大学英语电子教案2.doc

第二章 语法知识历次考试语法考测重点v 主要是考察一些基础语法v 一些难点考试中较少涉及： 如：虚拟语气、倒装句、复杂的从句（同位语从句、让步状语从句）、分词短语、比较偏的辨析等等语法知识讲解及练习一 动词的基本时态知识要点1一般现在时态形式为do 或does （第三人称单数）。通常表示客观事实或真理；或表示经常发生的、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。e.g. The earth moves around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。He always goes to school by bike.他总是骑车去上学。（特别提醒：.一般现在时可以代替将来时，用于时间和条件状语从句中。）e.g. Please be sure to telephone me the next time you come. 下次来之前请一定给我来电话。2一般过去时态形式为did. 表示过去时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，常与过去特定的时间状语连用；或表示过去某一段时间一直持续或反复发生的动作，可与表示频度的时间副词连用。e.g. I bought this computer five years ago.He often took a walk after supper when he was alive.3一般将来时态形式为will / shall do 或 be going to do. 表示在未来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。 e.g. The telephone is ringing. I will answer it.电话在响，我去接。4现在进行时态 形式为is/am/are+ doing，表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。e.g. The police are looking for the two missing children.警察们正在寻找两个丢失的孩子。5过去进行时态 形式为 was/were + doing，表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。e.g. Jane burnt her hand when she was cooking the dinner.6现在完成时态形式为have / has done，常与already，never，ever, yet连用。用来表示过去发生的对现在有影响的动作。e.g. The milk has already become undrinkable 牛奶已经不能喝了。或者表示过去某时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。e.g. He has lived here since 1949.自从1949年以来，他一直住在这儿。7过去完成时形式为had done. 表示在过去某一时刻以前已经开始并一直延续到这一时刻、或是在此刻前已经完成的动作。e.g. By the end of last term we had learned 1000 English words.到上学期末我们已经学了1000个英语单词。例题讲解1）Ever since the Smiths moved to the suburbs a year ago they better health. A. could have enjoyedB. had enjoyedC. have been enjoyingD. are enjoying解析：史密斯夫妇一年前搬到郊外是过去的事，他们身体更健康是从那以后一直到现在存 在而且还要存在下去的事，所以用现在完成进行时。答案是C。2）Her sun-tanned face suggested that she in excellent health. A. beB. isC. wasD. were解析：关键词是“suggested”，如果作“建议”讲，后面应使用虚拟语态用A ；但作“暗示/提示”讲，就不该用虚拟语态，”suggested”用的是过去时，为求时态一致性，答案是C。3）Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university _ . A. has been acceptedB. have been acceptedC. was accepted D. were accepted解析：答案A, B都是完成时被动式，C, D都是过去时被动式。题干“who had applied/递 了申请”动作在前，是过去完成时，“被接受”的动作在后，当然应该用完成时，所以答案是B。二动词的语态动词的语态表示主语和谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。被动语态的形式：be+过去分词；通常当不知道或不必知道动作的执行者时；当强调动作的承受者时；或者当不愿意说出动作的执行者时用被动语态。例如 His life story is well known to all the neighbors. The TV was turned on and everybody sat there, watching it. 例题讲解If the building project by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined. A. being completed B. is completedC. to be completed D. completed解析：题干中“project”是主语，“is delayed”是谓语，所以名词“project”的动词“complete”只能用它的不定式形式作定语，又因为名词“project/工程” 与动词 “complete/完成”之间是被动关系，故只能用C答案。三非谓语动词在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词；有一般时、进行时和完成时三种形式以及相应的主动与被动语态。知识要点1动词不定式和动名词都可作主语。e.g. Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。To refuse him is not easy this time. 这次很难拒绝他。注意：常用it作形式主语，而将动词不定式放在谓语后面。e.g. It is human to want something better. 精益求精是人的特性。2动词不定式和动名词都可作宾语。1）有些及物动词只能用不定式作宾语，如：hope，want，wish，decide，manage等：e.g. We all hope to see you. 我们都希望见到你。2）有些及物动词只能用动名词作宾语，如：finish, avoid, enjoy, mind, insist on 等：e.g. He has finished doing his work.他已经干完了他的工作。3）有的及物动词既可用不定式，也可用动名词，但其意义有所不同。如：remember, forget, regret, stop e.g. I forgot to take aspirin this morning. 我上午忘了吃阿斯匹林了（但现在想起来了）。I forgot taking aspirin and took it again a few minutes ago. 我忘了吃过阿司匹林，几分钟以前又吃了一次。3动词不定式和分词作补足语。e.g. I saw the boy climb the wall. 我看见小孩爬墙了。（强调爬墙这件事）I saw the boy climbing the wall.我看见小孩在爬墙。（强调爬墙的情景）注意：现在分词作补足语，它与被补足的词之间是主动关系；过去分次作补足语，它与被补足的词之间是被动关系。如：e.g. I heard someone calling me. I heard my name called. 我听见有人喊我。4非谓语动词作状语时，尤其是分词作状语时，要注意分词的逻辑主语必须和句子的主语一致。现在分词表示的动作和句子的主语之间是主动关系，过去分词表示的动作和句子的主语间是被动关系。e.g. Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。Seen from the hill, our school looks more beautiful.从小山上看，我们学校显得更美丽了。5非谓语动词也有否定结构和时态/语态。非谓语动词的否定结构是在它们前面加not来构成。e.g. They decide not to go.他们决定不去。Toms not passing the exam made his father very angry.汤姆考试没有及格，这令他父亲非常生气。 Having finished the work he went home.干完活后他回家了。（分词having finished发生在went前）6. 独立主格：当伴随的情况中的主语与主句中的主语不一致时，伴随情况从句要：1）带有逻辑上的主语，2）逻辑主语的谓语部分不同于一般的动词，而使用分词(-ing 或-ed)。3）不要连词。 比较：Because my mother is sick, I cannot attend the conference. My mother being sick, I cannot attend the conference. Because my arm was injured, I cannot attend the conference. My arm injured, I cannot attend the conference. _, we decided to leave at once, as we didnt want to risk missing the bus. A. As it being pretty late B .It being pretty late C. It was being pretty late D. Being pretty late 时间已晚，我们决定立即动身，因为我们不想错过这班公交车。 题中原句的意思是： it is pretty late, 用来说明我们为什么要立即动身的理由，有三种办法表达这种意思：1） 用原因状语从句 Since it is pretty late, we decided to 2）分两句讲：It is pretty late. We decided to 3） 用独立主格：It (指时间) being pretty late, we decided to 例题讲解1.Air pollution , this city is still a good place to live in. A. being greatly reduced B. greatly being reducedC. to greatly reduce D. greatly to reduce解析：选A，使“Air pollution being greatly reduced,” 成为一个独立主格结构，“air” 与分词 “being reduced” 是被动关系。2. Jean, did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _ for her examination. A. to prepareB. to be preparedC. preparing D. being prepared解析：“be + busy” 属于只能接续动名词的结构，故选C。四虚拟语气虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达说话人的主观愿望和假想虚拟的情况。知识要点1虚拟语气用于if引导的条件状语从句表示对不可能发生的事实的一种假设；或对已经发生过的事实进行一种相反情况的假设； 时 间从句谓语形式主句谓语形式虚拟现在时（与现在事实相反）动词的过去式（be一般用were)should (would, could,might )+动词原形虚拟过去时（与过去事实相反）had doneshould (would, could,might )+have done虚拟将来时（与将来事实可能相反） 动词过去式should+动词原形were to+动词原形should (would, could,might )+动词原形 2虚拟语气用在表示要求、命令、建议语气的词引导的从句中：（1）用在动词suggest（建议）, order（命令）, insist（坚持）, require（需要）, demand（要求），propose（提议）等引导的宾语从句以及它们相应的名词suggestion，order，insistence，demand，proposal 后面的表语和同位语从句中谓语要用“（should）+动词原形” e.g. He suggested that we（should）start now. 他建议我们现在就开始。My suggestion is that we（should）send a few people to help the other groups.我的建议是我们派几个人去帮助别的小组。（2）用在“It +be+ natural（necessary，strange，important，essential以及insisted，suggested，ordered）+that”结构中的that引导的主语从句以及它们相应的名词（引导的表语和同位语从句中；从句的谓语用“（should）+动词原形”e.g. Its necessary that you should be present at the meeting. 你有必要参加会议。例题讲解1 .If the whole program before hand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. A. was not planned B. were not plannedC. would not be planned D. had not been planned解析：这是一句对已经发生的事进行与事实相反方向的推测，主句的结论“would have been lost”/（大量时间和金钱）就会损失，时态是过去时，前面从句的时态也应用过去时，同时，“program/项目”与“plan/计划”是被动关系，故选D。2.This is a very difficult operation, It is essential that you for emergency. A. are to be prepared B. would preparedC. be prepared D. must be prepared解析：这句的关键词时“essential”, 后面的主语从句应该用虚拟语态 “should + V” , “should” 有时可省略，故用C 3. He told me how he had given me shelter and protection without which I of hunger.（统考用书模拟题2）A. would be diedB. would die C. would have died D. will die解析：这句也是对已过去发生的事“我还活着”进行与事实相反方向的推测“已经死了”，只是虚拟条件句用了一个介词短语“without which(指提供住所与保护)”来代替，故选择C。 五从句知识要点：复合句中的从句除了经常用that作为引导词外，也常用疑问词（what, which, why, where, how, who等等）来引导。 1名词从句1）在句中起名词作用的从句称为名词从句，可以在句中作主语、宾语或介词宾语、表语、同位语等。名词性从句通常由that, whether/if, 疑问词（which, what, why, how等）以及连接词（whenever“无论什么时候”, whatever“无论什么”等）引导。e.g. That she doesnt understand spoken English is obvious. 很明显她不懂口语。（主从）I think (that) he is a good actor. 我知道他是个好演员。（宾从）The truth is that he is only eighteen. 事实是他只有18岁。（表从）The fact that Ann was late didnt surprise me. 安迟到的事实我不足为奇。（同位语从句）2）由whether / if 引导的名词性从句：whether / if表示“是否”的意思。e.g. Whether she goes with us (or not) is not important to me. 她是否和我们一起去对我而言不重要。（主语从句）I dont know whether/if he will come. 我不知道他来不来。（宾语从句）3）由疑问词引导的名词性从句：疑问词引导名词性从句时，在从句中担任语法成分，而且常保留其本身的含义。e.g. Why they left the country is a secret. 他们为什么要离开乡下是个秘密。（主从） She explained to him how he can start the car. 她向他解释他怎样才能启动这汽车。（宾从） The question was who owned the house. 问题是谁是那房子的主人。（表从）2定语从句1）在句子中作定语的从句称为定语从句。 e.g. He is the person who / that is going to give a concert on the century square. 先行词 关联词他是那个要在世纪广场上举行音乐会的人。 2）关联词在定语从句中充当一定成分， 关系代词：常见的有which, that, who, whom, whose。 who 作主语：指人：who, whom whom 作宾语指物：which 作主语或宾语 that 作主语或宾语指人或物：that, whosewhose 作定语e.g. A man who does not try to learn from others cannot hope to achieve much. 一个不向别人学习的人是不能指望有多大成就的。（作主语） The engineers (whom / that) we met yesterday have worked out a new machine. 我们昨天碰到的那些工程设计出了一种新的机器。（作宾语） It is a problem which needs very careful consideration. 这是一个需要非常认真考虑的问题。（作主语） Madame Curie is a great scientist whose name is known all over the world. 居里夫人是一位全世界闻名的伟大科学家。（作定语） 关系副词：常见的有when, where, why等。分别作时间、地点、原因状语。e.g. We can never forget the day when Hong Kong returned to out homeland. 我们永远不会忘记香港回归祖国的那一天。（作时间状语） The building where you used to live has been pulled down. 你过去曾住过的那栋大厦已经被拆除了。（作地点状语） We know the reason why he was very angry. 我们知道他为什么非常生气。（作原因状语，其先行词一般是reason）3状语从句用作状语的从句称为状语从句。它主要用于修饰句子中的谓语动词，从各个方面来修饰、说明谓语动词发生时的各种情况。状语从句的廉洁副词有很多，比如when（当时候）while（当时候）, as（正当时）, every time（每当）, before（在以前）, since（自以来）, until / till（直到）, hardly when（刚就），because （因为）, as（在.时候；像一样；因为）, since（既然，自从），if（如果）, though（虽然）, as, than等等。e.g.1）When she woke up, she found everybody had gone. 她醒来时，她发现大家都走了。 2）Dont try to get on the train until / till it stops.等火车停下来再上车。3）Wherever I go, I will bring a umbrella with me. 我不管到哪，都会带上一把伞。 4）He was worried because he hadnt had any letter form his child. 他很着急，因为他一直没有收到他孩子的信。 5）Ill ring him up at once so that he shouldnt wait for me. 我马上给他挂电话以便他别等我了。 6）If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to the country. 如果明天天气晴，我们就到乡下去。 7）Although he is little, he is strong. 他人虽小，但他很壮。 8）I admire and respect you more than everybody else (did). 我比其他的人都更钦佩和尊敬您。例题讲解1.I am very grateful to you what youve given me and you have done for me. A. whichB. thatC. all whatD. all that解析：选。后面“you have done for me” 也是个定语从句。“that” 引导词，修饰“all”2. we have achieved is attributed to the guidance of our parents. A. WhoeverB. WhateverC. HoweverD. Whichever解析：选，这样“Whatever we have achieved无论我们成就了什么构成一个主语从句, “whoever”（无论谁），表人，不能用, “however”（无论怎样）是副词，不能用, “whichever”（无论哪一几个）3.Scientists say it may be five or ten years _ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. A. sinceB. beforeC. after D. when解析：四个连接词都可以连接一个状语从句，但意义各不相同，只有 before” 才表示了“五，六年时间”与“在病人身上试验这种药物”之间正确的时间关系，故选。4. Before her marriage, she spent a considerable time in that very part of Shanghai, _ she belonged. A. which B. to where C. to which D. at which 解析：这是有关介词+定语从句的一道题。 Belong to 是固定搭配，“属于”。 所以选C。六 倒装句知识要点：1.倒装是指将句子的谓语动词或其助动词放在主语之前。 e.g. Then began a war between two countries. 于是两国之间开始了战争。（全部倒装） Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here. 我们难得像在这里这么舒服。（部分倒装）2.常用倒装的两种情况：1)出于句子结构的需要e.g. There are many beautiful flowers on the table. 桌上有许多美丽的花。e.g. Tom can speak English. So can Jack. 汤姆会讲英语，杰克也会2)出于强调：never, seldom, little, nor, hardly(when), scarcely(when), no sooner(than), not only, not until等表示否定的副词或连词位于句首时；例题讲解1.Hardly ever get a