词语用法与语法结构.doc

第二部分 语法结构从以下几个方面强化语法知识：第一节 谓语动词第二节 非谓语动词第三节 各种从句第四节 强调句型第五节 倒装结构第六节 反意疑问句每节结束后我们会配以一定数量的练习，帮助读者更好地掌握该部分内容。一谓语动词时态，语态，语气，情态动词，以及主谓一致1.1动词的时态动词的时态指的是作谓语的动词用来表示动作或状态发生时间的各种形式。共有16中英语的动词时态。现 在过 去将 来1. 一般现在时5. 一般过去时8. 一般将来时一般过去将来时2. 现在进行时6. 过去进行时将来进行时过去将来进行时3. 现在完成时7. 过去完成时9. 将来完成时过去将来完成时4. 现在完成进行时过去完成进行时 将来完成进行时过去将来完成进行时备注：编有号码的时态为重点。（一）、一般现在式1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态：常和always，usually，often，sometimes，every day, every week的等时间状语连用。例：He goes to work every day. 他每天去上班。2、表示普遍的真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。例：The earth is round.地球是圆的。3、有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。例：I dont think you are right.我以为你错了。4、在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作：常用的连词有as soon as，when，until，if。我们在此引用三道真题。例（1）When are you going to visit your uncle in Chicago?As soon as _ our work for tomorrow.A. were completeB. wed completeC. well completeD. we complete例（2）They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they _their exams.A. have finished B. finish C. finished D. was finishing例（3）When the mixture _, it will give off a powerful force.A. will heat B. will be heatedC. is heated D. has heated (二) 、现在进行时1、表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作。例：The teacher is talking with his students. 老师正在与学生们谈话。2、表示现阶段正在进行的动作。例：I am attending a conference in New York. 我正在纽约参加一个会议。(三)、现在完成时1、表示动作刚刚结束（常和just, now, already, yet等词连用）；或表示动作的结果（一般不用时间状语）。例（1）Li Ming has just turned off the light.李明刚刚把灯关上。（说明现在灯已经关上了）例（2）I have lost my pen.我把笔丢了。（说明过去某时丢的，现在我还没有找到这支笔。）2、表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在，并且可能会继续延续下去（常用since引导的短语或从句，或由for引导的短语连用）。例（1）He has _ the army for ten years and is now an officer.A. gone intoB. joined inC. been inD. come into（【答案】C）（1995年49题）他入伍十年，现为军官。（现在还在军中。）例（2）Theyve known each other since childhood. 他们从小认识。（现在还继续来往）3、非延续性动词和it is +时间+since.（过去时）英语中有些动词不能延续，因此不能和表示延续的时间状语连用(如for ten years)。下题是非常典型的例子。例（1）It is ten years since he left home and joined the army.他入伍离乡已十年。对非延续性动词，表达完成事态时常用it is +时间+since 的句型代替，从句用过去时态。4、have（has）been to和have（has）gone to的区别have（has ）been to：去过某地（表示某人的一种经历），可以和once，twice，often，never，ever连用。have（has）gone to：去某地了（表示某人已经离开此地，在去某地的路途上或已在某地，所以一般来说此句型只用于第三人称），此句型不能与上述时间状语连用。（1）He has gone to America.他已经去了美国。（现在不在此地）（2）He has been to America twice. 他（曾经）去过美国两次。(四)、现在完成进行时表示从过去某时一直延续到现在的一个动作，这个动作一般会继续延续下去，或是到说话时结束，但是强调到说话时为止一直在做的动作。例（1）：I _ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.A. was knockingB. am knockingC. knockingD. have been knocking（【答案】D）（1998年49题）now一词表示敲门动作持续进行一直到现在。例（2）Since he left the university, he _ in an accounting company. A. has been working B. had worked C. had been working D. was working（【答案】A）（2006年4月16题）表示自大学毕业起一直在会计公司工作。(五)、一般过去时：（本书后面附有不规则动词变化表，请同学们熟练掌握之）1、表示过去的动作或状态：常和具体的过去时间状语连用，如just now, last year, when I was 18 years old等。例：Youve already missed too many classes this term .You _ two classes just last week.A. missedB. would missC. had missedD. have missed（【答案】A）（1995年59题）2、used to do sth：过去常常做例：I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。（意味着现在不在早晨散步了。）(六)、过去进行时1、表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常需用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断时间。例：He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night.昨天晚上七点到九点他正在做作业。2、when 和while 的用法区别when表示一个特定时间点，其所引导的句子用过去时，while 表示持续的一段时间，其所引导的句子用过去进行时。例（1）I fell and hurt myself while I _tennis.A. was playing B. am playingC. play D. played（【答案】A）（1998年43题）例（2）When you _ this over with her, you should not see her any more.A. talk B. talked C. will talk D. talking（答案为B）（1999年35题）例（3）One of the guards _ when the general came in, which made him very angry.A. has slept B. were sleepingC. slept D. was sleeping（答案为D）（1996年23题）3、过去进行时表示过去将来的动作。现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，同样，过去进行时也可以表示从过去某时间看将来要发生的动作。例：He went to see Xiao Li. He was leaving early the next morning.他去看小李。他第二天一早就要离开此地了。(七)、过去完成时1、表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作（即过去的过去）。这个过去的某一时间可用by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。例（1）When I went to visit Mrs. Smith last week, I was told she _ two days before.A. has left B. was leaving C. would leave D. had left（【答案】D）（2003年11月40题）例（2）About the sixth century A.D. when few Europeans could read, the Chinese _ paper.A. inventedB. had inventedC. have inventedD. had been invented（【答案】B）（1997年35题）2、表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去的时间的动作。例：The chemistry class _ for five minutes when we hurried there.A. had been onB. was onC. has been onD. would be on（【答案】A）（1995年24题）3、在含有before, after, as soon as 等连词引导的状语从句的复合句中，由于连词本身可以明确表示动作发生的先后顺序，因此，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时表示，而不用过去完成时。例：I called him as soon as I arrived.我刚一到就给他打电话。4、过去完成时常用在no sooner than, hardly/scarcely/barelywhen，一就。句型之中，句子倒装。例（1）No sooner had we sat down _ we found it was time to go.A. thanB. whenC. asD. while（答案为A）（1997年50题）例（2）Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out.他刚打开门，蜡烛就被一阵风吹灭了。(八)、一般将来时1、will（shall）+原形动词：表示将来的动作或状态。例：He will come and help you. 他会来帮助你的。2、be going to +动词原形：表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。例：Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个讲座吗？3、be to +动词原形：表示安排或计划好了的动作。例：The Five-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day. 五环路将在国庆节前通车。4、be about to +动词原形：表示即将发生的动作。例：The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。5、某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如：go ,come, start, arrive, leave 等的现在进行时可表示将来。（1）We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天动身去北京。（2）The foreign guests are arriving in Shanghai tonight. 外宾今晚到达上海。1.2.1 被动语态考试重点：感官动词和使役动词的被动语态；动词短语的被动语态；情态动词的被动语态；用主动表示被动的含义。另外，本书后面还附有常见不规则动词变化表，请同学们下功夫掌握熟练。一、感官动词及使役动词（如：see，feel，hear，watch，make，bid）在主动语态中用无to不定式做宾补，改为被动语态时要加to。例（1）Because of many mistakes, she was made _ these letters again. A. type B. to typing C. typed D. to type（【答案】D）（2006年11月22题）例（2）The middle-aged man was seen _ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.A. came B. come C. to come D. have come（【答案】C）（2000年58题）二、有些动词后面接一个介词或副词，构成短语。变被动语态时，短语动词做及物动词用。例（1）The children are well looked after.这些孩子得到了很好的照顾。例（2）The doctor has been sent for.已经派人去请大夫了。三、情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+be+过去分词。例（1）I cant find the recorder in the room. It _ by somebody.A. must have taken B. may have taken C. may have been taken D. should have been taken（【答案】C）（2003年11月22题）此题考察的知识点比较综合。首先是被动语态，录音机被人拿走了。另外还考察了情态动词加完成式表示对过去事件的推测。我们再来看两个较为简单的例子。例（2）The work must be finished before lunch.这项工作必须在午饭前干完。例（3）Nothing can be seen from here. 从这儿什么也看不见。四、用主动表示被动的含义1need/require +doing sth（=to be done）（此句型主语大多为物）例（1）It is hot and dry; the flowers need _.A. being watered B. be watered C. to water D. to be watered（【答案】D）（2006年11月23题）例（2）：My room is a mess. It needs _.A. to be tidying upB. tidying upC. to tidy upD. tidied up（【答案】B）（2000年47题）2sell, wash, read, write, run 等动词带状语修饰时。例：This kind of clothes sells well. 这种衣服卖得很好。 The pen writes smoothly. 这只笔书写顺利。3主语 +sound(feel, look, smell, taste)+ 形容词例：The dish_ terrible! I dont like it at all. A. taste B. tasted C will taste D is tasted （【答案】C）（2005年11月19题）1.2.2 情态动词情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。情态动词无人称变化，在句子中和动词原形一起构成谓语。根据这几年的考试看，着重测验情态动词接完成时的用法，尤其是与虚拟语气结合起来考察考生的掌握情况(参考下一节内容)。另外情态动词表推测也成为近年考察重点，须引起重视。一、must +完成时表示对已发生的事情的一种肯定的猜测。例（1）Since this road is wet and slippery this morning, it _ last night. A. must rain B. was rainingC. must have rained D. may rain （【答案】C）（2004年11月35题）例（2）I believe he _ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.A. would have had B. could have hadC. should have had D. must have had（答案为D）（2001年58题）例（3）Mr. Green _ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now.A. must have received B. must have failed to receiveC. must receive D. must fail to receive（【答案】B）（1998年44题）补充：其他情态动词表推测的情况cant/ couldnt +现在时表示对现在情况的否定推测，跟完成时则表示对过去情况的否定推测。例She _ be ill because I saw her playing tennis just now. A. cant B. couldnt C. mustnt D. may not （【答案】A）（2005年11月20题）二、should（ought to）+完成时表示应该做的事情而没有做，否定式表示不该做的事情做了。含有对过去的动作的责备、批评。例（1）With all this work on hand, she _ to the dance party last night. A. oughtnt to go B. hadnt gone C. shouldnt have gone D. mustnt have gone（【答案】C）（2006年11月30题）例（2）You ought _ the matter to the manager the day before yesterday.A. to report B. to have reportedC. to reporting D. have reported（【答案】B）（2003年11月36题）例（3）Im sorry I couldnt get in touch with him before he left, I _ him earlier.A. had a telephone B. have phonedC. should have phonedD. should be phoned（【答案】C）（2000年26题）三、could/might +完成时表示能做的事情而没有做。表示对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜，遗憾。1、He could have joined us, but he didnt get our invitation in time.他本来能够参加我们的，但是他没有及时收到我们的请贴。2、He might have given you more help ,but he was busy then. 他本来可以给你更多的帮助的，但他那时很忙。例He abandoned a career that_to his becoming one of the most influential people in the world. A. could have led B. would lead C. should have led D. must lead （【答案】A）（2005年11月33题）1.2配套练习1. You _ read that article if you dont want to.A. havent B. cant C. mustnt D. neednt2. The middle-aged man was seen _ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.A. cameB. come C. to come D. have come3. “That car must have cost a lot of money.”“Oh, no, _.”A. it mustnt B. it hasnt C. it doesnt D. it didnt4. I _ asleep in the corner, for I remember nothing of what happened during the night.A. might fall B. must fallC. must have fallen D. can have fallen5. Im feeling sick. I _ so much chocolate.A. neednt have eaten B. couldnt have eaten C. mustnt have eaten D. shouldnt have eaten 6. This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen_comfortably.A. is worn B. wearing C. wears D. are worn 7. Mr.Green _ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now.A. must have received B. must have failed to receive C. must receive D. must fail to receive8. You could have done much better yesterday. Why _?A. didnt you B. couldnt youC. hadnt youD. shouldnt you 9. They have done things they ought _.A. not to do B. not to be doneC. not to have done D. not having done10. Something must have happened on their way. Or they _ by now.A. should have arrived B. should arrive C. would have arrived D. would arrive11. “I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter.”“It _ true because there was little snow there.”A. may not be B. wont be C. couldnt beD. mustnt be 12. “Shall we go skating or stay at home?”“Which _ do yourself?”A. do you ratherB. would you ratherC. will you rather D. should you rather13. This out-of-date teaching method_.A. must do away with B. must have done away with C. must being done away with D. must be done away with 14. Someone is coming here. Who _ it be?A. will B. shall C. must D. can 15. May I stop here?No , you _.A. mustnt B. might notC. neednt D. wont16. A fire _during the night and a large number of houses_to ashes.A. broke out, were burntB. was broke out, were burntC. broke out, burntD. set out, were burned答案与解析 1. 本句意思为：如果你不想，你-读那篇文章。A表示“没有读”，B表示“不能读”，C表示“一定不能读”，显然都不符合句意。选D，意为“不必读”。2. see sb. do sth.主动语态不带to，变成被动语态一定要加to，选C。3. must have done表示过去的事情的肯定推测。本句意思为：“那辆车肯定花了不少钱”，应该用过去时。It didnt cost a lot of money，省略相同的部分应该为it didnt。选D。4. 从for引导的原因状语从句判断，“我一点都记不得那天晚上发生的事了”前面的主句应该是“我肯定是在角落里睡着了”。对过去发生动作的肯定推测，用must have done，选C。5. 本句意思为：“我感到恶心”。“我不该吃这么多的巧克力”。表示不该做某事但却做了，应该用shouldnt have done。选D。6. 选C。此处的wear 与write, sell 等词一样，表示“起来怎么样”时，用主动形式表示被动，此句意思是：这种由熟练技工生产的眼镜戴起来很舒服。7. 本句意思为：格林先生_我的信，否则他应该已经回信了。据此可以判断，格林先生没有收到我的信，排除A，C。这里是对过去没有收到信进行推测，应该用must have done所以选B。fail to do表示“做某事不成功”。8. could have done表示本来能够，但却没有做到。本句意思为：你昨天本来能做的更好。为什么没有做到呢？如果用完整的句子是：Why didnt you do much better yesterday？省略形式为Why didnt you？选A。 9. 本句意思为：他们做了不应该做的事。表示不该做而做了，应该用shouldnt have done或ought not to have done，选C。10. 本句意思为：他们在路上肯定出什么事了。否则他们现在应该到了。表示应该发生而没有发生，用should have done 选A。11. 根据句意，这是对“过去不可能去滑雪”的推测，应该用couldnt，表示否定推测“不可能”。选C。12. would rather do 表示“宁愿”，疑问句中would可以提到主语前面，选B。13. do away with 为固定短语，意思是“消除，废除”。题意是说“这种过时的教学方法必须被废除”，此题考察情态动词和含介词的短语变被动语态时的用法，应选D。 14. 本句意思为：有人朝这边走来了。可能是谁呢？表示推测，又是在疑问句中，用can,选D。注意：must表推测用在肯定句中，表示“一定” 。15. may开头的疑问句，否定回答常用mustnt，表示“一定不行”，语气很强，选A。16. 答案A。Break out 不能用被动语态，因此B不对，房子被烧成灰烬是被动语态，并且前后时态要一致，这里都是过去时。1.3虚拟语气虚拟语气是英语三级考试的必考知识点之一，也是体现英汉语言习惯区别的一个语法现象。在汉语里表示假设虚拟的情况常用一些虚词来表示，例如“假设”、“如果”等等；而英文中表示虚拟的情况不但有虚词的提示，谓语动词也要相应的变化。虚拟语气的基本作用是：1. 表达假设的情况，与事实相反；2. 表达异想天开很难实现的愿望；3. 表达建议、命令、劝告等语气。本节重在讲解if引导的虚拟条件句， 含蓄条件句，特殊结构中的虚拟语气，以及should+动词原形的用法。 一、虚拟语气的基本形式和用法虚拟（条件）语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类：假设类型条件从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式与现在事实相反If+动词的过去式（be用were而不用was）would（第一人称可用should+动词原形）与过去事实相反If+had+-ed分词would（第一人称可用should）+have+-ed分词与将来事实可能相反If+were to+动词原形或If+should+动词原形would（第一人称可用should+动词原形）下面我们列举近年的真题来强化记忆。例（1）Mary said to me, Had I seen your bag, I _ it to you.A. will returnB. must returnC. could returnD. would have returned（【答案】D）（2004年4月45题）例（2）I would ask George to lend us the money if I _ him.A. had knownB. have knownC. knewD. know（【答案】C）（1995年38题）例（3）If Bob_ with us; he would have had a good time.A. would comeB. would have comeC. had comeD. came（【答案】C）（1995年59题）二、省略if的虚拟形式在虚拟条件句中，如谓语包含were，had，should等词，则可以把这些词放到主语前面，省略if。例（1）_ the advice of his friends, he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business.A. If he tookB. If he should takeC. Were he to takeD. Had he taken （【答案】D）（2004年4月34题）例（2）_, I should ask them some questions.A. Should they come to usB. If they come to usC. Were they come to usD. Had they come to us（【答案】A）（1997年30题）例（3）_ you were busy, I wouldnt have bothered you with my questions.A. If I realizedB. Had I realizedC. Did I have realized thatD. As I realized（【答案】B）（1996年39题）三、含蓄条件句有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with，without，but for。例（1）Without heat and sunlight, plants on the earth _ well. A. would not growB. will not grow C. had not grownD. would not be grown （【答案】A）（2004年11月32题）例（2）But for my classmates help, I _ the work in time.A. did not finishB. could not finishC. will not finishD. would not have finished （【答案】D）（2004年4月36题）例（3）But for the rain, we _ a nice holiday.A. should haveB. would have hadC. would haveD. will have had（【答案】B）（2003年4月28题）四、特殊词或结构中的虚拟语气：以wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似在非真实条件中从句时态的应用。表示现在或将来的愿望用：主语wish 从句（主语过去时）；表示一个过去没有实现的愿望用：主语wish +从句（主语过去完成时）；例（1）I didnt go to the party, but I do wish I _ there.A. wereB. would beC. had beenD. will be（【答案】C）（2001年53题）例（2）Peter wishes that he _ law instead of literature when he was in college.A. could studyB. studiedC. had studiedD. would study（【答案】C）（2000年53题）if only +句子（过去时/过去完成时）“要是就好了”If only 后面的句子如果是对现在或将来情况的虚拟，用过去时did ；如果是对过去情况的虚拟，用过去完成时had done .例如：If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响就好了。（对过去虚拟）If only I were rich. 要是我富有就好了。（对现在虚拟）would rather句子（过去时）表示宁愿、宁可的意愿，语气比较婉转。后接过去式。例（1）I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _ next month for a dinner.A. comeB. would comeC. came D. have come（【答案】C）（2002年46题）例（2）Id _ you didnt touch that, if you dont mind.A. rather B. better C. happier D. further（【答案】A）（1998年45题）it is time（that），it is high time (that)句型中，谓语动词用过去时，表示早该做而未做的事，意思是该了、早该了.例（1）Lets finish our homework in a few seconds; its time we _.A. played footballB. will play footballC. play footballD. are playing football（【答案】A）（2004年11月43题）例（2）Dont you think it is time you _ smoking?A. give upB. gave upC. would give upD. should give up（【答案】B）（1999年31题）例（3）Its high time we _ something to stop traffic accidents.A. doB. will do C. did D. must do（【答案】C）（1996年43题）以as if，as though引导的从句在as if，as though引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时，它们所引用的状语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式和wish后面的从句动词形式变化相同。例（1）He talks as if he _ everything in the world.A. knowsB. knewC. had knownD. would have known（【答案】B。本句表示说话人对现在的情况有所怀疑，所以用过去时。）例（2）You are talking as if you had seen them.你谈的那么起劲，好像你真的见过似的。（表示想象中的过去的动作）五、should+动词原形及should的省略一些表示建议、要求、命令等的动词本身隐含说话者主观的意见。因此这些动词（或其变形，如名词，形容词，分词等）后面的从句应使用虚拟语气，即“should do”结构，其中的“should”常被省略。如：表“提议、建议”的动词：suggest ,advise, propose, recommend, move(提议);表“要求、主张”的动词：insist, require, request, demand , desire ;表“命令”的动词：order, command. 例（1）I dont think it advisable that Tom _ to the job since he has no experience.A. be assigned B. is assigned C. will be assigned D. has been assigned（【答案】A）（2006年11月29题）例（2）His mother insisted that he _ the coat when going out.A. put onB. puts onC. to putD. putting on（【答案】A）（1999年58题）此处省略了should.例（3）The doctor advised that Mr. Malan _ an operation right away so as to save his life.A. hadB. would haveC. have D. was going to have（【答案】C）（1998年28题）此处省略了should.例（4）Its desired that she _ to teach us at least twice a week.A. comesB. will c