《词素最新整理》PPT课件.ppt

,Chapter 3 Morphological structure of English words 形态学,Objectives: Discuss morphemes, their classification and identification; Explain the relationship between morphemes and word-formation Teaching focus: Definition of morphemes词素，语素，形态素 Definition of allomorphs 词素变体 Types of morphemes free morpheme bound morpheme Definitions of root and stem 词根，词干,1. Morpheme,What is a morpheme？ Structurally, a word is not the smallest unit. Morpheme is the minimal meaningful (sound) unit of language. Or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 词素是最小的有意义的（语音）单位。它是语言中最小的构词单位。（最小语音语义结合体） de-natur-al-iz-ation (非自然化); book-s,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms A word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. A morpheme is not identical with a syllable, either, since the latter has nothing to do with meaning nation: a morpheme with two syllables,2. Allomorph,An allomorph is one of the variants of the same morpheme. 词素变体是同一个词素的不同形式 But generally, allomorphs do not occur at random; normally they appear according to different sound and form environment.,Phonetic (音) allomorphs s, z, iz of the plural morpheme s: cats, ships, books; beds, jobs, dogs, fools; classes, dishes, damages, garages, matches The three different sounds are variants of the same morpheme -s. They are phonetic allomorphs of morpheme -s. worked, helped; piled, learned; wanted, landed There are cases where the allomorphs of the plural morpheme are realized by the change of an internal vowel as in foot-feet, man-men, goose-geese or by zero morph as in deer-deer, fish-fish. orthographic (形) allomorphs im- ir- il- of the negative morpheme in- (depending on the next sound): impolite, immovable, imbalance; irresistible; illegible invention, justification, expansion,3. Classifications of morphemes,Capacity of occurring alone free vs. bound morphemes Functions of affixes derivational vs. inflectional morphemes Semantic function content/lexical vs. grammatical morphemes,Free vs. bound morphemes 自由词素与粘着词素,Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.自由词素是能独立运用的词素，它有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。 They are identical with free root (capable of being used as words or as word-building elements to form new words) words.自由词素都是自由词根, 能用作词或作为构成新词的构词要素。Free morpheme (语音，语义) free root (构词) E.g., man, wind, car, anger,Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function. Most in derived words 粘着词素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他词素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。 re-collect-ion; ideal-ist-ic; ex-prison-er only three in nine are free six of them are bound,A multitude of words made up of merely bound morphemes,ante-ced-ent -ced-: approach (basic meaning, not a word) ante-: before -ent: someone, something unprecedented -dict- : contradiction, prediction -ced- (ceed,cess): proceed, procedure, process, exceed cred-: credit, credence, incredible loqu-: loquacious, eloquence, soliloquy, colloquial aqu-: aquatic, aqueduct, aquarium,Bound morphemes = bound root + affix,Bound morphemes consist of either bound roots (basic meaning but not a word) or affixes (变意义或变功能的零碎). 粘着词素包括粘着词根和词缀。 A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning of the word. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. In English, bound roots are either Latin or Greek: tele-, toler-, -gram, communic-, -dure-, -ced-,Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. All affixes are bound morphemes. 词缀都是粘着词素，依附在词根上构成新词或表示词的语法意义。Bound morphemeaffixes Two types of affixes: Inflectional affixes (inflectional morpheme) and Derivational affixes (derivational morpheme),Affixes= derivational + inflectional morphemes,Derivational morphemes are used to derive new words when they are added to another morpheme. In English derivatives and compounds are all formed by such morphemes. 派生词素附着于其它词素可派生出新词。英语中派生词和合成词都是由这样的词素构成的。 Inflectional morphemes indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes. 屈折词素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，屈折词素只限于后缀。,Whats the difference between them?,Inflectional Doesnt change meaning or part of speech of the stem; only indicates syntactic relations ( grammatical meaning). (workworks) Only suffix, Few but stable plural s; simple present for 3-person singular s; possessive case of noun s; comparative or superlative degree er, -est; past tense ed; present participles and gerund -ing,Derivational Changes meaning (prefix) or part of speech (suffix) of the stem; indicates semantic relations within the word (specific lexical meaning) Both prefix and suffix, large amount but changes,They are added to another morpheme and derive a new word. rewrite, minicar, supermarket, worker, modernize Many have a specific lexical meaning -ism: doctrine or point of view pro-: on the side of Some have more than one meaning de-, to undo what has been done, to reverse the action of: decode, decentralize de-, to remove: debone, defrost, dethrone de-, to reduce: devalue, decline,Character of derivational affixes/morphemes,Category of derivational affixes/morphemes,They can be grouped according to Linguistic origin Native affixes (out-, over-, -ness, -hood, kingdom, -ly, -er) Foreign affixes ( from Latin, Greek, French, etc) Latin: ab-, bi-, dis-, re-, etc Greek: kilo-, poly-(polyester), -ic, -ist, etc French: mal-, -able, -ize, etc Productivity Productive or living affixes can be used to form new words ( re-, un-, -able, -ize, -ly, -er) Dead or unproductive affixes are no longer used to form new words (for- in forget, forbid; with- in withdraw, withstand; -ant, -ent in servant, different),Some new-born derivational affixes,in: sit-in, read-in, pray-in, swim-in (original) teach-in, fat-in, lie-in, sleep-in (expanded) -nik (依地语): peacenik, protestnik, filmnik environmentalist, extremist manship: craftsmanship, statesmanship, wordsmanship (quirk), salesmanship, super: superpower, super-girl, super-model, n super-bossy, superstar,Content / lexical vs. grammatical morphemes,Lexical/content morphemes are used for the construction of new words as in compound words (bookworm is coined by two lexical morphemes and derivational words (unsuccessful is coined by three lexical morphemes) Grammatical morphemes are used to express grammatical relationships between a word and its context. They encompass both inflectional endings and (book-s, book-ed) some functional words (in, and, do, have,),Identifying Morphemes,mono-morphemic: sky double-morphemic: chill + y, boy + ish triple-morphemic: un+dress+ed, care+less+ ness four-morphemic: un+fruit+ful+ness over-four-morphemic: un+gentle+man+li+ness,Free morpheme=free root Bound morpheme=bound root + affix,自由词素,粘着词素,词素,morpheme,free+=free root,bound,bound root,affix,derivational,inflectional,prefix,suffix,Root and stem,In word-formation, morphemes are labeled root, stem, and affix. 在构词法中, 词素被分为词根、词干、和词缀。 A root is that part of a word-form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. 词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。 Cannot be further analyzed (cut) without losing the main meaning it carries: (inter)nation(alists) A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。Internationalist(s), display(ed), nationlist(s),Analyze the word in terms of root and stem,touchable root + derivational suffix touches root/stem + inflectional suffi