新编英美概况教程复习提纲.doc

概况复习材料I Geography of the United Kingdom 1区分：The United Kingdom？U.K.？England? The British Isles? Great Britain? Britain?（课本21） 2 Geographical names:The British Isles,Great Britain, EnglandII General Characteristics 1 最大的湖泊:Lough Neagh 2 气候：It has a favourable maritime climate: mild winters, cool summers, rainfall throughout the year. Britain is further north than Shandong. Why is the climate more moderate? It is surrounded by water. The south-west winds bring warm air. The North Atlantic Drift, a warm current, passes the western coast. 3 人口：England83.8% 共计：61 million Scotland 8.4% 面积：244,100 sq. Km. Wales 4.9% Northern Ireland2.9% 4 问题：What is an empire ? 答：A group of states ruled over by a single monarch or ruling authority 。In the 20th century, the British Empire gradually disappeared and was replaced by The Commonwealth of Nations in 1931. There are 54 member countries today.What is the difference between the Commonwealth of Nations (英联邦) and the United Nations ? 答：Commonwealth of Nations: Founded 1931Number of member countries: 54Head of the Commonwealth: Queen Elizabeth IISecretary General: Kamalesh SharmaAims: to promote world peace, democracy, human rights, law, equality, economic growth, social development.United Nations: Founded 1945Number of member countries: 192Secretary General: Ban Ki-moonOfficial languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, SpanishAims: to promote world peace, law, security, human rights, economic growth, social development.III English Literature （练习册）大问题：1. What are differences between Britain, the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth? (page 21)2 . Describe the geographical position of Britain. (Map SUR 1)Whereabouts in Great Britain are the high land and low land? (Map SUR 3)3 . Does Britain have a favourable climate ? Why? (pages 22-23) 4 Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest? (pages 22-23) 5Do most of the British people live in urban or ryral areas? 6What is The Commonwealth of Nations? What is The United Nations? The Origins of a Nation（5000 B.C. A.D. 1066） I Prehistory to The Norman Conquest 1 Iberians & the Celtic Invasion (c. 3,000 B.C. to 50 B.C) 小知识： B.C. Before the birth of Jesus Christ A.D. Anno Domini (Latin) : the year of the Lord (after the birth of Christ) C.E. Common (Christian, Current) Era （基督时代与公元相符合的时期） B.C.E.Before the Common Era (公元前）Stone AgeStone tools & weaponsHunters & gatherersNew Stone AgeStone tools & weaponsSimple housingDomestic animals, cropsBronze AgeBronze tools & weaponsFarming, potteryIron Age Iron tools & weaponsFarming, iron workers 一，最早定居： Iberians 二，凯尔特人入侵：Celts：（罗马时代之前居住在英国和高卢，公元前9世纪开始向中西欧扩展，语言及文化现存爱尔兰、苏格兰和威尔士等地区） 2 Roman Britain （A Temporary Civilization from 55 B.C. to A.D. 10） 一， 起因：Romans spreading northwards into Gaul (modern France). Kinsmen from British tribes went to help defend Gaul. 二.Julius Caesar：两次入侵 第一次： 时间：55 B.C 原因：1.needed a military victorytribute slaves.2.needed to set an example to Northern Gaul. 结果：failed 第二次： 时间：54 B.C. 结果：Withdrew with hostages and prisoners 三.Emperor Claudius：入侵时间：A.D. 43 （未能彻底征服）过程：Southern and England ：easily conquered Welsh：另类方法入侵：brought in immigrant farmers，or bulit castles ，bulit military roads construct forts 结果：occupy Wales，unable to Romannize the mountaineers 期间反抗：领袖：Boudicca 时间：A.D. 60 or 61 结果：defeated by Gaius Suetonius Paulinus，committed suicide by drinking poison. 最后：renovated Hadrians wall A.D. 122this marked the limit of Roman influence in Britain 四.罗马统治影响：The Romans introduced Christianity to Britain 途径：Probably through traders and soldiers First Christian Emperor：A.D. 306 , Constantine 五，.最终：The Romans left in A.D. 410 原因：Roman army was needed to defend the city of Rome Picts and Scots continued to attack Britain from the north Saxon tribes continued to attack from the east 思考：为什么罗马影响很小？3 Nordic Invasions and the Anglo-Saxon Conquest 中世纪开始：Dated from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century to the beginning of the Early Modern Period in the 16th century. 一.Anglo-Saxons包括：Jutes from Jutland，Saxons from N. Germany，Angles from N. Germany 二.生活：略 三. 教区制结构：Land divided into parishes : small town or village and the surrounding fields.Each parish had a church and Christian leader called a priest.Eventually these boundaries were also used for the secular (non-religious) affairs of the area. 四：分为7个王国：Kent，Essex，Sussex，Wessex，East Anglia，Mercia，Northumbria 五：短暂统一：King Egbert in 829 六：创造出一周7天 七：基督教发展：1. Christianity disappeared from England for a while，Survived among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland & Ireland2. Columba founded a Christian monastery on Iona, Scotland in A.D. 563。The monks spent much time in prayer and singing praises to God3. A.D. 597 Augustine landed4. in Kent and the king 5. became a Christian6. Augustine landed in Kent in A.D. 597 and the king Ethelbert became a Christian.Augustine became the first Archbishop（大主教） of Canterbury7. The Conference at Whitby in A.D. 664 Participants: Christian missionaries (传教士) Purpose: To discuss the differences between beliefs of the Celts who became Christians during the Roman occupation and the Britons who had recently become Christians through missionaries from Rome. Outcome: The later view prevailed （获胜）since it was more widely held 八Contributions to English society made by the Anglo-Saxons：1.Divided the country into shires (counties 郡,县) and parishes（教区）.2.Shire courts, shire reeves (sheriffs 郡治安官) responsible for administering laws3.Devised narrow strip, three-field farming system4.Established manorial system:Lord of the manor - collected taxes -organised local army5. Created the Witan (council of wise men) to advise the king9 文学：练习册10 Discussion Questions1.What traits characteristics) of Beowulf and Grendel raise the fight between them to a struggle between two great opposing forces in the world: good and evil?2.Beowulf is thought to be a perfect hero for his times. a) What qualities 质量 should a modern hero have?b)Describe one situation in which a modern hero might demonstrate (show) these heroic qualities.c)Give one true example of a modern hero.3.What are the two parts and the four strong beats in each of the following lines? (caesura)As day after day the music rangLoud in that hall, the harps rejoicing.4. Give one example of kenning4. Second Nordic Invasion：The Viking and Danish Invasions1 当时Anglo-Saxon的统治： 1.Anglo-Saxon shires now called counties 2.the Vikings from what is now Norway，Sweden and Denmark attack Ireland，Scotland and northern England.They established many small kingdoms called Danelaw。二.King Alfred the Great(Reigned 871 -901) 1.defeated Danish attempts to expand “the Danelaw”and resigned land，including London。 2.Encouraged learning 3.Father of the British navy 4. Witan(council of advisors) translated books：“Ecclesiastical history of the English People” in Latin by Venerable Bede（A.D. 673 - 735）into English probably responsible for starting the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle punished thieves harshly made just laws built schools removed unjust judges accepted advice 三.Alfreds son, Edward the Elder, and his daughter, Lady Ethelfeda, recovered the Danelaw980 Viking invasions renewed.5. Later Saxon England （900 - 1042） 一.Ethelred the Unready (bad counsel: unwilling to take advice) ，Reigned 978 - 1016 措施：Danegeld: tax imposed on Danes to persuade them to stay away. Unsuccessful. 结果：On Ethelreds death Witan chose Danish king, Canute 二.King Canute （1016 - 1035）Canute united England,Denmark & NorwaySuccessors could not maintain union 三.King Edward the Confessor (reigned 1042 1066)1. Son of Ethelred, the Unready , Edward had spent most of his life in Normandy.He was more closely related to the Normans,giving them more power,positions that facilitated the Norman Conquest of Britain2. Ordered Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)to be constructed. It was rebuilt two hundred years later.6 The Norman Conquest 1042 - 10661. King Harold(reigned a short period in1066 1.继位背景：Edward died without an heir。English throne claimed by：1 Harold, Earl of Wessex, a brother of Queen Edith, husband of Edward, the Confesso. 2 Harald Hardrada, King of Norway. 3 Tostig Godwinson, also a brother of Edith. 4 William, Duke of Normandy, a nephew of Canute 2.The Witan chose Harold, Earl of Wessex。 3.Harold defeated and killed Hardrada andTostig at the Battle of Stamford Bridg 4.结局：William, Duke of Normandy, invaded the south, Harold marched south and was defeated and killed in the Battle of Hastings.2 William the Conqueror （1066 -1087） 1.得到王位：William, Duke of Normandy,defeated Harold at the Battle of Hastings 1066 andwas crowned King of England,on Christmas Day. 2.功绩：He crushed all resistance devastated the countryside & killed rebels built castles throughout England to protect his army Centralised the government appointed Normans to manage it only the king could declare war Appointed Norman administrative officers viscounts: tax collectors, army leaders, judges Consolidated the feudal system Established royal coinage as only legal money Formed an alliance with the Roman Catholic Church Williams other achievements: The law:The feudal law and old Saxon law became the common law of England the basis of modern English law Language：Clergy 圣职者 : Latin Rulers, military leaders, lawyers: French Common people: Old English Result: vocabulary expanded 3.封建系统： The King owned the land ，gave some to the church ，kept some for his own use，gave estates to the barons The barons gave land to the knights and promised military service and some produce to the king The knights gave plots to the serfs and promised goods and services to the barons The serfs worked the land and gave produce. All landowners whether the tenants-in-chief (the barons) or the sub-tenants took the oath of allegiance for the land they held to their immediate lord and also to the king. ath ：a solemn (serious) promise to do something or that something is true Allegiance ：loyalty to a person of higher status or to a group or cause 4.Government：Anglo-Saxon Witan replaced by Grand Council of new tenants-in-chief. They were required to serve when summoned and met three times a year in Winchester, Westminster & Gloucester。 5.Domesday book： 包括：Little book: Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex Large book: the rest of England Completed in 1086 the result of the 1085 survey 内容：Land：Half the land in the hands of 170 tenants in chief (2 were Anglo-Saxon barons, the rest were Normans) One-fifth of the land held personally by the King The rest was in the care of the leaders of the church such as bishops(主教)and abbots(修道院院长) Property record: 3 entries the time of Edward (before the Norman Conquest) 1066, 1085ownership, tenants & possessions for tax assessment:the extent, value, population, state of cultivation 6.Christianity：The king encouraged the development of the church and itsrelationship with the Pope（The head of the church in Rome）.However, he maintained control. 7.Norman culture made a lasting impact on English life。Why？7 William the Conquerors Sons（1087 - 1135）一，family tree ：William I：Robert (Normandy)；William II（England）；Henry I (money)；Adela二，继位情况：William II succeeded but was murdered,then Henry III The Making of a Nation：The Norman Conquest to The Renaissance1 Stephen/Matilda & Henry II Civil War继位情况：Henry I died without a male heir。A war broke out between his daughter Matilda and his nephew Stephen（son of Adela).After 20 years war.They agreed Stephen would rule.But after he died,Matilda son Henry would succeed him as Henry II2 Legal Reform & Henry II(1135 - 1189)1 Henry IIPlantagenet dynasty（金雀花王朝） 1.Law：Circuit judges: Country was divided into areas with a travellingjudge presiding over each area.More impartial and Took power away from the barons Common law: Unwritten law common to the whole nation derived from recognised custom.The same laws applied all over the country Trial by jury: Twelve men acted as witnesses of the trial.More objective way of administering justice than ordeals（Nowadays juries judge trial evidence and decide whether or not the accused is guilty） 2.对宗教：Thomas Becket：Father:a Norman merchantHome:London Relationship with King Henry II: 1154Appointed Chancellor（大法官）of England, the kings chief advisor Close friend of the king. 1162 Appointed Archbishop（总教主）of Canterbury. Disagreement with King Henry over the privileges 特权enjoyed by the clergy (ministers of the church) ：1170 Murdered and Buried at Altar（圣坛）steps of Canterbury Cathedra。The tomb became a place of pilgrimage 原因：disagreed with Henry II that clerics(牧师) should be punished by secular authorities 3.外交：greatest and longest tribulations: Invaded Ireland - established an English kingdom，Many problems for hundreds of years。1949 Northern Ireland and The Republic of Ireland。Further problems ensued（跟着发生）until solved in 2005 3 King John 1199- 1216 and the Magna Carta一，继位情况：Henry II was followed by Richard I，known as Richard the Lionhearted（勇猛的），He spent over 9 years fighting during his ten-year reign.Then his brother John succeeded to the throne二，与barons 争权大宪章 Magna Carta (The Great Charter)1215The Grand Council must approve tax collection.No freeman should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of his property except by the law of the landThe church should retain all its rights.All towns should retain their rights and privileges.Weights and measures should be uniform.The king rejected the barons demands but was forced to sign the Great Charter at Runnymede4 Henry III 1216 - 1272 and the Origins of Parliament1 Barons v. KingBarons under Simon de Montfort, Henry IIIs brother-in-law, tried to force Henry to agree to Appointing a new Grand Council of 24 members half nominated by the barons Having a permanent body of 15 nobles and bishops（主教）to advise him without whose authority the king could not act.2 Civil War 1264 Henry lost the war and was imprisoned. Simon de Montfort summoned Great Council with representatives from each county and town. Simon killed by Prince Edward in battle later in the year. Henry III restored to the throne. 5 Edward I （1272 1307） Wales is joined to England功绩：Wales was conquered The Statute of Wales placed the country under English law. Edward I presented his new-born son to the Welsh people as Prince of Wales. This title is held by the heir to the throne to this day.6 Edward III （13271377 ）The Hundred Years War一，继位过程：Edward II was weak and inept（笨拙的，不适当的）。The barons seized control in 1320,establishing 21 Lord Ordainers.Then Edward III began his reign.二，The Hundred Years War with France 1337 - 1453 Main cause: The struggle for French territory Eventually only Calais on the French coast was in the hands of the English三，The Black Death（1348 - 1349） 疾病介绍：Bubonic plague an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas（跳蚤） 传播：1348 summer quickly spread through London 结果：death swift and very painful killed nearly half of the population。End of 14th century Population reduced from 4 to 2 million 影响：1.Much land left untended 2.Severe shortage of labour, crops rotted, food prices rose 3.Change from arable (growing crops) to sheep-farming 4.Peasants had bargaining power to become paid labour 5.Farm labourers (peasants) began to move to towns4 Statute of Labourers in 1351 内容：1.crime for peasants to ask for more wages 2.crime for employers to pay more than government rates 3.labourers forbidden to seek better employment in towns 4.increased taxation 结果：Result:1.Measures failed ;2.Feudal system began to disintegrate7 Richard II (1377 1399 )The Peasants Revolt一，继位：Edward III most important sons were Edward known as Black Prince and the Duke of Lancaster.When Black Prince died,Richard II became king.His uncles imposed a head tax leading to the The Peasant Uprising in 1381.二，起义：The Peasant Uprising 1381 Leaders: Wat Tyler & Jack Straw Action:1. Marched to London 2.Killed two important members of the Council 3.Destroyed several famous buildings 结果：Richard II,King at 14 years old: 1.Agreed to meet the peasants demands and pardon them 2.The peasant leaders pressed for more demands to be granted. 3.Wat Tyler was killed, the rebels dispersed believing the king would keep his promises. 4.Later hundreds were put to death by Richard.三,The Rise of English Spoken by the upper classes Used in the legal system The language of Parliament LiteratureEnglish Literature1. 诗人乔叟：Geoffrey Chaucer c. 1343 - 1400 .Place of birth: London (loved Canterbury) .Position:1357 Page boy to a nobl