n+2Structural FormulaModelMethaneEthanePropaneButane2-MethylpropaneExample 1: 3-ethylheptaneExample 2:2,7-dimethylnonaneExample 3: 4-ethyl-2,4,5-trimethyloctaneExample 4: 3,3,4,4-tetraethyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexaneCycloalkanesq All single bonds q Have form CnH2nq Ends of chain bond together (lose 2 hydrogens)Examples:More practice - Naming AlkanesDrawing AlkanesUnsaturated Hydrocarbons = not all carbons have 4 single bonds (double or triple bonds)Alkenesq Structure contains double bondsq Have form CnH2nNameMolecular FormulaCnH2nStructural FormulaModelEthenePropene2-ButeneDrawing and naming Alkene structures:More drawing and naming alkenesAlkynesq Structure contains triple bonds q Have form CnH2n-2NameMolecular FormulaCnH2n-2Structural FormulaEthyne1-Propyne1-ButyneNaming and drawing Alkynes: Aromatic Hydrocarbonsq Must contain at least one benzene ring Naming AromaticsDate_Name _ Class _Modern Chemistry Lab PracticalUnit on Organic ChemistryI. Problem: What are some of the differences between various organic compounds? You will be given some notes and then asked to design a model of these organic compounds including: alkanes, isomers of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, organic acids, aldehydes, ketones and some nitrogen containing organic compounds.II. Background Information: Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with a formula of CnH2n+2. Isomers of alkanes would have the same formula but different structures. Other information will be given at the beginning of each day of this lab practical. III. Hypothesis:IV. Test The Hypothesis:Materials: make certain your kit contains the following in the right location. If it does not, the previous user will be marked at least 1 point off their next assignment grade each day there is a problem. Each day you work with the kit, you are to sign the paper in the kit with your class numbers and date.10 black spheres -carbon place these on the small side of your kit2 blue spheres - nitrogen /28 yellow spheres -hydrogen 6 red spheres - oxygen 4 green spheres - chlorine place these on the larger side2 orange spheres -bromine /of your kit2 white spheres-fluorine /(all colors are to be placed together)2 purple spheres-iodine /30 small wooden pegs -H bonds only 10 large wooden pegs - other single bonds place these in the 9 metal springs -double or triple bonds / center of your kitor stress bonds /V. Observations: The first student lab team that has the structure correct will be initialed by the instructor and receive a grade of 2 points out of 1 point. These students will then have their names placed on the board and will be teaching assistants for that organic structure. They will be responsible to grade and initial the structures of other lab teams. Each structure that is designed and named by you is worth 1 point. The following is the grading criteria:2 points = graded by the instructor and perfect, this team assists in grading1 point = other perfect scores0 points = 1 or more mistakes in the structure and/or nameAssignment # _Name _Class Number _Date _Name _Class Number _Kit # _Honors Chemistry Lab PracticalOrganic ChemistryAlkanes Straight and Branched(If absent - write an I-search paper describing the major uses of each of the first 10 alkanes. This must be written in the first person. Answer the 3 questions on page 16 using the criteria of an I-Search.)(2 points, point each)Grade/Initials_ 1. hexane_ 2. 3-methylpentane_ 3. 2, 4-dimethylhexane_ 4. 2, 2-dimethylpentane_ Bonus Point: 3-ethyl-2, 4-dimethylhexane (only for 1st three teams who are correct, one attempt per team)_ 1 point lost for problems with your kit/ 2_Total points for Straight and Branched Alkanes Information on Doing an “I-Search” Paper to Make-Up a Missed Organic Chem Modeling Lab:1. An I-Search” paper is telling the story of what you did in your search, those happenings and facts crucial to your hunt for information on your assigned topic. You are to write 150 words (one page) for each modeling lab you miss.2. The paper is to be typed and divided into three parts (each section is to be titled as below):a. What I knew before I started my search.b. The facts I found in my search and what I learned.c. What I found the most interesting with what I learned.3. If your make-up paper does not answer these questions, the best score you can receive is half credit.Name _Alkane WorksheetBased on the given IUPAC name, give the structural formula for each of the following molecules (number the carbons):NameStructural Formula1.dodecane2.2-methylheptane3.2,3,4-trimethylhexane4.3-methylpentane5.3-ethyl,2,4,4-trimethylnonane6.3-butyl,2,4-diethyl,1-methyl cyclobutane Give the IUPAC name for each of the following molecules (number the carbons):NameStructural Formula1. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH32. CH3 CH3-CH-CH2-CH33. CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3-CH-CH2-CH-CH-CH3 4. CH2-CH3 CH35. CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CH2-CH-CH2-CH36. CH3 CH3 CH3 / CH2 CH2 CH2 / CH3-CH-CH-CH2-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3Introduce IsomersAssignment # _Name _Class Number _Date _Name _Class Number _Kit # _Honors Chemistry Lab PracticalOrganic ChemistryIsomerism(If absent - write an I-search paper on organic isomers. This must be written in the first person. Answer the 3 questions on page 16 concerning an I-Search.)(2 points, point each)Grade/Initials: Do not use iso or neo. Use the naming system found in 19.4._ 1. butane isomer #1name _(simple)(0.25 point)(0.25 point)_ 2. butane isomer #2name _ (one branch)(0.25 point)(0.25 point)_ 3. pentane isomer #2name _(one branch)(0.25 point)(0.25 point)_ 4. pentane isomer #3name _(two branches)(0.25 point) (0.25 point)_ Bonus Point: any isomer of hexane Name _not done by another teamput the name on the board) (0.25 point)(Teacher checks) (0.25 point)_ 1 point lost for problems with your kit/ 2_ Total points for Isomerism Name _Draw and name the 18 isomers of Octane Octane:1. Methyl heptane:1.2.3. Dimethyl hexane:.5.6. Ethyl hexane:1. Trimethyl pentane:. Methyl ethyl pentane:1.2. Tetramethyl butane:1.Assignment # _Name _Class Number _Date _Name _Class Number _Kit # _Honors Chemistry Lab PracticalOrganic ChemistryUnsaturated Hydrocarbons(If absent - write an I-search paper unsaturated hydrocarbons. This must be written in the first person. Answer the 3 questions on page 16 of your packet.)(3 points, point each)Grade/Initials_ 1. 1-butene_ 2. 2-butyne_ 3. 2-methylpropene_ 4. 3-methylbutene_ 5. 1, 3-pentadiene_ 6. 4-methylpentyne_ Bonus Point: chloroethene (the monomer of polyvinyl chloride)(1st three groups correct get bonus point) ( one attempt per team)(Teacher checks)_ 1 point lost for problems/ 3_ Total points for Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Name _Alkene Alkyne AssignmentBased on the given IUPAC name, give the structural formula for each of the following molecules (number the carbons):NameStructural Formula1.3-heptene2.3-methyl-butyne3.4,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexene4.3-ethyl-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentene5.5-methyl-1,3-hexadiyne6.1,2,4-trimethyl-1-cyclopentene7.2,4,5-trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene Give the IUPAC name for each of the following molecules (number the carbons):NameStructural Formula1. C C C = C - C - C2. C C = C C C - C3. C C C - C - C - C - C = C 4. C C C - C 5. C C C C C - C = C C = C - C C 6. C C C C C C C - C - C - C - C C7. C C - CAlkyl Halides: Organic compound with General Formulao o o o Naming:o Name as if the halogen is a branchExamples:Assignment # _Name _Class Number _Date _Name _Class Number _Kit # _Honors Chemistry Lab PracticalOrganic ChemistryMixed Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Alkyl Halides and Hydrocarbons(If absent - write an I-search paper unsaturated hydrocarbons. This must be written in the first person and be 150 words. Answer the 3 questions on page 16 of your packet concerning an I-Search.)(3 points, point each)Grade/Initials_ 1. 2-chloropropane_ 2. 2-bromo-3,4 -dichloropentene_ 3. 5-bromo-1- chloro-4,4-diiodo-5-methyl-2- hexyne_ 4. ethylbenzene_ 5. 1-ethyl-3-methylbenzene_ 6. 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene_ 1 point lost for problems with your kit/ 3_ Total points for Aromatics and Alkyl Halides Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne, Cyclos and Aromatic Review SheetSection 1: Draw the following structures:1. 1-ethyl-2-methyl-cyclohexane2. 2,3-dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene3. 3-bromo-4,5-dichloro-6-iodo-undecane4. 1-butyl-3-propyl-benzene5. 3.3.4-trifluoro-1,6-octadiyne6. 1-ethyl-4-methyl-1,3-cycloctadiene7. 1-bromo-5,6-dichloro-3-fluoro-2,4-dimethyl-benzeneAssignment # _Name _Class Number _Date _Name _Class Number _Kit # _Honors Chemistry Lab PracticalOrganic ChemistryMixed Hydrocarbons_ 1. 2, 3, 4-trimethylhexane_ 2. propylcyclobutane_ 3. Methylbenzene_ 4. 1,1-difluoro-2-butyne_ 5. 1-iodi-2-methylpropene_ 6. 1, 3-pentadiene_ 7. 1-bromo-1-chlorobutyne_ 8. 1-chloro-2-ethyl-3fluoro-cyclohexene/ 8_ Total points for Mixed HydrocarbonsPetroleumOil and natural gas touch our lives in countless ways every day. Together, they supply 65 percent of our nations energy. They fuel our cars, heat our homes and cook our food. But did you know that oil and natural gas also help generate the electricity that powers our daily lives? Or that crude oil supplies the building blocks for everything from dent-resistant car fenders to soft drink bottles to camping equipment?“Hy”-CARBCrude oils are mixtures of many different substances, often difficult to separate, from which various petroleum products are derived, such as: gasoline, kerosene propane, fuel oil, lubricating oil, wax, and asphalt. These substances are called hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons may be gaseous, liquid, or solid at normal temperature and pressure, depending on the number and arrangement of the carbon atoms in their molecules. Those with up to 4 carbon atoms are gaseous; those with 20 or more are solid; those in between are liquid. Crude oils are liquid but may contain gaseous or solid compounds (or both) in solution. The heavier a crude oil (i.e. the more carbon atoms its molecules contain) the closer it is to being a solid and this may be especially noticeable as its temperature cools. Light oils will remain liquid even at very low temperatures. Crude “Development”Oil is formed from the remains of tiny plants and animals (plankton) that died in ancient seas between 10 million and 600 million years ago. After the organisms died, they sank into the sand and mud at the bottom of the sea. Over the years, the organisms decayed in the sedimentary layers. In these layers, there was little or no oxygen present. So microorganisms broke the remains into carbon-rich compounds that formed organic layers. The organic material mixed with the sediments, forming fine-grained shale, or source rock. As new sedimentary layers were deposited, they exerted intense pressure and heat on the source rock. The heat and pressure distilled the organic material into crude oil and natural gas. The oil flowed from the source rock and accumulated in thicker, more porous limestone or sandstone, called reservoir rock. Movements in the Earth trapped the oil and natural gas in the reservoir rocks between layers of impermeable rock, or cap rock, such as granite or marble.Black gold, Texas tea! Crude oil is the term for unprocessed oil, the stuff that comes out of the ground. It is also known as petroleum. Crude oils vary in color, from clear to tar-black, and in viscosity, from watery to almost solid. Crude oils are such a useful starting point for so many different substances because they contain hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are molecules that contain hydrogen and carbon and come in various lengths and structures, from straight chains to branching chains to rings. There are two things that make hydrocarbons exciting to chemists: o Hydrocarbons contain a lot of energy. Many of the things derived from crude oil like gasoline, diesel fuel, paraffin wax and so on take advantage of this energy. o Hydrocarbons can take on many different forms. The smallest hydrocarbon is methane (CH4), which is a gas that is a lighter than air. Longer chains with 5 or more carbons are liquids. Very long chains are solids like wax or tar. By chemically cross-linking hydrocarbon chains you can get everything from synthetic rubber to nylon to the plastic in tupperware. Hydrocarbon chains are very versatile! The major classes of hydrocarbons in crude oils include: Alkanes: methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane Aromatics: benzene, napthalene Cycloalkanes: cyclohexane, methyl cyclopentane Alkenes: ethylene, butene, isobutene Divide and Conquer The problem with crude oil is that it contains hundreds of different types of hydrocarbons all mixed together. You have to separate the different types of hydrocarbons to have anything useful. Fortunately there is an easy way to separate things, and this is what oil refining is all about. Refining crude oil involves two kinds