七年级英语语法专项人教版(新目标)知识精讲.doc

初一英语语法专项（二）人教版（新目标）【本讲教育信息】一、教学内容：语法专项（二）二. 教学过程：（一）词类根据词的意义、句法作用和形式特征将词分为若干类，叫词类。英语中通常将词分为十类。1. 名词 表示人或事物名称的词 teacher, book , pen 主，表，补，定，同2. 代词 代替名词、形容词或数词等 we, my, some, this 主，表，宾，定，同3. 数词 表示数目或顺序 two, first, fifth 主，表，宾，定，同4. 动词 表示动词或状态 be, take, look 谓语 动词to work, working, worked 主，表，宾，补，定，状5. 形容词 修饰名词，表示人或事物的性质和特征 good, big, nice, beautiful 表，补，定，同6. 副词 表示动作特征或形状特征 修饰动词形容词或其他副词 fast, nearly, happily, here表，状7. 冠词 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物 a , an, the 8. 介词 表示名词或代词与其他词的关系 in, on, under 9. 连词 连接词与词，短语和短语，句子和句子 and, if, but, or 10. 感叹词 表示说话时的感情或语气 oh, hello, hi （二）名词所有格1. 名词在句子中表示所有关系，所属关系常用名词所有格。两种形式：（1）名词词尾加s，主要用于有生命的名词 Toms mother the teachers desk（2）of+名词，主要用于无生命的名词。the wall of the classroom 2. s属格的构成方法：（1）单数名词在末尾加 s the boys backpack the womans computer（2）以s或es 结尾的名词只在词尾加 “”the boys backpacks my boss office （3）复数名词后一般只加 不规则的复数名词加sthe girls books the childrens soccers（4）表示几个名词各自的所有关系时，名词末尾都加 Toms and Jacks books Lucys and Lilys rooms（5）表示几个名词共有的，应在最后一个词后加sTom and Jacks mother Lucy and Lilys room （6）表示时间、距离、重量、国家、城市等无生命的名词后也可以加s表示其所有关系 an hours walk the citys parks （7）在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词。 my uncles (house) the doctors（office）3. 双重所有格 （1）双重所有格即“of+名词s所有格”，表示整体中的一个或部分。用于修饰of前的名词，此时of前面的名词一定要有一个a(an)，two，any，some，no，few，another或this，that，these，those之类的修饰语（这个修饰语一般不能是one和the）。双重所有格也可由“of+名词性物主代词”构成，如：afriendofmine Do youknowanyfriendsofmybrothers? Twoclassmatesofmysisterswillcometojoinus（2）在双重所有格中，用作介词补足成分的所有格的名词必须是确定特指的，而且一般指人。 anoldfriendofmyfathers thisbabyofmyaunts4. 在表示名词所有格时，s结构可以转换成of结构。the girls name the name of the girlmy fathers friend the friend of my fathers练一练1. This is my dress. That one is _.A. MaryB. MarysC. sisterD. mother2. Thewomanoverthereis_mother. A.JuliaandSallys B.JuliasandSallys C.JuliaandSally D.JuliasandSally3. Excuseme, whereare_offices? Overthere.A.teachers B.teachers C.theteachers D.theteachers（三）代词1. 人称代词人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hesheithimherittheythem2. 物主代词单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshishersitsoursyourtheirs形容词性的物主代词只能作定语，名词性的物主代词可作主语，宾语或表语 其后不加名词。This is my book. Yours is on the chair. 这是我的书，你的在椅子上。Our classroom is big. Theirs is small. 我们的教室很大，他们的很小。练一练 填上或选择适当的代词1. Thank you very much for _ help. 2. Mr. White is a good teacher. We must learn from _.3. “Are these books yours?” “No, _ are not _. They are Toms.”4. _ (He, Her, His ) name is Jack. _ (She, He, His) is a teacher.5. _ (I, My, Mine ) aunt is a nurse. _ (She, He, Her) works very hard.6. My pen is red. How about _( her, hers, she)?（四）句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物，回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：Im Miss Green.2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态，回答“做（什么）”。主要由动词担任。 如：Jack cleans the room every day. 3、表语在系动词之后，说明主语的身份或特征，回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping Ping .4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果，回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.有些及物动词带有两个宾语，一个指物，一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语，指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语，放在直接宾语后面，来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . 5、定语修饰名词或代词，通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city . 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词，通常由副词担任。如：He works hard. （他工作努力。） 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么，通常由形容词或动词充当如：They usually keep their classroom clean He often helps me do my lessons.（五）there be 句型“there be +名词词组”中，there为虚词，be后面的名词词组为句子的真正主语。该句式在使用时需注意如下几点：1、there be句式表示“有”时，它表示一种存在关系，通常带有一个地点状语，意为“什么地方（时候）有”。此外，其主语还可以带前置或后置定语。例如：There is a blackboard in the classroom. There are two old women waiting for you at the gate. 2、在正式文体中，该句式中be动词的单复数形式取决于以下两种情况：（1）该句式中只有一个主语，主语为单数时，be动词用单数；主语若为复数，be动词也用复数。（2）该句式中有几个并列主语，则按就近原则处理，即与靠近be动词的第一个主语保持一致。例如：1) There is a pen on the desk.2) There are three apples on the table.3) There is a dictionary and two pens on the desk. 4) There are two pens and a dictionary on the desk.3. there be句型与have的区别：there be 句型和have都表示“有”的含义。区别如下：there be表示“某处存在某物或某人”；have表示“某人拥有某物/某人”，它表示所有、拥有关系。e.g. He has two sons. 他有两个儿子。 There are two men in the office. 办公室里有两个男人。【模拟试题】（答题时间：45分钟）一、根据括号中的要求，写出下列单词的相应形式。1. we（宾格）_2. boy（复数形式）_3. class(复数)_ 4. white（反义词）_5. watches(单数)_ 6. I（形容词性物主代词）_7. these（单数）_ 8. they（宾格）_9. yes（反义词）_ 10. that（复数形式）_11. let us (缩写形式)_ 12. doesnt(完全形式)_13. have(第三人称单数)_ 二、用所给词的正确形式填空1. Lets _ (bring) the books to your sister.2. She _(not have) a computer.3. Does Gina _ (have) a football?4. I can _(play) football.5. Where _(be) your parents?6. Sorry, I _ (not know).7. They are my _ (grandparent).8. Lucy has some nice _(watch).9. I eat lots of _(broccoli)for lunch.10. _ (thank) for your help.三、单项选择1. Lets play volleyball!I dont like to play volleyball. That sounds _.A. funB. interestingC. boringD. good2. Lets go to play football._! A. Yes, please B. Great C. Thats all right D. Thank you3. _ the balls?Theyre under the chair.A. Wheres B. Where C. Where are D. What are4. Whats your name, please?My name is _.A. Han meimeiB. Wang Xiao YaC. Green JimD. Li Yunde5. How is your teacher today?_A. Im fine, thank you. B. She is fine, thanks. C. He is good, thanks. D. They are fine, thank you.6. _ is your skirt?Its black.A. What B. How C. Which color D. What color7. This is _ pen.A. my a B. the my C. a my D my8. There is _ “m” in the word “map”.A. an B. a C. the D. /9. Linda Brown is my good friend. Her father is _.A. Johnson Brown B. Johnson Smith C. Brown Johnson D. Smith Johnson10. You and I _ students in this school.A. are B. is C. am D. be11. Is this _ dictionary?No, _ isnt _ dictionary.A. his; it; me B. your; it; my C. your; this; my D. my; it; my12. Lucy _ computer games.A. dont like B. isnt like C. doesnt like D. not like13. Do you have _ basketball? Lets play _ basketball after school.A. an; a B. a; a C. /; / D. a; /14. We can see some apples _ that tree and a nice bird _ that tree.A. on; in B. in; on C. in; in D. on; on;15. Miss Gao, _ are my father and my mother.A. these B. this C. those D. that四、完形填空This is 1 bedroom. Can you see a bed, two 2 , a chair and a kite on the floor? 3 you see a map on the wall? You can see some 4 and a kite on it. You can see a window 5 wall, too. Wheres 6 light? It is on 7 table. Some books are on this table, 8 . Where 9 the flowers? They are on the other table. You can see a clock 10 it . Under the bed is his football. Its a very nice bedroom.1. A. Tom B. of Tom C. Toms D. of Toms2. A. table B. tables C. tablese D. of table3. A. What B. Can C. Where D. Which4. A. pictures B. picture C. the pictures D. the picture5. A. in B. on C. in the D. on the6. A. the B. a C. an D. some7. A. a B. the C. the one D. one8. A. too B. to C. or D. and9. A. am B. are C. is D. do10. A. at B. under C. on D. in五、阅读理解AHello! My name is Mike. I am from the USA, Now I am in China with my parents. I like China. I like Chinese food, too. I have breakfast at home. I eat an egg, bread and porridge for breakfast. I dont like milk. I have no time to go home for lunch. So I have it at school. The lunch in our school is good. I can have different food for lunch. I eat rice, meat and vegetables. Sometimes I have noodles and dumplings. I have dinner at home with my parents. Sometimes we go to restaurants with friends. We have chickens, vegetables and fruit.1. Mike is _.A AmericanB. EnglishC. ChineseD. in the USA2. For breakfast, Mike has _.A an egg, an apple and porridge B. an egg, bread and porridge C. an apple, bread and milk D. an egg, an apple and bread3. He has lunch _.A at school B. at home C. in a restaurant D. with his parents4. He has _ for lunch.A rice, meat and vegetables B. dumplings and noodles C. chicken, meat and fruit D. A and B5. Sometimes they have dinner _.A at school B. in restaurants with some friends C. at his friends home D. at homeBDear Jerry,Please take these things to Alice. She needs them: her CD player and CD case, backpack, sunglasses(太阳镜), baseball cap, keys and alarm clock. Her CD player and her CD case