新世纪高等院校英语专业本科生系列教材写作教程第六单元第三部分参考答案.doc

PART II FOCUSThe teacher is expected to help students appreciate the effects of using participles and absolutes in their writingsParticiples Getting to know participlesReference for the excises Verb FormWords ModifiedFunctioncryinggirldescriptionbrokenpiggy bankdescriptionsinging and dancingthe boy and the girldescriptionReference for the Classroom Activities1. Sentence b: handing (describing she)Sentence c: wandering, picking (both describing friends) ; Sentence d: made (used with had to indicate the past perfect tense) Sentence e: surprised (describing Tigger) ; Sentence f. filled (used with were to indicate the passive voice) Sentence g. staring (describing Tigger) Sentence h: left (describing nothing) ; checking (describing Roo) Sentence i: looking (describing Pooh) Sentence j. looking (describing Roo); Sentence k. gone (used with have to indicate the present perfect tense) Sentence l: picking (describing friends), fallen (describing raspberries) Sentence m. waiting (used with was to indicate the present continuous tense)2. a. smiling b. Reading c. Swimming d. competing e. mentioned f. Jumping, thrown, broken g. published, informing h. Having, exhausted, relieved Complex participle phrasesA. Present participles in different modes and aspectsForm MeaningSimple formdoingThe action is carried out by the subject and takes place at the same time as the predicate.Perfect aspecthaving doneThe action is carried out by the subject and takes place before the predicate.Passive voice(being) doneThe action is received by the subject and takes place at the same time as the predicate.Perfect aspect in passive voicehaving been doneThe action is received by the subject and takes place before the predicate.*In this passive form, being is usually omitted, and then it becomes the past participle.Reference for the Classroom Activities1. Refer to the above table for the meanings of the present participles.2. a. The computer bought last week brings happiness to everyone in my family.b. Being back in my hometown, I didnt know that my professor had assigned another 5,000-word paper.c. Standing in front of the picture painted by a post-impressionist, many people pretended that they could understand it. / Many people stood in front of the picture painted by a post-impressionist, pretending that they could understand it.d. Looking out of the window of the train, the boy was amused by the power lines dancing up and down in the air.Extra ActivitiesCombine each of the following groups of sentences into one sentence using participlesa. She was born in a common family. She was educated in an average college. She is satisfied with her present life.b. The students have finished their exams. They feel greatly relieved. As a result, they plan to play cards the whole nightc. Jimmy set his feet into the starting blocks. He stared ahead intently.d. Larry was sitting in a corner of the pub. Larry held his head in his hands. Larry was so depressed that even the best joke in the world couldnt cheer him up.Suggested answers to the Extra Activitiesa. Born in a common family and educated in an average college, she is satisfied with her present life.b. Having finished their exams and feeling greatly relieved, the students plan to play cards the whole night.c. Jimmy set his feet into the starting blocks, staring ahead intently.d. Holding his head in his hands, Larry was sitting in a corner of the pub, so depressed that even the best joke in the world couldnt cheer him up.B. Participles with conjunctionsSuggested answers to the questionStructure: They are all composed of a conjunction and a participle, and the noun in the main clause is the logical subject or object.Meaning: Sentence a: time; Sentence b: concession; Sentence c: condition.Reference for the Classroom Activities1. a. Kate fell asleep when/while reading Bobs letter. b. She started to chat with her friend after finishing / having finished her work. c. Although having seen it a thousand and one times, the old man still watches the video from time to time. d. Although closely watched by the guards, the prisoner plans to escape. e. It is believed that if read many times, an article will naturally be understood. f. If buying more, you can pay less.2. Ask students to work on their own and write two sentences for each of the types.Getting to know participles functionsA. Creating concise sentencesSuggested answers to the questions1. Yes.2. There are two complete ideas in each sentence.3. The relationship between the two complete ideas becomes closer from Sentence a through Sentence d. Sentence d has the closest relationship between the two ideas4. Sentence d is the most efficient.B. Producing more detailed sentencesSuggested answers to the questionIn Group a, Sentence 2 is the best, in which the present participles describe live animated actions. In Group b, the best sentence is also Sentence 2, in which the actions are simultaneous. In Group c, Sentence 3 is the best sentence in which the present participle and the past participle are combined most efficiently.C. Establishing clearer logicReference for the Classroom Activities1. a. Thinking about her kid at home, Judy made several mistakes in her work. b. The car raced along the street, sending passers-by to run for shelter. / Racing along the street, the car sent passers-by to run for shelter. c. Born in Guangzhou and educated in Nanjing, she is now working as a manager in Beijing. d. Having been shocked and chased by a ferocious dog, the thief hid behind a dustbin, holding his breath for fear of being found. e. The bomb blew up in the distance, shaking the ground slightly and making bursts of light on the dark horizon.2. a. Hearing the news, I thought the world had ended for me. b. I sat happily in my chair, reading a newspaper. c. (correct) d. Shocked at the sight of his teacher, the boy stood there dumbfounded. e. Having lived there for twenty years, I know this place like the back of my hand.3. Ask students to go over their writings, and pay attention to their use of the participles.AbsolutesGetting to know absolutesSuggested answers to the exercise1. An absolute construction is a participle phrase whose logical subject is different from the sentence subject.2. A. determiner + n. + participle verb + other parts of the participle phrase B. n. + participle verb+ other parts of the participle phrase C. n. + other parts of the participle phraseReference for the Classroom ActivitiesAsk students to work on their own and write three sentences using different forms of absolute constructions.Using absolutes with purposeA. Adding descriptive detailsSuggested answers to the exerciseYou can get the following sentences: a + b: The manager sat quietly in his office, his eyes closed, a cigarette burning his hand. c + d: Sam walked slowly off the playground, his face streaked with tears, his leg bleeding.Whats more, participles and absolutes, although somewhat different, can be used together to create vivid descriptions. For example: The girl sat nervously in her office, eyes closed, waiting for the telephone to ring. The middle-aged man stood in the street corner, hands put in his pockets, eyeing every passer-by.B. Indicating cause-effect relationshipsIn most cases, when the absolute is used for description, it is put at the end of the sentence; when it is used to suggest a cause-effect relationship, it is put at the beginning of the sentence.Reference for the Classroom Activities1. a. The boy leaned against a tree, hands in pockets. b. He glared at his boss, his mouth shut, and his hands clenched. c. The interviewee entered the office, her eyes fixed on her feet. d. The rabbit stared at the approaching wolf, his four feet fixed to the ground, to frightened to move. e. The girl was enjoying her favorite song, her eyes shut, her head moving from side to side.2. a. Two of my new bikes having got stolen here, I will never come to this place again. b. Several flecks coming upon her face again, she doesnt want to meet her boyfriend today. c. Its bottom torn open by a bomb, the ship sank slowly into the sea. d. Its overseas advertisements being rather successful, the school has attracted many foreign students. e. The accountant being careless, I was given $1,000 more last month.3. Ask students to look at their written work again, and see if they can combine some sentences by using absolutes. This can be done either as individual or group/pair work.PART III GRAMMARComma-Split SentencesSuggested answers to the questions1. There are two ideas in each sentence. The two ideas are connected by a comma.2. No, the relationship is not clear. We can try to use some compound or subordinate conjunctions to clarify the relationship.3. See the rules in the summary.Reference for the Classroom Activitiesa. I had no idea what I was getting into, and I did not really care.b. You cant go home now since it is raining so heavily.c. Seeing the escaping thief, the cop stopped his car, got off, and started to chase himd. If you study hard, you will succeed.e. When she said Yes, he felt he was in heaven.Now, ask students to summarize the rules against comma-split sentencesSummary 1. When we use a comma to connect two separate ideas, or two independent sentences, we commit a comma-split;2. Comma-split sentences are not acceptable because a comma is not strong enough to indicate the relationship between two ideas;3. Comma-split sentences can be improved by clarifying the relationship between the two ideas. Commonly used methods are: 1) using a comma and a