2018年高考英语二轮复习专题04动词及动词短语讲学案含解析.docx

专题04 动词及动词短语动词及其词组的灵活运用是英语的特色之一，也是学生学习中的难点，因此每年均为测试的重点。在历年高考试题中动词所占的比例最大，设题时往往都是给出四个不同的动词或短语来测试考生在具体语境中对动词(短语)意义的理解和运用。其考点主要包括：1考查动词词义辨析。包括常见动词用法辨析、近义词辨析、词形相近词辨析和用法相近词辨析。2考查动词短语辨析。主要包括同根动词短语的辨 析、同根介词或副词的动词短语的辨析、 不同动词构成的动词短语的辨析以及“动词副词介词”短语的辨析。在动词词组的测试中，绝大多数为基础动词，出现频率较高的词有：get，turn，make，put，go，give，break， cut，come，look，keep，bring，show，pick，hold， fall，carry，pull，catch，call，take等。高考对动词、动词短语的考查，除了考查其基本含义辨析外，更注重动词(短语)的新义和引申义，如：polish抛光， 磨光(本意)修正，文饰(引申); sniff嗅，闻(本意)鄙视地说，嗤之以鼻(引申); stir移动，搅拌(本意)煽动(引申); break down发生故障，失灵，失效(本意)坍塌，崩溃，瓦解，中断，中止(引申)，同时还有“恸哭”之意； look into向里面看(本意)调查， 研究(引申)，同时还有“浏览”之意； work out的基本意思为“解决， 算出， 制订出”，较生意思为“锻炼”。3.考查系动词、半系动词用法。动词作系动词用时，后面常接形容词、名词、分词和不定式等，此时动词没有进行时和被动语态。这类动词有：appear, become, feel, look, sound, seem, taste, prove, remain, stay, smell, grow, turn, go, come, fall, stand, lie, exist等。此外，一些无被动语态形式的“个性”动词(短语)也是学习的重点，如belong to(属于)，witness(见证，目击)等。考点一：高考常考的几组动词词义辨析1injure，hurt，wound，destroyinjure一般指在意外事故中受伤hurt是表示“伤害”的一般用法，既可指对肉体的伤害，也可指对情感的伤害wound常指外伤，尤指在战争、战斗中造成的伤害destroy一般指彻底损坏，常译成“毁坏，损坏”I didnt want to hurt his feelings.我不想伤害他的感情。He was wounded in the battle.他在战斗中负过伤。2beat，hit，strike，defeat，winbeat表示“(尤指用棍或其他硬物)接连地打，击”，还可表示“打败，胜过”hit表示对准目标打一下，强调击中strike表示突然性或一次性的击打defeat(beat)是指“击败，战胜”，宾语通常是人或集体win是“(在中)获胜”或“赢”的意思，宾语通常为war，match，game，prize，medal，respect，battle等名词Our team beat the American team by eight.我们队以超过美国队八分的成绩战胜了。She hit him out of anger.她生气地打了他一下。The tower was struck by lightning.该塔被闪电击中了。He defeated all the other participants and won the prize.他击败了其他参赛者，获了奖。3adopt，attach，adapt，adjustadoptvt. 采取，采纳；收养，领养attachvt. 把附(在上)；重视attach much importance to. 非常重视adaptvt. 适应；adapt oneself to 适应于adjustvt. 适应，调整；adjust oneself to 适应于This kind of desk can be adjusted to the height you need; besides, it is not expensive at all.这个桌子可以根据你需要的高度而调整，而且一点也不贵。Recently, to maintain national balance, the Chinese government has adopted a policy of encouraging college graduates to take positions in rural areas.为了保持平衡，中国政府最近通过了一项鼓励大学毕业生去农村就业的政策。Parents attach much importance to education. They will do their best to give their children that priceless gift.父母亲都非常重视教育。他们会尽自己最大的努力给予孩子们无价的馈赠。考点二：高考常考的动词短语辨析1breakbreak away from. 脱离，奋力挣脱break down 出故障，累垮，分解break in 打断，插话，强行进入break into. 闯入，破门而入break out (战争、火灾等)突然发生，爆发break through 突围，冲破，突破break up 分解，分裂，拆散，碎开If you go on working like that, you will break down sooner or later.如果你继续像那样工作，迟早你会累垮的。2bringbring about 引起，导致，使发生bring in 引进(技术)，赚钱，带来(收入)bring up 抚养，培养，哺育bring down/up (the price) 使降低，减少，降价/提价比较：(prices) go down/up (价格)下降/上涨bring out 拿出，出版，生产，揭露，阐明，使表现出The government has taken measures to bring down the high prices of daily goods to keep the market stable.政府已经采取措施降低日用品价格以保持市场稳定。3callcall at (someplace) 访问(某地)，拜访(某地)比较：call on(sb.) 拜访(某人)，访问(某人)call back 回电话call in 请来，召集call off 取消call on/upon 号召call up 给打电话，使人想起call for 提倡，号召，要求，需要，去接某人The scene of the children playing happily in the park called up memories of her childhood.孩子们在公园高兴玩耍的场景勾起了她对童年的回忆。4comecome about 发生，产生come across 偶然相遇come on 过来，跟我来，加油，来吧，赶快come out 露出，出来，出现，出版，发(芽)，(花)开come up 被提出，上来，走近，上升，长出来come up with. 提出，想出(主意)，找出(答案)，赶上come into being 形成come into use 投入使用If you come across faults but you still want the bicycle, ask the shop assistant to reduce the price.如果你发现你想要买的这辆自行车有瑕疵，但是你仍想买这辆，就让服务员降价。5getget away from 逃脱，逃离get away with 做了坏事而未受惩罚get down to (doing) sth. 开始(做)某事get in 进入，收割，达到get over 克服，恢复get across 理解，(使)渡过get through 接通(电话)，完成(工作)，通过(考试)After that，he knew he could get through any emergency by doing what he could to the best of his ability.在此之后，他知道只要尽全力就能成功应对一切紧急事件。6givegive away 赠送，给予，背弃，泄露，分发give in 投降，让步，屈服give back 归还，送回give off 释放，放出(烟、光、热等)give out 用完，耗尽，分发，发放give up 放弃，辞去He said he wasnt disappointed at the result of the final exam, but the look on his face gave himself away.他说他对期末考试的结果不失望，但是他脸上的表情出卖了他。7gogo against 违反，违背go over 复习，重温，仔细检查，审阅go by 走过，经过，(时间)消逝，过去go out 熄灭，出去，外出go without 没有也行，没有也能勉强应付go through 通过，经受，浏览，仔细检查I always start the day by going through my email.我每天第一件事就是要看电子邮件。8holdhold back 隐瞒；控制(情感)hold out 维持；抵抗；硬撑hold up 使耽搁hold on 坚持；别挂(电话)hold together 团结一致hold on to 保留，抓住不放Id hold on to that house for the time being; house prices are rising sharply at the moment.我目前要守住这套房子，这段时间房价涨得很快。9looklook back on. 回顾，回忆look on 旁观，观望look into. 往里面看，浏览，调查look out 留神，当心，注意，警惕，提防look through 看透，仔细查看，浏览，翻阅，温习look up仰视，往上看，(在字典或参考书中)查阅，查询The authorities will look into the case further before they can come to a conclusion about it.官方要对此案做进一步调查才能得出结论。10makemake the best of 充分利用make up for 补偿，弥补make out 辨认出make fun of 取笑make up ones mind 下定决心make sense 有道理(意义)，讲得通make good/full use of 充分利用make up 编造；组成；构成；补齐，凑足The boy is working harder than ever，hoping to make up the time he has wasted playing online games.为了把浪费在网络游戏上的时间弥补回来，男孩比之前学习更努力。11putput away 将某物收拾起来，存钱，储存put down 扑灭，镇压，记下put forward 提出，建议put off 延期，拖延put on (戏)上演，穿上，戴上put out 扑灭，熄灭，出版，生产put up 挂起，张贴，搭起，建立put up with 忍受，容忍Why do we have to put up with Susans selfish behavior? We have to teach her to care for others.为什么我们要忍受苏珊的自私行为？我们得教她关心别人。He decided that he would drive all the way home instead of putting up at a hotel for the night。他决定当晚直接开车回家，而不住旅馆。12setset about doing sth.set out to do sth. 着手/开始做某事set aside 留出，搁/放在一边set off 出发，启程，引起爆炸，激起，引起set out (for.) 动身去()set up 创立，设立，开办，竖起，支起The couple set aside some money every month for their future use even though their income can only make ends meet.这对夫妻每个月都存一些钱以备将来使用，尽管他们的收入只能使他们勉强维持生计。例1、（2013湖北，26)In much of the animal world, night is the time _ for sleeppure and simple.Aset aside Bset down Cset off Dset up答案：A根据句意：在动物界，夜晚就是留出来睡觉的单纯、简单。A. set aside留出来，B. set down记下，写下，C. set off出发，动身，D. set up成立，建立。可知A正确。13taketake in 吸收，接纳，欺骗take on 呈现，雇用take over 继承，接管，接替take up 从事，开始，专注于，占去(时间、空间、地位等)take off (飞机)起飞，脱掉(衣帽/鞋)，成名，成功，事业转机，生意起色Some insects take on the colour of their surroundings to protect themselves.有些昆虫为了自我保护会随着周围环境改变自身颜色。14turnturn down 拒绝；调低turn in 上交turn out 结果是，证明是turn over 移交，交给turn up 出现；调高turn off 关掉turn on 打开turn away 走开turn to 求助于；翻到You look upset. Whats the matter?I had my proposal turned down again.你看上去很伤心，怎么了？我的建议再次被拒绝了。考点三：动词的熟词生义很多动词都有些平时考试中很少考到的用法，出题人往往在此处设陷阱。1address vt. 向发表演说；直接向说话(熟义：n.地址 v. 写地址)It is said that our headmaster will address the meeting.据说我们的校长将在会议上发表演说。2act vi. 起作用(熟义：行动)It takes a couple of minutes for the drug to act.药物需要几分钟起作用。3drive v. 迫使某人(做不好的事)(熟义；驾驶)Hunger drove her to steal.饥饿迫使她偷窃。4escape v. 被忘掉；被忽视(熟义：v. 逃跑；逃脱)His name escapes me for the moment.此刻我忘记了他的名字。5fail v. 不足，缺乏；忽略；衰退(熟义：失败，不及格)Our water supply failed.我们供水不足了。He never fails to write to his mother every month.他从来不忘记每月写信给他的母亲。6introduce v. 以开始(熟义：介绍，引进)He introduced his speech with a joke.他的演讲以一个笑话开始。7knock vt. 批评，说不好(熟义：敲，打)The critics knocked his latest play.评论家抨击了他最近的戏剧。8labour vi. 费力地行走，干苦活(熟义：劳动)They laboured through the thick forest and up the steep hill.他们艰难地穿行于茂密的森林，攀登于峻峭的山岭。9admit vt. 允许进入，容纳(熟义：承认)The servant opened the door and admitted me into the house.仆人打开门，并请我进去。The theatre only admits 1,000 persons.这个剧场只能容纳一千人。10back vt. 支持(熟义：n.背，后面)Many of his friends backed his plan.他的许多朋友支持他的计划。11count vi. 重要；vt. 认为 熟义：数(数目)Every minute counts.每分每秒都重要。On the whole she counted herself a fortunate wife.总的说来，她自认为还是一个幸运的妻子。12cover v. 走完(一段路)，够付(费用)，看完(多少页书)；涉及；报道(熟义：覆盖)Here is 5; that should cover all your expenses.这儿有5英镑，应该够你的费用。13develop vt. 染上，冲洗，开发(熟义：发展)The year she was born her father developed a rare disease called lupus.她出生的这一年，她的父亲得了一种称为狼疮的罕见疾病。14employ vt. 使用，采取(熟义：雇佣)The country employed a new policy.这个国家采取了一种新的政策。15freeze v. 不许动，停止走动(熟义：冻结，冻冰)Freeze! Drop your arms!不许动，放下武器！16figure v. 认为，想像(熟义：n.数字；雕塑，人物)She figured that she would be next.她认为她可能就是下一个。17fine v. & n. 罚款(熟义：adj. 好的，晴朗的)He was fined $200.他被罚了200美元。18head v. 动身去(熟义：头)The ship was heading for Shanghai.这艘船开往上海。19jump n. & vi. (大幅度)上涨(熟义：跳)Last week the price of goods jumped.上周物价急剧上涨。20lay vt. 向提出；制定(熟义：放，摆设，生蛋)The prisoner laid an escape plan.那个囚犯制定了一个越狱计划。考点一 动词词义辨析例1【2016浙江】14. When the time came to make the final decision for a course , I decided to apply for the one that _my interest.A. limited B. reserved C. reflected D. spoiled【答案】C【解析】句意：当最后决定课程的时候到了，我决定申请能反映我兴趣的课程。A.限制；B.保留；C.反映，反射；D.宠坏。故选C。【考点】考查动词辨析。【变式探究】While intelligent people can often _ the complex, a fool is more likely to complicate the simple.Asacrifice BsubstituteCsimplify Dsurvive【解析】选C句意：聪明的人常常能把复杂的事情简单化，而愚蠢的人更可能把简单的问题复杂化。根据句意可知，这里用simplify与后面的the simple对应，the complex与后面的complicate呼应。sacrifice“牺牲”；substitute“代替”；survive“幸存”。【举一反三】A good listener takes part in the conversation, _ ideas and raising questions to keep the talk flowing.Arealizing BcopyingCoffering Dmisunderstanding【解析】选C句意：善于倾听的人在谈话的时候，往往会提出想法和问题，从而使得谈话能流畅地进行下去。offer“提供，主动提出”，符合句意。realize“意识到”；copy“复制”；misunderstand“误解”。考点二 动词短语辨析例2（2017天津）Mr. and Mrs. Brown would like to see their daughter _, get married, and have kids.A. settled down B. keep off C. get up D. cut in【答案】A【变式探究】【2016江苏】30.Many businesses started up by college students have_thanks to the comfortable climatefor business creation.A.fallen offB.taken offC.turned offD.left off【答案】B【解析】考查动词短语辨析。短语fall off跌落，下降；take off起飞，成功，受欢迎；turn off关闭；leave off停止，中断；句意：由于良好的创业环境，很多大学生创办的生意都很成功。根据句意可知B正确。【考点】考查动词短语辨析【变式探究】Mother always complains that children _ their shoes very quickly.Afind out Bwash outCwear out Dset out【解析】选C句意：母亲总是抱怨孩子们的鞋很快就穿破了。wear out“用坏，(使)磨损”，符合语境。find out“查明”；wash out“把洗掉”；set out“启程，动身”。【举一反三】Butterflies _ a sweet liquid produced by flowers, which bees and other insects collect.Acarry on Bfeed onCput on Dfocus on【解析】选B句意：蝴蝶以花产生的一种甜甜的液体为食，蜜蜂和别的昆虫则采集这种液体。carry on“继续”；feed on“以为食物”；put on“上演，穿上”；focus on“集中(注意力、精力等于上)”。根据句意可知应选B。1（2017天津）Mr. and Mrs. Brown would like to see their daughter _, get married, and have kids.A. settled down B. keep off C. get up D. cut in【答案】A2.（2017全国3）ATorontomanisofferingafreeroundworldairtotherightwoman.But_apply.YoumustbenamedElizabethGallahgherandhaveaCandian_ .Jordan Axani, 28, said he and his then girlfriend, Elizabeth Gallagher, booked heavily discounted round-the-world air tickets in May, but their _ ended and he did not want her ticket to _. The ticket had a strict no-transfer（不可转让）_, but since passport information was not required when _ , any Canadian Elizabeth Gallagher can _ it. “I just want to see the ticket go to good use and for someone to _ a lot of joy,” said Axani. He posted his _ on a social networking website, and received thousands of e-mails, including thirty from actual Elizabeth Gallagbers with the _ passports, “More _ , there are hundreds of Canadians who are interested in _ their name to Elizabeth Gallagher,” Axani said. “It was absolutely out of _ , thousands of e-mails, people around the world _ their stories of travel.”Axani wrote in his post that he is not _ anything in return and that the woman who uses the _ticket can choose to either travel with him or _ the ticket and travel on her own.The _ is scheduled to start on December 21 in New York City and continue on to Milan, Prague, Paris, Bangkok and New Delhi before _ in Toronto on January 8. He said the _ woman will be announced on the website and the trip will be shared online.1A. benefits B. deposits C. retrictions D. examinations2A. orgin B. passport C. accent D. firend3A. holiday B. marriage C. dream D. relationship4A. go to waste B. come to mind C. go no sale D. come into effect5A. policy B. order C. parment D. schedule6A. applying B. booking C. checking D. bargaining7A. use B. borrow C. choose D. buy8A. sacrifice B. express C. experience D. provide9A. answer B. advice C. offer D. comment10A. same B. right C. now D. real11A. interesting B. annoying C. satisfying D. convincing12A. writing B. giving C. lending D. changing13A. touch B. question C. date D. control14A. admiring B. advertising C. sharing D. doubting15A. leaving B. looking for C. losing D. dealing with16A. leaving B. looking for C. losing D. dealing with17A. return B. take C. reserve D. hide18A. interview B. program C. trip D. meeting19A. ending B. calling C. repeating D. staying20A. honored B. lovely C. intelligent D. lucky【答案】1C2A3B4D5A6B7A8C9B10C11A12D13C14D15B16C17B18C19A20D【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，介绍了一个加拿大青年在和女朋友分手后，希望免费赠送自己为女朋友低价购买的环球航空旅行票的故事，体现了年轻人无私的精神。1 考查名词。A. benefits利益；B. deposits押金；C. restrictions限制；D. examinations考试。根据后句内容You must be named Elizabeth Gallagher and have a Canadian 42 可知申请免费环球旅行是有条件限制的，需要是名叫Elizabeth Gallagher、有加拿大护照的女子。3考查名词。A. holiday假期；B. marriage婚姻；C. dream梦想；D. relationship关系。根据下文Jordan Axani转让机票可知他和女朋友关系结束了。4考查动词短语。A. go to waste浪费；B. come to mind想到；C. go on sale开始销售；D. come into effect 开始生效。根据下文I just want to see the ticket go to good use and for someone to 48 a lot of joy可知他之所以想把票赠送给同名的人，目的是不想浪费掉机票。故选A。5 考查名词。A. policy政策；B. order命令；C. payment付款；D. schedule 计划，时间表。机票都是实名制，而且不可以转让，根据常识和语境可知这是一种政策。故选A。6 考查动词。A. applying申请；B. booking预订；C. checking核实；D. bargaining讨价还价。虽然机票不可转让，但是在预订的时候不需要护照的具体信息，因此在预订后这张机票可以给姓名相同的人使用。故选B。7考查动词。A use 使用 B borrow 借用 C choose 选择 D buy 购买。根据上文的介绍可知，因为护照信息没有登记，所以任何一个叫Elizabeth Gallagher，而且拥有加拿大护照的人都可以用这张票。8考查动词。A. sacrifice 牺牲B. express 表达C. experience 经历D. provide 提供。人们如果能提供免费的环球旅行，当然会享受很多乐趣。9考查名词。A. answer 答案B. advice 建议C. offer 提供D. comment评论。根据上文可知Jordan Axani在社交网站上贴出的是自己的提议，即免费送机票。10考查形容词。A. same同样的B. right正确的C. new新的 D. real真的。根据空前actually Elizabeth Gallagher 以及文章首段对申请这张免费机票的要求可知，这里是指申请者中包括30位同名且拥有正确护照的人。11 考查形容词。A. interesting有趣的；B. annoying令人恼火的；C. satisfying令人满意的；D. convincing令人信服的。根据空后的内容可知有数百人想改名字，这当然是一件很有趣的事情。13考查名词。A. touch触动；B. question问题；C. date日期；D. control控制。根据后句内容可知，世界上的很多人都知道这件事，如果允许人们改名字的话，那么事情就会无法控制。14考查动词。A. admiring羡慕；B. advertising 广告；C. sharing分享；D. doubting怀疑。根据上文可知Jordan Axani收到了数千封邮件，所以很多人都分享他们的旅行故事。15考查动词。A. leaving 离开；B. looking for 寻找；C. losing失去；D. dealing with 对付。根据文章首段的首句可知Jordan Axani是免费送给别人他多余的票，而不求回报。16请在此填写小题的解析! 考查形容词。A. single 单一的；B. strange奇怪的；C. regular定期的；D. extra额外的。根据第二段可知Jordan Axani在和女朋友分手后，女朋友的机票就是多余出来的了。17请在此填写小题的解析! 考查动词。A. return 回去；B. take拿走；C. reserve保留；D. hide隐藏。根据空后内容and travel on her own可知，申请到票的人可以和他一起旅行，也可以拿着票自己去旅行。18请在此填写小题的解析! 考查名词。A. interview采访；B. program项目；C. trip旅行；D. meeting会面。根据第三段末句their stories of travel可知，Jordan Axani是在赠送环球旅行的飞机票。19考查动词。A. ending结尾；B. calling 打电话；C. repeating 重复；D. staying停留。根据句意可知旅行是December 21从纽约出发，途经米兰、布拉格等多个城市，最后到达多伦多，结束旅行。20考查形容词。A. honored 感到光荣的；B. lovely可爱的；C. intelligent聪明的；D. lucky幸运的。文章介绍了Jordan Axani免费赠送环球旅行的机票的故事，所以能选上的人是幸运的人。1.【2016江苏】33.Parents should actively urge their children to_the opportunity to join sports teams.A. gain admission to B. keep track of C. take advantage ofD. give rise to【答案】C【解析】考查短语辨析。动词短语gain admission to 获准进入；keep track of记录；take advantage of利用；give rise to引起；句意：父母亲应该积极鼓励孩子抓住机会参加体育活动。根据句意可知C项正确。【考点】考查短语辨析2.【2016天津】12. Im going to _ advantage of this tour to explore the history of the castle.A. put B. make C. take D. give【答案】C【考点】考查动词和短语。3.【2016浙江】8. We can achieve a lot when we learn to let our differences unite , rather than _ us.A. divide B. reject C. control D. abandon【答案】A【解析】句意：当我们学会让我们的差异联合起来而不是将我们分离的时候，我们就获得很多。A.将分开；B.拒绝，拒收；C.控制；D.放弃。根据语境，故选A。【考点】考查动词辨析。1.(2015浙江，7)Body language can give a lot about your mood，so standing with your arms folded can send out a signal that you are being defensive.【解析】句意：身势语能够清楚地泄露出你的情绪，因此双臂交叉站着则表示你具有防御性。考查动词短语。give away泄露，符合语境。【答案】away2.(2015江苏，27)The university started some new language programs to cater the countrys Silk Road Economic Belt.【解析】句意：大学开始开设一些新的语言项目，以迎合中国的丝绸之路经济带。考查动词短语。cater for 迎合，满足所需。【答案】for3.(2015江苏，29)The whole team count Cristiano Ronaldo, and he seldom lets them down.【解析】句意：整个团队依靠Cristians Donald，他很少让他们失望。考查动词短语。count on依靠，指望。【答案】on4.(2015湖北，25)There is no doubt that this candidates advantage lies his ability to communicate with foreigners in English.【解析】句意：毫无疑问，这位候选人的优势在于他能用英语与外国人沟通的能力。考查动词短语。lie in在于。【答案】in5.(2015湖北，26)Dont worry.Im sure your missing glasses will turn sooner or later.【解析】句意：别担心。我相信你丢失的眼镜迟早会找到的。考查动词短语。turn up出现；发生；开大；发现。【答案】up6.(2015陕西，25)Peter will take his post as the head of the travel agency at the end of next month.【答案】up7.(2015天津，10)Tom had to turn the invitation to the party last weekend because he was too busy.【解析】句意：因为太忙了，上周末汤姆不得不拒绝聚会的邀请。考查动词短语。turn down拒绝，符合语境。【答案】down8.(2015福建，25)It is said