2018届高三英语二轮复习专题三阅读理解第四讲主旨大意题.docx

主旨大意题题型1概括主旨大意类示例(2017全国卷，C)After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populationsmajor food sources(来源) for the wolfgrew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation(植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the parks red foxes, and completely drove away the parks beavers.As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The US. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.8What is the text mainly about?AWildlife research in the United States.BPlant diversity in the Yellowstone area.CThe conflict between farmers and gray wolves.DThe reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.解题思路第一步速读文章，找出本篇主题句After_years_of_heated_debate,_gray_wolves_were_reintroduced_to_Yellowstone_National_Park.第二步对比选项，确定答案关键词复现：wolves;_reintroduced;_Yellowstone_National_Park尝试解答_D_答题技巧1识别题干关键(1)Whats the main idea of the passage/text?(2)Whats the passage/text mainly about?(3)What does the author mainly discuss in the passage/text?2“主题句定位”寻主旨概括文章主旨关键在于查找主题句。主题句是文章的核心，具有明确的概括性。主题句的位置一般有以下几种：(1)主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，用细节来解释或拓展主题句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道、说明文或议论文通常采用这种写法。(2)主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。(3)主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。(4)主题句出现在中间。写作方式为：细节描述归纳主题进一步解释。3找主题句的五个窍门(1)首段转折处常引出文章主题句；(2)主题句常包含文章主题词；(3)主题句常是定义型或总结型的句子；(4)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是主题句；(5)首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容可能是主题句。题型2总结段落大意类示例(2017全国卷，C)Terrafugia Inc.said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehiclenamed the Transitionhas two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1，400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.28What is the first paragraph mainly about?AThe basic data of the Transition.BThe advantages of flying cars.CThe potential market for flying cars.DThe designers of the Transition.解题思路第一步读本段文字，试找出能总结段落大意的关键词has_two_seats;_four_wheels_and_wings;_at_1，400_feet;_reach_around_70_miles_per_hour等。第二步归纳本段大意尝试解答_A_答题技巧1识别题干关键(1)The main idea of the. paragraph is probably _(2)The. paragraph talks about _(3)Whats Paragraph. mainly about?2“首尾兼顾”定选项(1)每个段落通常都有一个中心，段落中心通常会在段首句体现出来。有些采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，段落中心会在段尾句体现。(2)注意某些段落没有明显的段落中心，需根据段落内容概括出中心。题型3标题归纳类示例(2017全国卷，D)The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and wellbeing among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive.Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing invehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.These include custommade navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: “For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.”“But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.”Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains: “The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key stress points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.”“For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined.Were looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.”“We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.”15What is the best title for the text?AA New Model Electric CarBA Solution to Traffic ProblemsCDriving Services for EldersDKeeping Older Drivers on the Road解题思路第一步速读全文，找出本文的信息句，并标出关键词Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing invehicle technologies for older_drivers which they hope could help them to continue_driving into later life.第二步比对选项，确定答案关键词复现：old_drivers；continue尝试解答_D_答题技巧1识别题干关键(1)What is the best title for this passage?(2)The most suitable title of this passage is_(3)Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?2“高度概括”定标题(1)所选文章标题须能概括全文的中心内容。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。为吸引读者的注意，标题往往比较醒目。(2)一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的主题。3文章标题三特点(1)一般为单词、短语或句子形式，短语居多；(2)短小精悍，精确性强；(3)涵盖性强，能覆盖全文大意。状元技法大局为重主旨大意题解题两注意1主旨大意题难度较大，属于区分度很高的选拔性题目。注意无论此类题目出现在什么位置都要最后做，需要通读全文后才能更好地把握文章主题，且文章中其他题目的解答会有助于对主题的理解。2注意主旨大意题干扰项的四个特征(1)范围过大：干扰项所归纳、概括的范围太大。(2)断章取义：干扰项常以文章的个别信息作为选项，或者以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。(3)以偏概全：干扰项只反映了文章的部分内容，也就是范围太小。(4)无中生有：干扰项的内容和文章的内容毫无联系。,学生用书P53 )A(2017云南昆明高三质检)Two weeks ago, a 7yearold girl, Chloe Bridgewater wrote a letter to Google, expressing her interest in working for the tech company when she gets older. “Dear Google boss, my name is Chloe and when I am bigger I would like a job with Google, ” she wrote. “I also want to work in a chocolate factory and do swimming in the Olympics.” The student said she liked computers and had a tablet she played games on. She even showed off a robot game that her dad gave her.It wasnt long before Sundar Pichai, CEO of Google, replied with his own letter on Google website. In a letter dated Feb. 3, Pichai wrote, “Dear Chloe, Im glad that you like computers and robots, and hope that you will continue to learn about technology. I think if you keep working hard and follow your dreams, you can accomplish everything you set your mind to. I look forward to receiving your job application when you are finished with school! ”Her father, Andy Bridgewater told ABC News he was completely shocked that his daughter received a reply. But he wasnt surprised that she decided to write the letter in the first place. “Shes got determination. She doesnt see the barriers that we face every day，” he explained.“If she wants to do it, she will set out to do it and nothing will stop her.”The father remarked that his daughter began jumping up and down after receiving the letter. Still, hes not in a rush to send his eldest daughter off to work. “Now, my daughter is confident, although she hasnt yet fully understood that it will take more efforts than finishing her study to make it with Google，” he said.解题导语本文是一篇记叙文，七岁女孩Chloe Bridgewater给谷歌CEO Sundar Pichai写信，没想到却收到了Sundar的回信。1Chloes letter to Pichai shows us that she_.Aexpects to be one of the Google membersBhas a talent for making robotsCmakes up her mind to study hardDburies herself in computer gamesA解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句中的“when I am bigger I would like a job with Google”可知，她写信给谷歌CEO是希望长大后能在谷歌工作，故A项正确。2We can know from the text that_Athe girl wrote the letter to Pichai on February 3Bthere are two children in Bridgewaters familyCAndy didnt expect a reply from Pichai at allDGoogle is sure to hire Chloe after her graduationC解析：推理判断题。根据第三段的第一句“Her father, Andy Bridgewater told ABC News he was completely shocked that his daughter received a reply.”可知，Andy对于他的女儿能收到回信很惊讶，据此可推知，Andy根本没有指望会收到谷歌CEO的回信，故C项正确。3What is the main idea of the text?AA 7yearold girl gets a job with Google.BCEO of Google responds to a girls letter.CA father forbids his girl to work for Google.DGoogle decides to employ its youngest clerk.B解析：主旨大意题。本文主要讲述七岁女孩Chloe Bridgewater给谷歌CEO写信，希望长大后在谷歌公司工作，没想到谷歌CEO给她回了信，鼓励她努力学习，实现梦想。故选B项。B(2017江西名校联盟检测)Several decades ago, educators in the USA began to call attention to a national problem: most students leave American schools without the mathematical skills needed for jobs or for higher education.This was especially true for female and minority students.The Educational Testing Service reported that, in an international survey, American teenagers had the lowest math scores.This situation has been defined as “innumeracy”， or the inability to grasp the basic idea of mathematics.Mathematicians, teachers, and scientists were alarmed by these findings.They looked for the reasons and decided that, in addition to poor education, there are many psychological blocks.Embarrassment about not knowing math can lead to fear in the classroom.Fear can lead to silence because students do not want to draw attention to their lack of knowledge.As a result, those students fall further and further behind.Low_visibility_in_the_classroom_has_not_always_been_recognized_as_a_silent_call_for_help.Math educators decided to try to change that.Math reform is beginning with the educators themselves.Teachers are now being trained to recognize and to help students work through “math anxiety”the roadblock on their way to gaining competence in mathematics.In addition, math textbooks are being updated to help students understand that math is not a sort of foreign language of numbers.Math is a tool that helps us to analyze patterns and structures, and to discover relationships.Traditional computing skills of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are still being taught, of course. However, there is added emphasis on logical thinking and creative problem solving, to which there may be several equally valid solutions.解题导语本文讲述了美国学生无法掌握数学基本概念的现象、原因及相应的对策。4What does the underlined sentence probably mean?AStudents with low scores fear to ask their teachers for help.BPoor equipment in classrooms limits teens chances to learn.CMath anxiety, hardly noticed, is actually a silent call for help.DPoorsighted students cant see clearly, which is a silent call for help.C解析：句意理解题。根据上下文及画线句前面的“Embarrassment about not knowing math can lead to fear in the classroom.Fear can lead to silence because students do not want to draw attention to their lack of knowledge.”可知，学生会因自己不懂某些数学知识感到尴尬，而这又会使他们产生恐惧心理，恐惧可能导致沉默，因为学生不想让人注意到自己知识匮乏，相应地，老师也就会忽略学生这方面的不足，由此可知，C项最能传达该画线句的含义。5Which may lead to American students innumeracy?AThe methods of teaching.BThe difficulty of math itself.CStudents lack of interest in math.DSchools not attaching enough value to it.A解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“in addition to poor education”及第四段的内容尤其是“Math reform is beginning with the educators themselves.Teachers are now being trained to recognize and to help students.gaining competence in mathematics.”可知，教学方法可能是美国学生不能掌握数学基本概念的原因。6What may be discussed in the following paragraph?AWhat to be taught in Americas revised math programs.BHow to make math reform actually benefit American students.CHow to improve teens logical thinking and problemsolving abilities.DWhy traditional computing skills are necessary in mathematics education.C解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“there is added emphasis on logical thinking and creative problem solving, to which there may be several equally valid solutions”可知，文章接下来可能会陈述有关怎样提高学生的逻辑思维能力及创造性地解决问题的能力方面的内容，故选C。7What is the passage mainly about?AMathematic skills needed for higher education.BThe features of Americas mathematics education.CImprovements in mathematics education in the US.DThe importance of mathematics education in the US.C解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文作者就美国学生无法掌握数学基本概念的现象、原因及相应的对策进行了陈述，故C项最能概括文章的主要内容。专题强化训练15主旨大意题概括主旨大意/段落大意类学生用书P105(单独成册)A(2017长春监测)Life in the Internet age is lonelyor is it? Thats what experts in human interaction are debating after a new Stanford University survey has been published.According to the study, the more time people spend online, the less they can spare for reallife relationships with family and friends. The researchers asked 113 people about the Webs influence on daily activities. 36% of those people are online for more than five hours a week. “As Internet use becomes more widespread, it will have an increasingly isolating(孤立的) effect on society，”says Robert Kraut, one of the researchers.Scholars and Web lovers criticized the study for stretching its data to make the “isolating” point. While 13% of regular Web users admitted the loss of time with loved ones，60% reported watching less TV. The survey also shows that email is the most popular online activity. If some of webheads(网虫) spend what was once passive TV time keeping company with friends via emails, “thats a move toward greater connectedness，” says Paul Resnick，a professor at the University of Michigan.This isnt the first claim that the Web should be criticized. A 1998 report monitored 73 Pittsburgharea families Internet use for a year. People who used the Internet more “talked less to family members and reported being lonelier and more depressed，” says Robert Kraut.“Its true that there have been big declines in social connectedness over the past decades, but those declines began before the Internet was invented，” says Thomas Putnam.As Amitay Etzioni says, the Internet gives us a different kind of social lifenot better or worse than before, but just different.解题导语本文介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究，即网络是否会导致社会孤立以及来自社会各界的讨论。1Who claimed that the Web had negative influence?ARobert Kraut.BPaul Resnick.CThomas Putnam. DAmitay Etzioni.A解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“As Internet use becomes more widespread, it will have an increasingly isolating(孤立的) effect on society，”says Robert Kraut, one of the researchers.可知，罗伯特克劳特认为随着网络使用越来越广泛，网络会导致社会孤立效应。故选A项。2The underlined word “This” in Para.4 refers to _Athe study conducted by Stanford UniversityBthe survey made by the University of MichiganCthe conclusion in a report written in 1998Dthe opinion expressed in Bowling AloneA解析：词义猜测题。画线词所在句句意为：这不是第一次有人称网络应该受到批评。这仍然是罗伯特克劳特的观点，也就是斯坦福大学开展的调查研究的结果。故选A项。3From the passage we learn that _Awatching TV used to take time away from staying onlineB36% of Web users spend more than five hours a week onlineCthe Web was blamed more than once for causing an isolating effectDthe Web has the same influence as the telephone and the televisionC解析：推理判断题。根据文章第四段第一句This isnt the first claim that the Web should be criticized.可知，因为网络使人们之间的联系减少，不止一次有人对此进行谴责。故选C项。4The passage mainly discusses _Ahow we can make a better use of the InternetBwhether the Internet causes an isolating effectChow declines in social connectedness appearDwhat a different life the Internet brings to usB解析：主旨大意题。文章以一项调查研究入题，进行了关于网络是否会导致社会孤立效应的讨论。故选B项。B(2017广东佛山检测)The times are changing. On Thursday October 13th, singersongwriter Bob Dylan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, marking the first time the highlyeyedon literary award has gone to someone who is mainly seen as a musician, and giving rise to heated discussions.The 75yearold won the prize “for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition”， the Swedish Academy said.“For 54 years he has been at it, reinventing himself，” said Sara Danius, the academys permanent secretary. “Bob Dylan writes poetry for the ear. But its perfectly fine to read his works as poetry.”And while many Dylans fans have found great delight at the news, others online and in the literary community are_cross_with the Committee, saying the award has skipped over fiction writers for the second year.New York Times Book Review editor Pamela Paul said it was good news but pointed out how many “deserving” novelists there are.Director Martin Scorsese put out a statement saying he was “overjoyed” that Dylan was awarded the prize.“Dylans poetry, his musical genius, has meant so much to me personally and to generations of people around the world，” Scorsese said. “His work