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秸秆切碎机的设计【5张CAD图纸和说明书】

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5张CAD图纸和说明书 秸秆切碎机的设计 5张CAD图纸 CAD图纸和说明书 秸秆粉碎机设计 秸秆粉碎机的设计 张CAD图纸 5张CAD图纸】 秸秆切碎机的设计【 5张CAD图
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1. 引言

1.1 国内外研究现状

我国是农业大国,农作物秸秆资源丰富、种类多、数量大、分布广,开发利用潜力巨大,发展前景十分广阔。改革开放以来,我国对农作物秸秆处理进行了大量的研究工作,其中应用最广泛的是粉碎和切碎机械加工。无论是化学处理还是生物处理,其首先的工序需要将秸秆粉碎或切短。

我国是一个秸秆利用有着悠久历史的国家,自封建社会开始就开始通过不同的方法进行应用。但是国外对于秸秆利用的研究发展时间比较早,技术比较成熟。在美国,利用秸秆破碎榨汁成型机对玉米秸秆进行压榨,为秸秆综合利用开辟了一个新途径。在处理秸秆时,可以将秸秆内的水分和糖分全部榨出,用来生产工业酒精、提取食用素等。同时也可根据实际需要生产出植物纤维粉、燃料棒、饲料颗粒等不同的产品,其中高密度植物纤维粉可以用作造纸业的原料或工业人造板原料,饲料颗粒可以储存用作冬春季节牛羊的饲料;燃料棒经过加工,可制成替代木炭的秸秆炭,成为新的再生燃料能源,在国内外市场有着广泛的市场潜力。

目前,我国已研制出的农作物秸秆加工机械设备可以分为五大类:第一类为秸秆还田设备,就是把作物秸秆整株或秸秆及根茬粉碎后埋入土中,作为肥料还田,用以改善土质。第二类为秸秆饲料加工设备,包括氨化炉、调质机、揉搓机、热喷设备、青贮收获机、压块机等,是通过物理、化学方法对秸秆进行处理,改善秸秆营养价值,提高采食率和消化率。第三类为制炭设备,包括压块机、炭化机等,是将秸秆压制成棒状或块状,经加热、加压使其炭化。第四类为草织设备,如草绳草袋机、秸秆剥皮机等。第五类为秸秆沼气技术及其发电技术的设备,作为清洁能源有广阔的利用和研究前景。

在秸秆的饲料化处理方面,我国农业科技工作者也已经研究一些较为成熟的生产工艺,如秸秆的氨化技术、微生物机械化贮存技术、青贮技术等,也同时开发出了相应的秸秆切碎机、秸秆饲料粉碎机、秸秆饲料揉碎机、调质机、热喷机、压块机、青饲收获机等机械设备。

1.2 秸秆加工机械存在的主要问题及发展趋势

1.2.1 主要问题

(1) 秸秆饲料加工机械无论是在性能上还是在可靠性均较差。切碎机、粉碎机和揉碎机型号繁多、结构大同小异、主要工作部件标准化及通用化程度较低。

(2) 秸秆加工机具主要工作部件制造质量低,不仅每年要耗费大量的优质钢材,而且还影响生产率和秸秆饲料的加工质量。

(3) 目前的机具通用性差。

(4) 秸秆加工机械的工作室大多数采用闭式,结构合理性较低,加工性能较差,生产效率偏低。

1.2.2 发展趋势

(1)进一步改进和完善现有机型,改善加工机的通用性,实现系列化,各种机型的主要工作部件实现标准化。  

(2)提高机械制造质量,延长机械部件的工作寿命。

(3)不断改进粉碎室的结构和性能。设计使用加工质量高、能耗低的开式粉碎室是发展的方向。

(4)逐步实现机械作业的自动化和半自动化,进而降低秸秆加工作业的劳动强度,提高生产率,保证加工质量,朝着大功率、大型联合机械作业方向发展。

(5)应根据作物秸秆的不同和地区特点而设计加工适应性较强的机具。多功能秸秆加工机械以及精加工机械有待于进一步研制和开发。

(6)产品系列化、标准化、通用化,可以满足各种不同农业条件的需要,生产批量易于提高、产品成本易于降低、维修也较方便。

1.3 设计的目的及意义

我国农作物秸秆资源十分丰富。秸秆中含有可消化物质35%~50%,粗蛋白3%~8%,特别适合于喂饲牛、羊等动物。改革开放以来,我国粮食总产量提高很快,但是我国人口多、人均耕地少,不可能提供大量粮食用作饲料,因此,充分利用和开发农作物秸秆饲料,发展“节粮型畜牧业”,特别是对于发展农区秸秆养牛羊等,具有十分重要的意义。

随着我国人口不断增多和耕地的逐年减少,人畜争粮矛盾将日益突出,秸秆作为饲料资源对其有效的利用将是未来农业发展的方向和重大任务之一。

   本次设计的目的是设计出一种对秸秆进行切短的切碎机,要求其结构合理,经济适用,操作方便,易于维护,通用性好。

1.4 设计内容及应达到的技术要求

1.4.1 设计内容

(1)秸秆切碎机整体方案的比较选择及可行性论证;

(2)机架的结构设计;

(3)加工能力范围的确定;

(4)相匹配的动力,选择出合适的电动机;

(5)动力传动装置、输送装置的设计;

(6)非标准件的结构参数的确定;

(7)辅助部件(如外壳)的设计。

1.4.2 技术要求

根据饲养要求,饲料加工方法及配料工艺的不同,应达到如下技术要求: 

(1)切碎长度符合饲养要求,切段太长,不利于牲畜咀嚼,损失浪费严重;切段太短,不仅浪费动力,而且会加速饲料中水分的蒸发和营养物质的损失。通常饲料喂牛时为30-40mm,喂马时为15-25mm,喂羊和猪时为8-20mm;

(2)切碎质量要好,切碎长度均匀,切口平整,而且要有比较高的切碎率;

(3)通用性好,尽可能的适用于多种秸秆的切碎;

(4)喂入卸出自动化,工作安全可靠;

(5)运转均匀,结构简单,维护方便;

(6)效率高、能耗少、使用方便。

1.5 设计的基本依据

1.5.1 功能设计思想

功能上产品必须实现的任务或说是产品的用途,因此必须按照切碎机所要求的任务和目标进行设计,其设计原则有:

(1)保证碎段的均匀性和营养性;

(2)防止附属功能的遗漏(如自动输送、抛送);

(3)尽量减少不必要的功能设置;

(4)注意要求达到基本功能的条件,防止其和具体环境等因素的不协调。

1.5.2 总体设计依据

整个设计的关键之处就在于总体设计,其原则:

(1)系统性,即所设计的是一个系统,应充分考虑系统的特性;(2)布局的合理性,其对后续设计存有重大的影响,应要求达到便于充分发挥功能,整体结构紧凑,层次分明。


内容简介:
Analysis of transformation of numerical control machine tool In order to survival and development of enterprises, improve the rate of CNC machine tools is necessary. Transformation of the equipment needed for NC machine tools in general, including traditional and recently introduced from abroad, due to a problem can not be put into the machine tool equipment and production lines. First, transform the contents of the NC CNC machine tools and production line transformation of the main contents are: (1) restoration of the original function, machine tools, production lines there is some fault diagnosis and recovery; (2) NC-based, in the general machine tools addend remarkable device or add numerical control system; ( 3) The renovation, to improve accuracy, efficiency and degree of automation, mechanical, electrical parts of the renovation, the mechanical part of the re-assembly process, to restore the original precision; can not meet the production requirements of its CNC system be updated with the latest CNC; (4) technology updates or technical innovation, in order to improve performance or grade, or for the use of new technology, new technology, based on the original large-scale technology updates or technical innovation. Second, the development trend of CNC system l. To open, the sixth generation of PC-based direction The openness of the PC-based, low-cost, high reliability, rich in natural resources such as hardware and software features, and more CNC system manufacturer will be to go down this path. At least with PC, as its front-end machines, to deal with man-machine interface, programming, networking and communications issues, the original system to take over some tasks PC CNC machines has the friendly interface, will reach all of the CNC system. The remote communication, remote diagnostics and maintenance of applications will be more common. 2. To the development of high-speed and high precision. 3. To the intelligent direction (1) The application of adaptive control technology. Numerical control system can detect the process of important information and automatically adjust system parameters, improving the system operation status. 2) the introduction of expert systems to guide processing. Will be skilled workers and expertise, processing and general laws and special laws into the system to process parameter database support, establish an artificial intelligence expert system. (3) the introduction of fault diagnosis expert system (4) intelligent digital servo drives. Can automatically identify the load and automatically adjust the parameters of the drive system to get the best state of operation. Third, the choice of numerical control system 1. Open-loop system The systems servo-driven device is a stepper motor, power stepper motors, electro-hydraulic pulse motors. This system does not require position and velocity feedback, displacement accuracy depends mainly on the angular displacement precision stepper motor and gear drive components such as precision screw, so displacement of low accuracy. But the system is simple, debugging easy maintenance, reliable, low cost, easily converted successfully. 2. Closed-loop system The system consists of grating, sensor position detection device synchronization, etc. The actual measured position signal fed back to the computer, compared with a given value, the difference between the two amplification and transformation, driving the implementing agencies in order to eliminate bias. The system complexity, high cost and strict temperature requirements on the environment. But the system of high precision, speed and big power. According to technological requirements and decide whether to adopt. 3. Semi-closed-loop system Semi-closed-loop system detects components installed in the middle of transmission parts, the indirect measurement of the location of the implementation of parts. It can only compensate for part of the components within the system loop error, and therefore its more accurate than the accuracy of closed-loop system is low, but its structure and debugging as compared with the closed-loop system is simple. Current production numerical control system are more companies and manufacturers, foreign companies such as Siemens of Germany, Japan, Fanuc, Inc.; domestic Everest companies such as China, the Beijing Aerospace CNC System Corporation, Huazhong CNC CNC high-grade corporate and Shenyang National Engineering Research Center. Select CNC systems are mainly based on numerical control after transformation to be achieved in a variety of precision machine tools, drive motor power and the users requirements to determine. Fourth, the main steps CNC transformation 1. Determination of rehabilitation programs (1) Mechanical and Electrical Repair transformation combined. Generally speaking, in need of transformation of electrical machines, are in need of mechanical repair. To determine repair requirements, scope and content; have to ascertain the electrical modification of the mechanical structure in need of transformation requirements and content; but also determine the transformation of electrical and mechanical repair, reconstruction staggered between the time requirements. Mechanical properties of intact are electrical transformation success. (2) the easier issues first, after the first partial overall. Determine the transformation step, the whole electrical part of the transformation should be divided into several sub-systems, the basic shape of various systems to be connected after the completion of the whole system work. In each subsystem, we should do first the less technical, workload the larger work, and then do a technical high, requiring fine work, can focus peoples attention to key areas. (3) selection system under conditions of use. For the transformation of the object to determine its environment and conditions, which the selection of electrical system protection, anti-jamming, self-cooling and air filtering performance can provide the correct basis. Electrical system options must also be considered mature products, their performance should be reasonable and practical, there are spare parts to provide maintenance support, features a number of years to meet the current and future development requirements. (4) The implementation and responsibilities of personnel involved in reconstruction. (5) The transformation of the determination of the scope and cycle. 2. Transformation of the technical preparation (1) mechanical parts ready. In line with the transformation of mechanical electrical repairs should be completed in advance. The same time, be demolished and replaced and processing should be part of such advance planning is necessary to properly interface with the entire transformation. (2) The electrical information on the new system to digest. (3) The conversion of the old system interface design. According to the scope of each of the different equipment modification required to pre-designed interface, part of the conversion, if the entire transformation should be designed to convert mechanical and electrical interfaces, operation panel control and configuration, the Internet part of the contact, parameter measurement, the maintenance and so on. Require the operation and maintenance easy and reasonable, alignments, fluent, primary and secondary connection point less electrical interference with the strength of the smallest, with an appropriate margin and so on. Local transformation, but also need to consider the performance of the system match the old and new, the voltage polarity and size of change, the installation location, digital-analog conversion, etc., if necessary, need to create their own interfaces. (4) operation and programming staff technical training. training should cover the new control panel configuration, function and meaning of the instructions; the scope of the new system features, use, and the difference between the old system; maintenance requirements; programming standards and automated programming and more. Focused understood, grasp operating instructions and programming instructions. (5) Debugging steps and acceptance criteria for the determination. Debugging should be done by the project leader carried out with the others. Debugging step can be from simple to complex, from small to large, from outside to inside, you can also after the first local situation, the whole system after the first subsystem. The development of acceptance criteria must be realistic, too high or too low a standard will have a negative impact on the transformation. 3. The implementation of reform (1) The overall maintenance of the machine. The long-term use of the original machine, you need to conduct a comprehensive maintenance. Secondly, the response to machine tools to make a change before the geometric accuracy, dimensional accuracy of measurement, and for the record. In this way pairs of reference to guide the transformation of the role, but also in the transformation of the end for comparison analysis. (2) to retain the electrical adjustment of some of the best. If the electrical system as part of the transformation, in turn, should retain the parts of the maintenance and optimization adjustments, such as high power part of the spare parts replacement, electrical maintenance, drying transformer insulation, pollution, cleaning, ventilation and cooling equipment cleaning, servo Drive optimization adjustments, update aging wires and cables, connectors and other fastening. Only the electrical part of the reservation and do excellent optimization adjustment, in order to ensure that transformed the machine tool have lower failure rates. (3) The original systems were dismantled. The removal of the original system must be controlled carefully to the original drawings in time to make mark in the drawings to prevent the omission or been demolished. In the process of demolition will find some of the new system design in the gaps, it is timely to add and correction. Removed the system should be properly safeguarded in case of unsuccessful reconstruction resume use. There is a definite value, and can be used for spare parts. (4) reasonable arrangements for the location and wiring the new system. Connection must be a clear division of labor, there is one person review the inspection to ensure that the connection process specifications, diameter suitable, correct, reliable and beautiful. (5) debugging. Debug must be pre-established procedures and requirements. Debugging the first to test the safety protection system sensitivity, personal and equipment to prevent accidents. Debugging the site must be clean; the moving coordinate extension units at the center of the whole trip; be able to load test, the first no-load after load; can simulate the experiment, the first real action after simulated; be manual, first manually and automatically. 4. Acceptance and post-work (1) The mechanical properties of machine tool acceptance. Machine tool should meet the requirements of the mechanical properties, geometric accuracy should be within the limits prescribed. (2) The electrical control functions and control accuracy and acceptance. The various functions of electrical control actions must meet the normal, sensitive and reliable. Control precision application system itself functions (such as step size, etc.) and standard measuring apparatus (such as laser interferometer, coordinate measuring machine, etc.) control checks, to reach within a range. Should also be modified before the machine with the functions and accuracy to make comparison, access to quantifiable indicators of difference. (3) The test piece cutting and acceptance. Can refer to the relevant domestic and international standards for CNC cutting specimens, in a qualified operator, the programmer with the trial under the cut. Specimen cutting machine tools can be acceptance of stiffness, cutting force, noise, motion trajectory, related actions, are generally not suitable for specimen use of a product part. (4), drawings, information and acceptance. Machine transformation finished, should be promptly drawings, data, transform the file summary, collate, transfer into the file. This is the future and stable operation of the equipment is very important. (5) Summary and improve. 5, numerical examples of reconstruction 1. Milling machine with the Siemens 810M transformation X53 In 1998, the company invested 200,000 yuan, with Germanys Siemens 810M CNC system, 611A AC servo drive system on the companys X53 model of a milling machine to X, Y, Z three-axis numerical control transformation. Retained the original spindle system and cooling system. -Axis transformation of a ball screw used in the machinery and gear transmission mechanism. The transformation of work includes mechanical design, electrical design, PLC program preparation and debugging, machine tool repair, machine installation and debugging. After transformation, milling, processing and effective travel X, Y, Z axis respectively, 880mm, 270mm, 280mm; maximum speed of X, Y, Z axis respectively, 5 000mm/min, 1 500mm/min, 800mm/min; point moving speed of X, Y, Z axis respectively 3 000mm/min, 1 000mm/min, 500 mm / min; machining accuracy of 0.001 mm. Machine tools, coordinate linkage to be completed by a variety of complex curve or surface processing. 2. GSK980T and stepper drive system with the transformation of C6140 lathe In 1999, the company invested 8 million yuan, with Guangzhou CNC Equipment Factory production GSK980T numerical control system, DY3 hybrid stepper drive unit on the companys a longer C6140 lathe X, Z 2-axis transform. Retained the original spindle system and cooling system. Transformation of two-axis ball screw in the machinery used, and synchronous transmission. The transformation of work includes mechanical design, electrical design, machine overhaul and machine installation and debugging. Lathe After the transformation, processing and effective stroke X, Z axis respectively, 390mm, 1400mm; maximum speed X, Z axis respectively, 1 200mm/min, 3 000mm/min; jog speed 400mm/min; point moving fast X, Z-axis respectively, 1 200mm/min, 3 000mm/min; machine smallest mobile unit 0.001mm. 6, numerical transformation of the issues and recommendations 1. Transformation problems in NC CNC machine tools through several transformation and found work, there are also many problems, mainly reflected in: (a) The departments, developers uncertain functions, organizational chaos, a serious impact on progress in the transformation; (2) to develop the work process and plans are mostly developed rule of thumb, less reasonable; (3) the training of relevant personnel is not in place, resulting in machine tool technology officers will not be modified after programming, the operator of the machine operator unskilled and so on. 2. Transformation of the proposed NC (1) is responsible for transformation of the staff responsibilities of clear penalties and rewards, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the staff; train a batch of high-quality applications and maintenance personnel, training for selected officers to go out and learn the advanced technologies; (2) To focus on users, maintenance of CNC system of technical training, the establishment of numerical control technology at home and abroad resource library. The establishment of technical data files, do the work of spare parts. 分析数控机床改造 为了我国民营企业的生存与发展,提高数控机床的速度是必要的。转型所需的设备一般数控机床,包括传统和最近从国外引进的一个问题,由于不能放入机床设备和生产线。 首先,数控机床和生产线改造的主要内容为:(1)恢复原有的功能、机床、生产线有一些故障诊断和恢复;(2),NC-based一般机床设备或添加加数显著数控系统;(3)改造,提高精度、效率和自动化程度,机械,电气部件的改造、机械部分的维护过程中,才能恢复到最初的辨识精度,不能满足生产要求的数控系统被更新到最新的数控;(4)技术更改或技术创新,以提高性能和品位,或使用新技术、新工艺、新技术,基于最初的大型技术更改或技术创新。 第二,数控系统的发展趋势l.开放、第六代基于pc机的方向基于pc的开放性、低成本、高可靠性、丰富的自然资源,例如硬件和软件数控系统的特点,并将更多厂商下去这条路。至少,作为它的前端与PC机,处理人机界面,编程,网络和通信问题,将原系统接管一些任务电脑数控机床具有界面友好、将达到所有的数控系统。远程通信、远程诊断和维护程序将会有更多的共同之处。2.高速的发展,计算精度高。3.向智能化方向发展(1)自适应控制技术的应用。数控系统可以检测过程中重要的情报,自动调整系统参数,提高整个系统的运行状况。(2)引入专家系统来指导加工。将技术工人和专业知识、加工和一般规律和特殊规律进入系统工艺参数数据库支持,建立一个人工智能专家系统。(3)引入故障诊断专家系统(4)智能数字伺服驱动器。可以自动识别的热负荷及自动调整参数的驱动系统获得最佳的经营状况。 第三,选择不同的数控系统1.开环系统系统的servo-driven装置是一个步进电机、电力,电液步进电机脉冲马达。这个系统并不需要位置与速度反馈、位移精度主要取决于的精密步进电机角位移和齿轮传动部件,如精密螺丝,所以位移精度低。但是系统简单,调试维修方便、可靠、成本低、易于变现的成功。2.闭环系统该系统主要由光栅传感器位置检测装置,同步等。现场实测位置信号反馈到计算机,相比之下,给定值之间的差异,这两个放大与转化;推动执行机构为了消除偏见。该系统的复杂性,成本高,对环境温度要求严格。但是系统精度高、速度和强国。根据工艺要求,并决定是否接受。3.Semi-closed-loop系统Semi-closed-loop侦测元件安装在系统中,间接测量传动部位的路径实施部分。它只能够弥补内组件的一部分系统回路的误差,因而它更精确的闭环系统的精度低,不过,其结构和调试与闭环系统是简单的。目前生产的数控系统制造商,越来越多的公司和外国公司,如德国西门子、日本发那科公司;国内埃佛勒斯峰公司如中国、北京航空公司,华中数控系统的数控CNC高档公司和沈阳国家工程研究中心。选择数控系统中主要采用基于数控改造后成就各类精密机床、电机功率和用户的要求来确定的。 第四,数控改造的主要步骤1.测定的康复程序,(1)机电维修改造相结合。一般来说,需要转换的电气设备,需要机械维修。点检定修要求、范围和内容,以确定其电气改造机械结构需要转换要求和内容;但也决定转化的电气和机械维修、改造交错的时间之间的要求。完整的力学性能是电气改造的成功。(2)问题后更容易第一,第一批的整体。确定改造步伐,整个电气部分改造应分为几个子系统的基本形状,不同系统完成后被连接到整个系统的工作。在每个子系统中,我们应该做的第一件事越少、工作量较大的技术工作,然后做一个技术要求高,做工精细,能集中人们的注意力到关键区。(3)选拔制度的条件下使用。改造为对象的确定其环境和条件的选择,电气系统的保护、抗干扰、自扇冷和空气过滤性能可提供正确的基础。电力系统的选择必须考虑成熟的产品,他们的表现应该是合理和实用的,有备件提供维护支持,具有多年来适应当前和未来的发展要求。(4)实施人员的职责在重建。(5)的转换范围的确定及周期。2.改造的技术准备(1)机械部件准备好了。符合机械电气设备进行维修改造应提前完成。同时,被拆除,取而代之的加工应安排计划的一部分,须妥善界面与整个转型。(2)在新系统电气信息消化。(3)转换的旧体制的界面设计。根据每个人的不同范围设备改造需要预先设计好的界面,部分转换,如果整个转型应该设计转换为机械和电气接口、操作面板控制和配置,互联网的部分接触,参数测量、保养等。要求操作和维修简单、合理、队列、流畅,初级和中级连接点电气干扰少的力量,用一个合适的最小保证金等等。当地的转型,而且要考虑系统的性能匹配旧与新、电压极性及大小的变化,安装位置、信号转换,等等,如果必要的话,需要创建自己的接口。(4)操作和编程人员技术培训。培训应包括新的控制面板配置、作用和意义的指示范围;新系统的特点,使用,和旧制度的区别;保养要求编程标准和自动编程和更多。理解、把握重点操作规程,程序指令。(5)的调试
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