汉英翻译第三讲英汉语言对比.doc

汉英翻译第三讲英汉语言对比吕叔湘先生曾经指出：“只有比较才能看出各种语文表现法的共同之点和特异之点。拿外语跟汉语进行比较，可以启发我们注意被我们忽略过去的现象。”汉语和英语的对比研究，始于100年多前马氏文通，这是我国第一部汉语语法书，是在比较和模仿拉丁文法的基础上写成的。世界上每一种语言都有自己的语法，否则，人们就不能进行翻译实践和翻译理论的研究。而通过分析和对比英汉两种语言，译员必将更加深刻地体会到译事之艰辛。中国传统哲学主张“天人合一”、“万物与我为一”，反映在语言上就是施事主体可以蕴含在行为事件的主观表现中。因此在句子构造中，汉语并不把主语看成必要的成分。正如王力所说：“就句子结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。法治的不管主语用得着用不着，总要呆板地求句子形式的一律，人治的用得着就用，用不着就不用，只要能使人听懂说话人的意思，就算了。”用习惯地道汉语翻译下列句子：1.I would not believe what he said. 2.I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting. 3.I know Mr. Wang. 4.He is the best singer. 他的话，我可不信。2.会上讲了什么，我一点没记住。3.王先生我认识。4.唱歌，他是最棒的。形合与意合：英语国家沿袭了古代希腊人非常严格和规范的语词系统。古代希腊人认为,语词系统与思维系统是相一致的,要表达一个清晰合理的思想就离不开清晰合理的词形和句法。而在一个毫无条理的陈述结构中,思想肯定也是杂乱无章的,而杂乱无章的思想是没有意义的。英语形合的特征正是在这样一种背景之下形成的。与之相反,中国人重直觉,强调意念流,只要能够达意,词的形式是无关紧要的,词语之间的关系常在不言中,语法意义和逻辑关系常隐藏在字里行间。正所谓“辞,达而已矣”(论语.卫灵公)。“小桥流水人家”这句诗没有一个谓语动词,但其所描绘的画面和包含的意蕴却是回味无穷的。1.跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。Even if the monk can run away, his temple cannot run with him. 2.打死我也不说。 Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell. 3. 谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 4. 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？ If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 5. 人不犯我，我不犯人。 We will not attack unless we are attacked. 用习惯地道汉语翻译下列句子：1.As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain. 2. My sister was expecting me, so I had to go now. 3. A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. 4. We knew spring was coming as we had seen a robin. 主语与主题练习：1.家里的事，你不要管。2.这个人，我听说过。3.饭，他一口没吃。4.一点道理他都不懂。5.吃饭喝啥，天地一号。6.送礼，就送家乐福。意合和形合1.大有大的难处。2.和得来就干，和不来就散。3.认真开展“三讲”教育！4.完了吗？完了。5.累死我了！6.喝来喝去还是金六福好。7.好水喝出健康来。8.嘴甜心苦，两面三刀，头上笑着，脚底下就使绊子，明是一盆火，暗是一把刀，她全占了。参考译文8.Shell give you sweet talk when theres hatred in her heart, shes so double-faced and tricky. All the time shes smiling she tries to trip you up, making a show of great warmth while she stabs you in the back. Thats the way she is. 1大有大的难处。There are difficulties for VIP or big organizations.2.和得来就干，和不来就散。If we co-operate well, lets do it together. If we co-operate well, we will disband.3. 喝来喝去还是金六福好。My experience of wine-drinking tells me JINLIUFU is the best.4.好水喝出健康来。Drinking good water results in good health.树状与竹状英语句子，枝杈蔓生,呈树状结构,分叉处有介词,关系代词连接。而汉语按时间顺序或逻辑顺序逐层展开,节节延伸,犹如竹子。 英语的词组与词组、句子与句子之间结构关系和逻辑联系必须交代得十分清楚。英语的关系词（包括介词、关系代词、关系副词、连接词等）十分丰富，英语正是靠这些关系词的过渡和连接，从形态上来维系句内和句间的各种关系的。因此英语句子结构呈树状，往往有一主干（复合句中的主句或简单句中的某主要成分），主干上枝蔓横生：句子成分随时可加以修饰，而修饰语中的某成分又可被别的成分修饰。由此往往形成长句。 汉语句子结构呈竹节状，逐节（短语或小句）展开。汉语的句子可以在同一施事或主题语之下按逻辑顺序铺陈，虽然小句间有逗号隔开，但语句的联系仍是紧密的。这样，汉译时经常由英语的树状转化为汉语的竹节状。 The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungray because he had had no food for two days. 参考译文 男孩哭得心都快碎了，我问及他，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。从上例可看出，英语十分注重句子的形式和结构的完整，上面英语句子主干为The boy said，但节外生枝，叠床架屋，竟有5个从句，用了who, as if, when, that, because等多个连接成分，形成一个空间构架，犹如“枝叶繁茂的参天大树”，呈树状。而相应的汉语节节展开,言简意赅，语意连贯，结构紧凑，呈竹状。现在请大家练习翻译以下两个句子，特别注意句子的主干和连接部分的翻译1.The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elepants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have been invented. 2. Upon his death in 1826, Jefferson was buried under a stone which described him as he