新视角研究生英语读说写2ReadingandReciting翻译.doc

新视野研究生英语读说写2 英语原文加翻译1 大学课堂：还有人在听吗？The lecture system ultimately harms professors as well. It reduces feedback to a minimum, so that the lecturer can neither judge how well students understand the material nor benefit from their questions or comments. Questions that require the speaker to clarify obscure points and comments that challenge sloppily constructed arguments are indispensable to scholarship. Without them, the liveliest mind can atrophy. Undergraduates may not be able to make telling contributions very often, but lecturing insulates a professor even from the beginners naive question that could have triggered a fruitful line of thought.讲课制度最终也会危害到教授们。反馈减少到了最低点，因此讲课者既不能判断学生对材料的了解程度，也不能受益于学生的提问或评论。学生要求说话者澄清模糊论点所提出的问题，以及挑战结构松散的论据的评论，这对于学术是必不可少的。没有这些，最活跃的头脑也会萎缩。大学生也许还不能够常常做出显著的贡献，但是讲课把教授同新生天真的问题阻隔开了，而这些问题很可能会引起一系列思考。Smaller classes in which students are required to involve themselves in discussion put an end to students passivity. Students become actively involved when forced to question their own ideas as well as their instructors. their listening skills improve dramatically in the excitement of intellectual give-and-take with their instructors and yellow students. Such interchanges help professors do their job better because they allow them to discover who knows whatbefore final exams, not after. When exams are given in this type of course, they can require analysis and synthesis from the students, not empty memorization. Classes like this require energy, imagination, and commitment from professors, all of which can be exhausting. But they compel students to share responsibility for their own intellectual growth.如果班级较小又要求学生参加讨论，这就会消除学生的被动性。学生被迫对他们自己和老师的思想表示怀疑时，他们就变得主动参与了。他们听的技巧在与老师和同学的学术交流所带来的刺激中大大得到提高。这种交替互动能够帮助教师做得更好，因为他们会发现谁知道什么-在期末考试前，而不是之后。这种形式的课程考试要求学生分析和综合，而不是空洞的记忆。这样的课程需要教授们的活力、想象力和投入，所有这些都会令人精疲力竭的。但是，这也使得学生为他们自己 的学术成长分担责任。2 家与旅行Margaret MeadForme,movingandstayingathome,travelingandarriving,areallofapiece.TheworldisfullofhomesinwhichIhavelivedforaday,amonth,ayear,or,muchlonger.HowmuchIcareaboutahomeisnotmeasuredbythemeanmoretomethanmanymonthsinaroomafireplace,aroominwhichmylifehasbeenpacedlessexcitingly.对我来说，搬家和待在家里，旅行到达某处是一样的。世界各处都有我的家，可能我住过一天，一个月，一年或更长的时间。我在一个家居住的时间长短并不是衡量我是否喜欢它的标准。在一个有跳跃火苗的房间里仅住一题名带给我的意义也行远远大于在一个没有壁炉的房间里生活数月，因为在这样的房间里我的生活节奏会缺少一些刺激。13、Taken altogether, the things that mattered a great deal to me when I was a child are very few when I compare them to the overloaded tables and overcrowded shelves through which children today have to thread their way. Only if they are very fortunate will they be able to weave together into memories the ill-assorted mass of gadgets, toys, and easily forgotten objects, objects without a past or a future, and piles of snapshots that will be replaced by new, brightly colored snapshots next year.现在的孩子书桌和书架上都堆满了东西。和他们比起来，童年时对我有意义的东西加在一起也没有几件。但是只有当他们非常幸运的时候，他们记忆中才有可能出现那些杂乱无章的小玩意、玩具、容易被人遗忘的没有过去和未来的东西和一叠叠第二年就会被更新更好看的照片所取代的照片。3 濒危物种vs.人类需求Martha Grace LowThemostcommonwaythatweendangerotherspeciesisbydestroyingtheirnaturalhabitats.Wedothiswhenwecutdownforests,clearlandforcrops,buildtowns,damrivers,drainswaplandsofwaterandthenfillthemwithdirtforconstruction,andwhenwepollutetheair,thewater,thesoil.Mostspeciesarehabitat-specific;thatis,theydependontheparticularofferingsofaspecificenvironment,andtheycannotsimplymovetothenextproviceorstateandadaptaswecan.Thegreatestdiversityoflife-formsonourplanetarefoundinthetropicalrainforests,yettheyaredisappearingfasterthananyotherhabitatattherateofabout50millionacres(20millionhectares)peryear.Thelossoftherainforestwouldmeanthelossofmostofthespeciesthatmaketheirhomesinthem.我们危及其它物种最通常的方式是毁坏他们的自然生存环境。当我们砍伐森林、开垦耕地、建造城镇、修筑水坝，为了建设房屋而排掉沼泽地里的水，填土造地；或者当我们污染空气、水、土壤的时候，我们都是在毁坏其他物种的自然生存环境。大多数物种需要特定的生存环境，也就是说它们依赖特定的环境所提供的特定的东西而生存。它们不能象我们人类一样能到另一个省或州去适应新的生活。地球上物种最多的地方是热带雨林，但是它们的消失速度比其它任何生存环境都快-每年大约5千万英亩（2千万公顷）。雨林的消失也许意味着大多数以雨林为栖息地的物种的消失。12、If we turn from medicines to food sources ,we find that over 50percent of todays global food supply consists of just three grains -wheat,rice and corn .if climatic changes or a plant disease suddenly threatened one of these grains .many people would starve unless we could find another species to strengthen or replace it ,It is dangerous to be so dependent on such a small number of species we need to preserve a wider variety of food species .如果我们撇开医学而转谈食物来源，我们发现，目前全球食品供应的50%以上只包括三种谷类植物麦子、稻子、玉米。如果气候变化或植物疾病突然威胁到这些谷类植物当中的一个。那么许多人就会挨饿，除非我们能找到其他物种来加强或替换它。人类对少数物种对的过于依赖是很危险的。我们需要保护广泛的植物种类来作为食物来源。13、Finally ,a very important reason for preserving forestland is that plants produce the oxygen that animals (like us )breathe ,and forests produce more of the worlds oxygen than any other environment ,Forests also make the air more humid ,producing rain;and the loss of forests leads to the process of desertification -the creation of deserts where little will grow. 最后还有一个保护森林的非常重要的原因，就是植物生产动物（如我们）呼吸的氧气，并且森林产出的氧气比其他任何环境都多。森林还使空气更加潮湿，并带来降雨；森林的消失会导致沙漠化，也就是形成几乎没有任何植物生长的沙漠。4 当看音乐电视长大的一代成为首席执行官Susan M.Keaveney6、Many Gen Xers excel at developing innovative solutions, but need clear, firm deadlines to set boundaries on their creative freedom. They have been known to bristle under micromanagement but flourish with coaching and feedback.许多X一代人擅长提出创新性的解决办法，但是他们需要清楚明确的期限来约束他们创造的自由。众所周知的是：凡事必亲躬的微观管理会惹怒X一代人，但是施以指导和提供反馈信息却能使他们成功。9、Gen X employees dont live to work, they work to live. They place a high value on prototypical family values that they feel they missed. Having observed their parents trade personal lives for “the good of the company,” this group wants balance in their lives, demanding time for work, play, family, friends, and spirituality. Gen X employees are skeptical of forgoing the needs of today for a later, uncertain payoff.X一代员工不是活着为了工作，而是为了生活而工作。他们非常重视他们认为曾经错过的典型的家庭观念。曾经目睹他们的父母为了公司的利益而牺牲了个人生活，这代人想要的是生活的平衡。他们需要时间来满足工作、玩乐、家庭、朋友以及精神的需求。对于为了将来未知的回报而放弃现在的需求，X一代员工是深表怀疑的。26、Before mid-millennium, Gen Xers will be the CEOs of the future. This is a time when Gen Xs visionary qualities will be most valued by firms. Will their anger with pollution, devastation of natural resources, and waste inspire them to responsible environmental stewardship？Will their disgust with corruption and scandal stimulate ethical corporate leadership? Will their experiences as the forgotten generation motivate them to create supportive corporate cultures? Will their experiences as a marginal group help them to envision, and sponsor, corporate cultural diversity? Only time will tell.到21世纪中叶，X一代人将成为未来的首席执行官。那时，X一代人的远见将最为受到公司的重视。他们对于污染、自然资源遭到破坏及浪费等问题的愤怒是否会促使他们成为更负责任的环境保护者呢？他们对于腐败和丑闻的厌恶是否会激发他们成为更有职业道德的公司领导者呢？他们作为被遗忘的一代的经历是否会驱使他们创造对员工有更多支持和帮助的公司文化呢？他们作为边缘群体的经历是否会有助于他们设想并支持公司文化的多样性呢？只有时间可以回答这些问题。Uint sixAmbitionandItsEnemies雄心和它的敌人1、America is a nation of ambitious people, and yet ambition is a quality that is hard to praise and easy to deplore. Its a great engine of American creativity, but it also can be an unrelenting oppressor, which robs us of time and peace of mind. 美利坚是一个雄心勃勃的民族，然而雄心这种品质却很少受到赞赏，更多受到的是谴责。它是激发美国人创造力的巨大动力，但是也会是一个残酷的压迫者，剥夺我们的1992时间和平和的心态，11、Few of us escape ambitions wounds. There are damaged dreams, abandoned projects and missed promotions. Most of us face the pressures of balancing competing demands between our inner selves and outer lives. A society that peddles so many extravagant promises sows much disappointment. Ambition is bitter as often as sweet; but without it, wed be sunk.很少有人能逃脱雄心的伤害。有破灭的梦想，放弃的计划和失去的升迁机会。我们大多数人都要面对平衡内心思想、情感和现实生活之间矛盾的压力。一个宣扬这么多不切实际的承诺的谁会导致了很多的失望。雄心往往是苦涩的，正如它往往是甜蜜的一样。但是，没有了它，我们会彻底毁灭。7 网络空间：如果你不喜欢它，就离开它Something in the American psyche loves new frontiers. we hanker after wide-open spaces; we like to explore; we like to make rules but refuse to follow them. But in this age its hard to find a place where you can go and be yourself without worrying about the neighbors.在灵魂深处，美国人喜欢新的疆界。我们渴望广阔的空间；我们喜欢探索；我们新欢制定规则。然而在现在这个时代，政治正确（言行避免有歧视之嫌）和其他束缚正在侵犯我们国民所崇尚的独立精神，你很难可以找到一个可以去放松自己而不担心邻居打扰的地方。In the end, our society needs to grow up. Growing up means understanding that there are no perfect answers, no all-purpose solutions, no government-sanctioned safe havens. We havent created a perfect society on earth, and we wont have one in cyberspace either. But at least we can have individual choice-and individual responsibility.最后，我们的社会需要成熟起来。成熟意味着认识到不存在完美的答案，不存在能够满足各类人群需要的解决方法，不存在政府批准的安全避风港。我们还没有在地球上建立一个完美的社会，我们同样也无法在网络空间建立一个完美的社会。但是至少我们可以拥有个人的选择和个人的责任。Andfinally,wetendtostereotypebecauseithelpsusmakesenseoutofahighlyconfusingworld,aworldwhichWilliamJamesoncedescribedasonegreat,blooming,buzzingconfusion.Itisacuriousfactthatifwedontknowwhatwerelookingat,weareoftenquiteliterallyunabletoseewhatwerelookingat.Peoplewhorecovertheirsightafteralifetimeofblindnessactuallycannotatfirsttellatrianglefromasquare.Avisitortoafactoryseesonlynoisychaoswherethesuperintendentseesaperfectlysynchronizedflowofwork.AsWalterLippmannhassaid,Forthemostpartwedonotfirstsee,andthendefine;wedefinefirst,andthenwesee.最后，我们选择模式化还因为它帮助我们认识让人高度困惑的世界。威廉詹姆斯曾将世界描述为“一个巨大的、茁壮成长的、膨胀的谜团”。一个奇怪的事实是如果我们不知道我们看的东西，我们通常压根就看不懂它。那些一直失明的人在恢复视力后一开始时甚至不能区分三角形和正方形。一位工厂的游客只能看到混乱的景象，而管理者看到的则是工作在完全标准化的进行。正如李普曼先生所言：“在大多数时候，我们不是先观察再定义；我们先下定义，再去观察”。Stereotypesareonewayinwhichwedefinetheworldinordertoseeit.Theyclassifytheinfinitevarietyofhumanbeingsintoaconvenienthandfuloftypestowardswhomwelearntoactinstereotypedfashion.Lifewouldbeawearingprocessifwehadtostartfromscratchwitheachandeveryhumancontact.Stereotypeseconomizeonourmentaleffortbycoveringuptheblooming,buzzingconfusionwithbigrecognizablecut-outs.Theysaveusthetroubleoffindingoutwhattheworldisliketheygiveititsaccustomedlook.模式化正是我们我们为了观察世界而给其下定义的一种方式。它们将各种各样的人类划分为常规的几种类型，然后再对这几种类型进行模式化的对待。如果我们和每个人交往时都要从零开始，生活将变得疲惫不堪。模式化通过用大而易识别的图案覆盖发展、膨胀的谜团来使我们的精力付出有效率。它们免去了我们发现世界是什么样的麻烦，它们给出了世界的常规样子。9 道德观与竞争Ethicsandcompetitivenessareinseparable.Wecompeteasasociety.Nosocietyanywherewillcompeteverylongorsuccessfullywithpeoplestabbingeachotherintheback;withpeopletryingtostealfromeachother;witheverythingrequiringnotarizedconfirmationbecauseyoucanttrusttheotherfellow;witheverylittlesquabbleendinginlitigation;andwithgovernmentwritingreamsofregulatorylegislation,tyingbusinesshandandfoottokeepithonest.道德与竞争是密不