2007年研究生入学考试试题.doc

2007年研究生入学考试试题考试科目：综合英语 报考学科、专业：英语语言文学请注意:全部答案必须写在答题纸上，否则不给分。综合英语A卷第一部分 知识题Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words which best complete the meaning of the sentences. 40%1. “To be or not to be” is a famous line in Shakespeares great tragedy (1). 2. One of the English humanists was (2), the author of Utopia. 3. “A” in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter stands for (3).4. The title of The Forsyte Saga written by John Galsworthy, is generally applies to the epic of the Forsyte family in two trilogies, each consisting of (4) novels and two interludes. 5. The musical comedy My Fair Lady is based on a play Pygmalion by (5).6. (6) was the first American to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1930.7. Hemingway once said that modern American Literature began with Mark Twains (7).8. The hero Rip Van Winkle has become one of the most famous literary figures in world literature. He is depicted as a simple, indolent, and (8) Dutch-American.9. The Fabian Society was a British socialist society founded in 1884 to promote socialism by way of (9). Early members included Sidney Webb and H. G. Wells.10. In 1939, John Steinback wrote his masterpiece (10).11. The history of the English language is usually described as covering three stages: Old English up to about (11), Middle English to about 1500, and then Modern English.12. Language and parole was put forward by (12).13. International Phonetic Association was founded in the year 1886 by a group of European phoneticians to promote the study of phonetics. In the year (13) it published the International Phonetic Alphabet. 14. All the world is a stage, And all the men and women merely players. This is an example of (14).15. Languages can be classified in three ways: structurally, genetically and (15). 16. We will have to be on the ball in order to win the game. In this sentence, “to be on the ball” means (16).17. Words like “mass-produce”, “window-dress” and “hen-peck” are formed by (17). 18. The nickname “copper” for the English policeman comes from the verb to “cop”, meaning to (18).19. “Disinterest” does not mean “lack of interest”. It means (19). 20. UNESCO, NATO, IRA and UNICEF are called (20).21. The Statue of Liberty is located on Bedloes Island, in New York harbor, commanding the entrance to New York City. It is given by France as a symbol of “(21) Enlightening the World”22. During the Civil War in America the Union soldiers from the North were called (22). 23. The puritans came to America not merely to worship in their own way but also to demonstrate that the puritans life was the ideal way. They were going to create a New Jerusalem in America based on their interpretation of (23). 24. George Washington, as a (24) landowner, was a leader of the opposition to British colonial policy. 25. The ship Mayflower reached Cape Cod, far from their destination and the Pilgrims drew up the famous Mayflower Compact, which is considered by some historians to be the first American (25). 26. In February 1981, astronauts John Yong and Robert Crippen took the (26) Shuttle on its first flight.27. The First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774, and was attended by representatives of all the colonies except (27).28. The United Kingdom consists of the whole of Briton, and also about one-sixth of (28)29. In London, the famous great bell which sounds the hours is called the (29). 30. The theatre where most of Shakespeares plays were first performed was (30). 31. The residence of the British Queen in London is known as (31). 32. Australias major-farming industry is (32).33. The capital of Canada is (33). 34. The first Christmas card was designed in (34) in the year 1843.35. (35) deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.36. The beginning of modern linguistics was from the late 18th and early 19th century when the (36) method was developed and established.37. (37) refers to a relation between two words, in which the meaning of one of the words includes the meaning of the other word.38. Style is sometimes regarded as a (38) with respect to a norm.39. The First World War was triggered by the assassination of an (39), Archduke Francis Ferdinand. 40. There are (40) official working languages recognized by the United Nations.第二部分 语言技能题Part One Fill in each blank with one proper word. 20% A first-rate faculty is key to building a successful university. But (1) for cash, time and expertise, many institutions simply import visiting professors or (2) on part-time graduate students to teach. Such hires usually remain outsiders among the university community, (3) few benefits and are often neither adequately trained nor highly skilled. The opposite (4) - hiring academic “stars” in order to gain prestige but then leaving empty the coffers needed to hire young, high-quality professors - is also a (5) for institutional weakness. Ironically, universities suffer further when governments, (6) with local and international corporations, (7) their best and brightest teachers. In many globalizing markets, student expectations far (8) the capabilities of fledgling university systems. China, for instance, has made remarkable efforts to provide ample (9) opportunities for its talented young people. (10) everyone wants a top degree; students who attend second-tier universities eagerly pay (11) to have their degrees (12) the name of a better university - and have been known to riot when (13) that opportunity. Some recent Chinese college graduate have refused to move out of their dormitories (14) failing to find either jobs or affordable (15). Similar frustrations are evident in other (16) countries, where a science degree is no (17) of a job in that field. Under-employing a countrys best educated citizens is counter-productive, demoralizing and devastating to the yearning for upward (18). A physicist working in a customs (19) is a symbol of national stagnation, not advancement. It also makes painfully clear that the right to an education does not automatically (20) into the right to a suitable challenging, high-paying job.Part Two Reading Comprehension 30%Passages 1Up to now, concerns that our food resources might not support our increasing population have been eased by production revolutions. Meanwhile, another powerful food revolution has waited in the wings. This revolution may change what Americans choose to eat, a1lowing them to make better use of the wide choices now available among both natural and manufactured foods. Such a diet revolution will contribute in a major way to the conservation of soil, energy, and other natural resources. Its benefits will also include generous reductions in health care costs and food budgets.If we were really intent on saving energy in the food system and having a low-energy form of agriculture, said economist Don Paarberg, we could accomplish this by changing our diets. We could consume grain directly rather than feeding these crops to livestock and then eating the resulting meat, milk and eggs. It should be granted that there are some grounds for pessimism that the diet revolution will occur, 1et alone that it may leave us notably healthier and wealthier. For one thing, dietary behavior is ingrained, and past changes have usually been slow. People eat what they have learned to eat, which is the food that their cooks take pride in preparing and which the food system has learned to produce and deliver. Food habits are built into the cultural status system, and, of course, the food industry has worked hard to reinforce or even create some of the status distinctions that favor the use of such traditional foods as butter and beef.A sharp change toward resource-conserving diets would be a heavy blow to some segments of our food industry which, however, would be better able to bear it than would the family agriculture of the past-Agricultural groups have always understood the implications of dietary change. Because nutrition research and education was mainly lodged within institutions that producers controlled, they were able to monitor and circumscribe it thoroughly.Thus, another reason for pessimism about diet revolution is that major responsibility for improving human nutrition is vested in the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the agricultural experiment stations, which have mainly answered to producers.1. According to the passage, production revolutions A. have made people concerned more about food resourcesB. have provided more food for peopleC. have resulted in another powerful food revolutionD. have changed what Americans choose to eat2. If the food revolution mentioned in the passage really takes place, it will A. provide people with mom natural and manufactured foodsB. lead to the perfect conservation of natural resourcesC. make people much healthier and better offD. persuade people to consume a lot of grain3. Which of the following is NOT a reason for pessimism that the diet revolution will occur?A. Peoples diet habits have long been established and it is not easy for them to change. B. Diet habits are built into a nations culture and are frequently reinforced.C. Our diet depends heavily on what the food industry produces.D. Cooks usually take great pride in preparing their favorite food for people.4. The phrase “answer to” (last paragraph, last line) most probably meansA. act in accordance with B. make a reply toC. make great contributions to D. be responsible for5. It can be inferred from the passage that A. nutrition research in the US has been controlled by producers, who are unwilling to promote a diet revolutionB. the family agriculture of the past would have been better able to bear the change towards resource-conserving diets C. agricultural groups have always emphasized the necessity of the diet revolution D. the present food industry will welcome a diet revolutionPassage 2 It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choices in this matter. You either have science or you dont, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits. The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illuminating piece of news. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted. But we are making a beginning, and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions we can think up that cant be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. To be sure, there may well be questions we cant think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers, if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention. 6. According to the author, really good science A. would surprise the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment B. will produce results which cannot be foreseen C. will help people to make the right choice in advance D. will bring about disturbing results 7. It can be inferred from the passage that scientists of the 18th century A. thought that they knew a great deal and could solve most problems of science B. were afraid of facing up to the realities of scientific research C. knew that they were ignorant and wanted to know more about nature D. did more harm than good in promoting mans understanding of nature 8. Which of the following statements is NOT true of scientists in earlier times? A. They invented false theories to explain things they didnt understand. B. They falsely claimed to know all about nature. C. They did not believe in results from scientific observation. D. They paid little attention to the problems they didnt understand. 9. What is the authors attitude towards science? A. He is depressed because of the ignorance of scientists. B. He is doubtful because of the enormous difficulties confronting it. C. He is confident though he is aware of the enormous difficulties confronting it. D. He is delighted because of the illuminating scientific findings. 10. The author believes that A. man can find solutions to whatever questions concerning nature he can think up B. man cannot solve all the problems he can think up because of the limits of human intellect C. sooner or later man can think up all the questions concerning nature and answer them D. questions concerning consciousness are outside the scope of scientific research Passage 3Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language. Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense. Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (feedback) are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a persons facial expression can influence that persons emotional state. Consider Darwins words: The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions. Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger? Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive. What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by crows feet wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings. Ekmans observation may be relevant to the British expression keep a stiff upper lip as a recommendation for handling stress. It