非谓语之现在分词导学案.doc

非谓语之现在分词. V-ing (现在分词/动名词) 动词的-ing形式也是一种非谓语动词。-ing形式仍保留有动词的特征，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成-ing短语。一、V-ing的形式：V-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的V-ing则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词make 和不及物动词go为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下：动词 语态形式及物动词make不及物动词go主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式完成式二、V-ing的语法作用 V-ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。（一）V-ing（短语）作主语：_ is easier than doing. 说比做容易。注意：在下面两种结构中，V-ing分词也作主语。为了保持句子平衡，通常用it作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如：It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。Its a waste of time _. 辩论这事是浪费时间。2. V-ing（短语）作表语：V-ing分词作表语可以表示主语的内容是什么。如：Their job is_. 他们的工作是盖房子。V-ing分词（使役动词）作表语可以表示主语所具有的特征。如：This story is very interesting. 这故事很有趣。_ 这个问题很令人困惑。_这条信息令人鼓舞。_形式令人鼓舞。3. V -ing作宾语：Ving作动词宾语。如： The students wasted much time (in) playing computer games We enjoy attending Miss Lis class. 我们喜欢听李老师的课。I suggest _. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。高中阶段常见的能接-ing分词作宾语的动词：_（介意）, _（建议）, _（欣赏，）, _（承认）, _（感激，欣赏）, _（避免）, _（推迟）, _（不喜欢，厌恶）, _（逃脱）, _（完成）, _（宽恕）, _（想象）, _（保持）, _（错过）, _（训练）, _（抵抗，抵制）, _（冒险）, _（拒绝，否认）, _（考虑）allow, permit, advise, consider, forbid,等。V-ing作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用it作形式宾语。如：I dont think it possible living in such a cold place.我认为住在这么寒冷的地方是不可能的。Do you consider _? 你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？V-ing作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如：Im against inviting him to dinner. 我反对邀请他来吃饭。He went to London in the hope of_. 他去了伦敦，希望能成为一个著名的画家。注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如：I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。What can prevent us (from) getting married?有什么能阻止我们结婚？动名词前省略介词 in 的常用结构be busy (in) doing sth忙于做某事have difficulty(in) doing sth做有困难have trouble (in) doing sth做某事有困难have a problem(in) doing sth做有困难have a good time / fun (in) doing sth做某事很开心have a hard time(in) doing sth做很辛苦spend money(time) (in) doing sth 花钱（时间）做某事waste money(time) (in) doing sth 浪费钱（时间）做某事There is no difficulty(in) doing sth 做某事没有困难There is no need / use(in) doing sth 做某事没有用There is no point(in) doing sth 做某事没有意义高中阶段常见的带介词to的短语，后接-ing分词或名词。如： admit to（承认）, contribute to（捐助、贡献）, get down to（着手做）, lead to （导致）,look forward to（期待）, turn to （求助于）, stick to（忠于、坚持）, see to （注意、处理）, be used to （习惯于）, devote oneself to （献身于）, pay attention to. 下列动词既可跟不定式又可跟Ving的动词，区别如下（1）.begin和start本身为进行时，或后面动词为心理变化意义的动词时，须接不定式。 When we came in, they were beginning to have supper. After his explanation, I began to understand it / realize that I was wrong.(2).有些词后面既可以接不定式亦可接动名词，但其意义有很大区别，须特别注意：Aremember，forget，regret接动名词，表示完成意义(=having done)，接不定式，表示将来意义： Please remember _(bring)me the book I want next time. I remember _(see) her (=having seen her) somewhere before. Dont forget _(write)to me soon. I never forget _(visit) (=having visited) them for the first time. I regret _(miss) that good film last week.(后悔干事) I regret not _(take) (not having taken) your advice. I regret _(say) I cant take your advice. (遗憾=be sorry)Bmean：mean to do=want to do打算，想要；mean doing：意味着，就是 I am sorry, I didnt mean _(hurt)your feelings， Learning a foreign language doesnt mean just _(work) in class.Cstop：stop to do停下来，要干另一件事，不定式作目的状语；stop doing停止干，动名词作宾语。After some time, they stopped _(work)and had a rest.After walking some time, they stopped _(have)a rest.Dtry：try to do，努力，试图干事；try doing：试着干事He searched everywhere and tried _(find) his key.He came to the city from the countryside and tried_(find) a job.The mother is out and the boy had to try _(cook) for himself.They tried to succeed and tried _(do) their experiments again and again.Ewant，need，require接动名词表示被动意义，主语与动名词之为动宾关系。The bike requires _(repair).These young trees require _(look after).The matter needs _(think)over.(=to be thought over)A Mr. Wang wants _(see) you.You dont need _(leave)so early.Fgo on：go on to do继续干和原来不同的另一件事，不定式作目的状语。go on doing继续干原来同一件事，动名词作宾语。 After a smoke，he went on _(tell)us that interesting story.After writing the composition he went on _(work)out his mathsproblems.G动词advise，allow，permit，forbid后面接单宾语时用动名词，复合宾语时用动词不定式。Doctors advise _ smoking to benefit ones health. 放弃The doctor advised him _ smoking so as to improve hishealth. 放弃She doesnt allow (permit) _ in her room.抽烟Ibe used to doing习惯于be used to do被用来做I m used to _. 早晨六点起床Wood is used _. 被用来制作家具Jcant help doing情不自禁cant help to do 不能帮助做Hearing the news, she _.不禁大哭I couldnt help _.打扫教师4. V-ing分词作补语：V-ing分词做see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, 等动词的宾语补语。I saw two dogs fighting fiercely. I saw the child being beaten by his father. 注：V-ing分词作宾语表示正在进行的动作；不定式表示动作的全过程或动作的结束。I heard someone knocking at the door.I heard someone knock at the door. Three times.I noticed a man_when I got off the car. 我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙地从银行里跑出来。做leave, keep, catch, find等动词的宾语补语。如：Dont leave the boy waiting at the gate in such a cold day.Last night the shopkeeper caught _ in the shop. 昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一个小孩在偷东西。5. V-ing作定语：单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如：_ room 阅览室 _ pool 游泳池 a _ car 一辆等待着的车 a _ child一个酣睡的孩子 a _ speech令人乏味的演讲V-ing分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个定语从句。如：When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy. 当她出现的时候，约翰穿着一件又脏又破的大衣高兴地跑了过去。Who is the comrade _? 站在门边的同志是谁？6. V-ing分词做状语：时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随V-ing分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词when, while引出。如：Hearing the news, he couldnt help thinking the days in the college.Walking out of the room, he found the boy still there.While_, he nodded from time to time. 他一边看书，一边不时地点头。 _, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画，他想起了她的童年。 V-ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：Being ill, he couldnt go to school.Many of us, being so excited, couldnt go to sleep that night. 因为非常激动，那晚我们许多人都没睡着。 _, he asked the teacher for help. 因为不知道如何解这道物理难题，他求助老师。Ving分词短语作结果状语，相当于一个结果状语从句。如：By 1820,the population of New York had grown to about 125,000, making it the largest city in USA.He hit a parked car, thus breaking his leg. His father died, _. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。 She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, _. 她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。 V-ing分词也可作条件状，相当于一个条件状语从句。如：Having time, Ill come and help you.Thinking it carefully, you will not take the job._, you will find the path leading to the park. 向左转你会发现通向公园的路。V-ing分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个较次要的动作，相当于并列句。如：“You cant catch me.” Jane shouted, running away.They sat in the garden, thinking about the days they spent together.They sat in front of the house, _ 他们坐在房前聊天。They stood there for half an hour, _in the sky. 他们在那儿站了半小时，观察着天上的星星。让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。Being ill, he still came to school. He is unhappy, though having a lot of money.Whether supporting or not, Ill go on with it . 方式状语Children usually count the numbers, by using their fingers.They show disagreement shaking their hands. She came_. 她向我们跑来。注：-ing分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。四、高中阶段有一些固定的-ing分词短语，如generally speaking（一般来说）, judging from（根据来判断）, considering（考虑到）, talking of（谈到，提到）, supposing（假如）providing（假如） concerning(关于.)等，它们的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。这种短语可以被称之为句子的状语，也可当作一个插入语。如： _, he must come from Canada. 从他的口音看他一定来自加拿大。 _, we decided to let him attend the concert for free. 考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。五非谓语动词的一般式和完成时. V-ing的一般式和完成式：2.V-ing的完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。 宾语I regret_.=I regret that I didnt take her advice.I regret _. I dont remember _.=I dont remember that I have ever promised you that.I apologize for_He was praised for_I have no idea of their_ 非限制性定语 The problem , having been discussed for years , has been solved. The old man, having worked for twenty years abroad, is now on his way to his motherland.状语_ he failed the examinations. = As he didnt study his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations._ they decided to put off the meeting. =As he hadnt got well prepared, they decided to put off the meeting._ he decided to write again.=As he hadnt received her letter, he decided to write again._, he knows little about it. =As he hasnt been there before, he knows little about it._ , he knows how to operate the machine.=After he was a worker for many years , he knows how to operate the machine.现在分词练习题（二）1. We didnt find the Blacks_the lecture. No one had told them about_a lecture the following day. A. attended; there to be B. attending; there being C. attend; there was D. to attend; there be2. Have you forgotten_a ruler from Betty? Please remember_it to her tomorrow. A. borrowing; to return B. borrowing; returning C. to borrow; to return D. to borrow; returning 3. The wild flower looked like a soft orange blanket_the desert. A. covering B. covered C. cover D. to cover 4. Toms never willing to alter any of his opinions. Its no use_with him. A. to argue B. arguing C. argued D. having argued 5. The storm left,_a lot of damage to this area. A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused 6._ , the more expensive the camera, the better its quality. A. General speaking B. Speaking general C. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally 7. “You cant catch me!” Jane shouted,_away. A. run B. running C. to run D. ran 8. I couldt do my homework with all that noise_ . A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on 9. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk_the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost 10._for many years, the two brothers cant recognize each other. A. Being separated B. Having separated C. Having been separated D. To be separated 11. The manager,_it clear to us that he didnt agree with us, left the meeting room. A. who has made B. having made C. made D. making 12. I really cant understand_her like that. A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating 13. Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and _ jokes. A. turning up B. putting up C. making up D. showing up 14. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures_in your mind instead of before your eyes! A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed 15. Dont leave the water_while you brush your teeth. A. run B. running C. being run D. to run 16. According to a recent survey, children spend up to 25 hours a week _ TV.A. to watch B. to watching C. watching D. watch 17. The man insisted_a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding 18. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time_the exam. A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing 19. He looked around and caught a man_his hand into the pocket of a passenger. A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting 20. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found_in the kitchen. A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked 21. The discovery of new evidence led to_ . A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught 22. I couldnt find my key to the car when_home. A. leaving B. to leave C. left D. having left 23. I really appreciate_to relax with you on this nice island. A. to have had time B. having time C. to have time D. to having time 24. One learns a language by making mistakes and_them. A. correct B. correcting C. corrects D. to correct 25. Mr Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to_some schools for poor children. A. set up B. setting up C. have set up D. having set up 26. Sometimes new ideas have to be tested many times before_ . A. accept fully B. fully accepting C. fully been accepted D. being fully accepted 27._this, you should have no trouble with the difficult work. A. Knowing B. If you are knowing C. From knowing D. If you had known 28. Tony was very unhappy for_to the party. A. having not been invited B. not having invited C. having not invited D. not having been invited 29. When he was young, he used to go there and watch