国际贸易实务双语教程课后题答案.doc

KeyChapter1I. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of nationalborders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but alsoencompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism,banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications.It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such businessrelationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment andMultinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all internationaleconomic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) andthe rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usuallymeans high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims atgaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often gethigher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarilyfor financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more fundsfrom one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC(the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and theenvironments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firms products andservices and by customers capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operationsusually take the least commitment and least risk of a firms resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as fortrademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencingagreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of atrademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J 2.A 3.E 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.I 8.G 9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力 11 经济复苏；恢复2 潜在销售量 12 经济衰退3 加价，涨价 13 间接投资4 国内市场 14 有形货物5 制成品 15 有形进出口6 边际利润 16 收入及支出；岁入及岁出7 市场占有率 17 超额能力8 贸易歧视 18 贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9 时机选择 19 全部包建的工程承包方式10 经销周期 20 许可证协定IV Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the engine of growth. However oversimplified this metaphormay be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process ofgrowth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition forrapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two isclearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways.Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of internationalcompetition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for theimports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in onecountry for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visibletrade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is alsoinvisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nationssuch as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportationservice. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to somenations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, thenations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive salemeans the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particularproduct in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of businesstransaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sellthe product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss.Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. Anddifference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusiveseller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs.Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production andreproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on abarter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goodsof another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat acountrys import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive indeveloping countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreignfunds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Chapter2I. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying; 2.agent, foreign/overseas; 3.commission; 4.own; 5.setting;6.patent; 7.profits; 8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII.Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economicallyself-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for hisown needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division oflabor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, andtherefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, anotherfished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited fromthe variety of diet.In todays complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations areself-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economicresources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation ofinternational trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for manyreasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commoditiesthan it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copperare mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum isrecovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their ownboundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of aparticular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer ofsugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japanhas been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it canproduce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United Statesto buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though theUnited States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports largequantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is amarket for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, amixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exportsthan on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that theyneed and want. A nations balance of payment is a record of these complextransactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is ableto combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures,and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items asmanufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, andthe hiring of construction engineers.Chapter3I. Translate the followings from Chinese into English:1 terms of payment 2 written form of contract3 execution of the contract 4 sales contract5 purchase confirmation 6 terms of transaction7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract13 the contracting parties 14 special clause15 general terms and conditionsII. Answer the following questions in English:1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevantparties. And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued andforced to make compensation.2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written. Theformer refers to direct discussions abroad; written negotiations often begin withenquiries made by the buyers.3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreementand as the basis for its execution. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailedthan a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually usedfor smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any othertype of formal agreements. It generally contains: 1) the title. The type of the contractis indicated in the title; 2) the contract proper. It is the main part of a contract; 3) thesignature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer; 4)the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon thecontracting parties.5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described inaddition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality,specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitrationand force majeure, etc.III. Translate the following into Chinese:合同是在双方达成协议的基础上制定的，而协议又是双方进行商务谈判的结果。商务谈判有口头谈判和书面谈判两种形式。口头谈判是通过参加商品交易会，派遣贸易小组，出国或邀请客户本国进行的面对面讨论，而通过国际长途电话所进行的商务讨论也属于口头谈判。IV. Case Study1 The law of the United States of America applies to this contract because: (a)this was a CIF contract; (b) the place of conclusion of the contract was in the USA; (c)the place of the execution of the contract was also in the USA. The seller completedthis responsibilities after he delivered the goods at the port of the USA.2 This contract was not concluded effectively. Item 1 of Article 19 of the CISGindicates, A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but containsadditions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection to the offer and constitutes acounter-offer.In this case, though Mr. Johnson accepted Mr. Andersons offer, his acceptancecontained some additions to and modifications of the offer; for example, Mr.Anderson asked for telegraphic transfer, Mr. Johnson sent the money to the bank tobe kept there. According to Item 3 of Article 19 of the CISG, alteration to the mode ofpayment is material one, thus Mr. Johnson might keep silent and reject the acceptance.Chapter4I (Omited)II 1) F. Price terms, or trade terms, are used to indicated the different liabilities,cost and risks of the buyer and the seller.2) F. Warsaw-Oxford rules specialize in explaining CIF contracts.3) T.4) T.5) F. On CIP terms the sellers responsibilities end when he hands over thegoods to the carrier at the place of shipment, although he has to pay the freightrate and insurance premium.6) T.7) T.8) F. By CFR Landed is meant that the seller pays for unloading the goods at theport of discharge.9) T.10) F. On FAS terms the seller needs only to put the goods within the reach of theships tackle. He is not responsible for loading the goods on board.III. Judgmenta) Incorrect. On FOB terms the sellers responsibilities end when hedelivers the goods at the port of shipment, that is, at one of the ports inChina.b) Incorrect. On CIF terms the seller pays for transportation and insurancetill the goods reach the destination; the terms should be followed by theport of destination.c) Correct.d) Incorrect. On CIP terms the seller pays for transportation and insurancetill the goods reach the destination; the terms should be followed by theport of destination.e) Correct.f) Correct.g) Incorrect. On FOB terms the sellers responsibilities end when hedelivers the goods at the port of shipment, that is, at one of the ports inChina.h) Incorrect. On DES terms the seller must put the goods under the actualcontrol of the buyer at the port destination; a port of destination shouldbe attached to DES.i) Incorrect. On DDP terms the seller must physically deliver the goods tothe buyer at a named place in the import country, that is, a named placeof destination should be added to DDP terms.j) Correct.IV. Translation1) please refer to INCOTERMs (199002) you must load the goods on board in accordance with the stipulations of theINCOTERMS3) In reference to the consignment of June 54) but our business is on cash payment whether the customs are new or old5) meeting each other halfway and allowing you a 10% discount6) the lowest FOB Liverpool prices of the following articles.7) Our prices are subject to change without notice8) As this is a big order, we hope you can make a 5% discount off the list price9) Because of the frequent change of the market prices, it is not possible for usto keep the prices open for a whole week10) to receive your cable offer of July 15 for 300 dozen shirts of sampleNo.1302 CIF New York at USD 35 per dozenV. Case Study1) It was not right for the buyer not to take delivery of the goods. In this case,the contract concluded between the seller and the buyer was on CIF terms,according to which, the sellers responsibilities ended when he loaded thegoods on board the ship and paid the freight and insurance premium; the riskseparation was the side of the ship; that is to say, the risks were transferred tothe buyer or the other parties concerned after the seller put the goods on boardthe ship. Since the documents presented by the seller were right and proper, theseller could directly get paid form the Issuing Bank of the L/C.However, part of the goods got lost because of rough sea. Does this meanthat the buyer suffered loss? It is definitely not the case because there are othertwo sub-contracts existing on CIF terms-I/P and Bill of Lading. In this case thebuyer could claim damages with the insurance company, but he had to takedelivery of the goods. Obviously, the actual reason for the buyers refusal toaccept the goods in this case was that the prices of the goods were going down.This is, certainly, unjustified.2) In this case the contract was concluded between Company E and CompanyW on FOB term, according to which the seller (Company E) ended hisresponsibilities when he delivered the goods on board the ship at the port ofshipment. He did not need to pay for transportation of the goods or theinsurance premium. Therefore, it was not right for W to ask E to pay thefreight and indicate “Freight Repaid” on the Bill of Lading. The reason why Wasked E to do that might be that he wanted to transfer the freight charges to E.However, in practical dealings, foreign trade companies often comeacross such situations, especially when a contract is concluded with an agent,who wants to resells the goods. In this case, E might comply with Ws request,but he had to indicated that the freight should be borne by W.Chapter5I. Give the Chinese equivalents for the following English terms:1 本身所具有的特性 2 光泽、造型、结构3 耐用性 4 可销售性5 社会属 6 消毒7 适用性 8 卫生9 规格 10 水产品11 跨国公司 12 保证生活质量II. Two columns are given for you to decide which method is best suited for acertain commodity. Please match them.1 A , 2 C, 3 D, 4 E, 5 B, 6 G, 7 F, 8 HIII. 单项选择题1.D 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.A8.C 9.D 10.C 11.C 12.C 13.A 14.B15.B 16.C 17.D 18.B 19.C 20.C 21.D22.D 23.A 24.A 25.D 26.BIV. 多项选择题1.AE 2.ABE 3.ABC 4.CDE 5.AC6.ABD 7.BCE 8.ACDE 9.BD 10.AC11.BC 12.AC 13.BCDE 14.CD 15.AB16.CDE 17.ABCDEV. 案例分析1、答：买方的要求不尽合理。理由如下：采用FOB 术语成交，一般由买方负责租船订舱。卖方可以接受卖方的委托代为租船订舱，但卖方不承担租不到船的责任和风险。就此案例来说，因公司代为租船没有租到，买方又不同意更换条件，因此，该公司不承担因自己未租到船而延误装运的责任，买方也不能因此提出撤消合同。所以，买方的要求不合理，责任和风险应该由买方自己承担。2、答：我方不能因床单受潮而拒付货款，也不能向卖方提出索赔。理由如下：（1）采用CIF 术语成交时，属于象征性交货，卖方是凭单交货，买方是凭单付款，只要卖方如期向买方提交了合同规定的全套合格单据，即使货物在运输途中损坏或灭失，买方也必须旅行付款义务。反之，如果卖方提交的单据不符合要求，即使货物完好无损地运达目的地，买方仍有权拒付货款。就此案例而言，卖方提交了全套合格单据，我方应支付货款。（2）在CIF 条件下，买卖双方风险转移界限以船舷为界。货物越过船舷后的风险应由买方负担。就本案例可以看出，货物越过船舷之前是完好的，因此卖方不承担风险。我方据此不能向卖方提出索赔，可依据所投险别向保险公司提出索赔。3、答：该公司可向卖方提出索赔。理由如下：按CFR 条件成交时，尽管货物在海运途中的风险已转移给买方，但买方为降低自己的风险可办理货运保险，这取决于卖方是否及时向买方发出装运通知。据惯例解释，如果卖方未及时向买方发出装运通知，导致买方未能及时办理保险手续，由此引起的损失由卖方负担。就本案例而言，该公司货物部分丢失是由于卖方未发出装船通知而公司未办理保险手续而引起的损失，故此，该公司应向卖方提出索赔。4、答：此项损失应由买方承担，买方不应该向该公司提出索赔。以CPT 术语成交时，风险转移以货交承运人为界，即卖方将货物交给指定承运人，风险即由卖方转移至买方，