医学心理学简答题集锦.doc

医学心理学简答题集锦 医学心理学简答题集锦1 简述医学心理学研究方法的种类（P11-14）根据所使用的手段，可分为观察法、调查法、测验法和实验法（根据其实施方式可分为实验室内实验和实验室外实验）；根据所研究的对象多少，可分为个案法和抽样法；根据所研究问题的事件性质分为纵向研究（包括前瞻性研究和回顾性研究）和横向研究。其中观察法是指研究者通过有目的地直接观察和记录个体或团体的行为活动，了解事实、发现问题的方法。（包括主观观察法与客观观察法、自然观察法与控制观察法、日常观察法与临床观察法）。调查法是通过晤谈、访问、座谈或问卷等方式获得资料，并加以分析研究。根据调查方式不同可分为会谈法、座谈法和问卷法。According to the use of means, can be divided into observation investigation, test method and experimental method (according to its implementation methods can be divided into the laboratory experiment and outside of the experimental); According to the object of study, how much can be divided into the case method and sampling method; Based on the research problem events into nature longitudinal study (including prospective study and retrospective studies) and a cross-sectional study. One observation is to point to the researchers through a destination direct observations and record the actions of individuals or groups, to know the facts, found that the problem of the method. (including the subjective and objective observation, the nature of observation of observation and control of observation, the daily observation and clinical observation). Investigation is through the sojourn, access, discussion or way of questionnaire to get material, and to analysis research. According to the survey method can be divided into talks method, the discussion and questionnaire.2 简述感觉与知觉的区别和联系（P20）(无英文) 相互关系 感觉 知觉 反映事物的个别属性 反映事物的整体侧重事物的各种不同属性、各个部分之间的相互关系以及事物的外在联系 区别 为个别感觉器官的活动结果 为多种感觉器官的联合活动的结果 是最简单的认知过程 是较复杂的认知过程感觉是知觉的基础，知觉是感觉的深化 联系 由于事物的个别属性和整体不可分，所以感觉和知觉也不可分没有纯粹的感觉，也没有纯粹的知觉，一般合称感知3 简述知觉的基本特性（P21） 知觉的选择性：指人根据当前的需要，对外来的刺激物有选择地作为知觉对象进行组织加工的过程。知觉的选择性可以使人能够把注意力集中到重要刺激排除次要刺激的干扰，从而更有效地感知外界事物适用外界事物。 知觉的整体性：是指人根据已有的知识经验把直接作用于感官的客观事物的多种属性整合为统一整体的加工过程，知觉的整体性提高了人们知觉事物的能力。 知觉的理解性：指人以知识经验为基础，对感知的事物加工处理，并用语言加以概括，赋予说明的组织加工的过程。知觉的理解性与知觉的选择性，整体性密切相关，其可以帮助知觉对象从知觉背景中分离出来。 知觉的恒常性：是指知觉的客观条件在一定范围内改变时，知觉的映象仍然保持不变。知觉的恒常性是以经验，知识，对比为基础的。The selective of consciousness: refers to person according to the current needs, to the external stimulus selectively as perceived objects for organization processing process. The selective perception can make the person can focus attention on the important stimulation ruled out the interference of secondary stimulus, and more effective to perceive things outside applicable things outside.The integrity of the consciousness: it is to point to a person on the basis of the existing knowledge and experience the direct role in the senses of properties of objective things integration as the unified whole process, the integrity of the perception of things improve the perception ability.The understanding of of consciousness: refers to a person with knowledge and experience based on perception of things processing, and language to generalize, given that the organization processing. The understanding of the consciousness of the selective and perception, integral sex is closely related, it can help percept separate consciousness from the background.The constant of the consciousness: refers to the consciousness in a certain range objective conditions change, the perception of the image still remain unchanged. Consciousness is the constant knowledge, experience, on the basis of comparison.4 简述记忆的过程（P23-25）识记、保持和遗忘、再认或回忆识记：个体获取经验、记住事物的过程，是感知外界事物或接受外界信息（外界刺激）的阶段，也就是学习阶段。保持：对识记的进一步巩固，是把输入的信息牢固地贮存在大脑的过程。遗忘：识记的内容不能再认与回忆称为遗忘，因为保持在头脑中的材料会发生变化导致的。导致遗忘的因素有：学习材料，学习程度，记忆任务的长久性等。再认与再现：记忆的两种表现形式，以识记为前提，检验保持的指标，也是提取信息的过程。再认是对过去经验过的事物再度出现时仍能认识。再现是人们过去经验过的事物不在面前时，头脑中重新出现的过程（回想起来）。Remember : the individual gain experience, remember things of the process, is the perception of things or accept outside information (external stimuli) stage, also is to study the stage.Keep: to further consolidate the to remember English, is input firmly in the process of storage brain.Forgotten: the content cant recognize to remember English with memory called forgotten as keep in the head the material will change the cause. Lead to forget the element has: learning materials, learning degree, the permanent memory task.Recognize and representation: the memory of the two kinds of forms to to remember English as the premise, and inspection of keep index, is also the process of extracting information. For the past experience that is again things appear again can still know. Representation is people used to experience something not in front, in the process of mind to appear (back).信息加工的过程5 简述思维的过程（P26-27） 分析和综合。分析就是思想上把事物的整体分解为各个部分或各个方面，把整体的个别属性或个别特征区分出来，分析与综合是彼此相反而又紧密联系的同一思维过程中不可分割的两个方面，通过分析和综合才能派生出思维的其他过程。 比较和分类。比较是在分析综合的基础上，把事物加以对比，找出事物之间异同点及其关系的思维操作活动。分类则是事物按照一定的标准划分成不同的类别。 抽象和概括。抽象是从事物许多特征中找出共同本质的特征，舍弃非本质特征的思维过程。概括是把各类事物的一般共性加以综合并推广到同类的一切其他事物的思维过程。 具体化和系统化。具体化是人脑把经过抽象和概括后的一般特征和规律应用到相应的个别事物上的过程。Analysis and comprehensive. Analysis on the thing is the thought of the whole into parts or each aspect, the whole individual attribute or individual features make it out, analysis and synthesis is opposite each other closely and the same thinking process inseparable two aspects, through the analysis and the comprehensive ability of the other derived thinking process.Comparison and classification. More is in the comprehensive analysis, and on the basis of contrast the thing, and find out the differences and similarities between things and relationship of thinking operating activities. Classification is according to certain standards that divided into different categories.Abstract and summarized. Abstract things to find out from many features of the nature of the common features, abandon the essential characteristics of the thinking process. Summary of all kinds of things is generally the synthetical and promote common to all other things the same kind of thinking processSpecific and systematized. The human brain is the specific after abstract and summarize the general characteristics and laws after application to the corresponding individual things process.6 简述影响问题解决的心理因素（P28） 定势：定势是由心理操作形成的所形成的模式所引起的心理活动的一种准备状态。在相同或相似情境中定势有助于问题解决，但在变化的情况下定势则可能会起消极作用。 情绪、情感与动机状态：紧张，恐惧，烦躁等情绪会阻碍问题解决的速度，乐观，平静的积极情绪将有助于问题的解决。在解决问题的过程中，人们往往带有某些情感或处于某种动机状态，这些状态必然会影响问题的解决，当问题解决或取得重大突破时，会产生巨大的喜悦和自豪感，有助于提出新的，更复杂的任务。遇到问题，动机不强烈，不利于问题的解决；但是动机过强，处于高度紧张焦虑状态，也会影响问题的解决。 迁移：指已有的知识经验和技能对解决新问题的影响。产生有利影响称为正迁移，产生干扰作用称为负迁移。 功能固着与变通：人们习惯把某种功能牢固地赋予某一物体的倾向，称为功能固着。克服功能固着需要人们灵活，机智地运用已有的知识，使之服务于解决问题的目的，成为功能变通。 个性：智力因素，自信心，灵活性等个性因素可以影响问题解决的效率。 策略：是解决问题的重要因素。Stereotype: stereotype is formed by the mental operation by the formation of the mode of the psychological activity caused a preparation for state. In the same or similar situation to stereotype problem solving, but in change may be decided the negative effects.Mood, emotion and motivational state: nervous, fear, be agitated and other emotional will hinder the speed of problem solving, optimistic, peace of positive emotions that will help to solve a problem. In the solution to the problem of process, people often has some emotional or in some motivational state, the state will inevitably influence on the solution of the problem, when problem solving or significant breakthrough, will produce great pleasure and pride, help to put forward the new, more complex tasks. Encounter problems, not strong motivation, which is unfavorable for the solution of the problems; But strong motivation, in a highly nervous anxiety state, it will influence the solution of the problem.Migration: refers to the existing knowledge experience and skills to solve new problems influence. Influential called the positive transfer and the disturbance effect called negative transfer.The fixation and flexible function: people used to some function firm to give something tendency, called the fixation function. To overcome the fixation people need flexible function of wit and use existing knowledge, to solve problems in the service of purpose, be flexible function.Personality: intelligence factor, self-confidence, flexibility and other personal factors can influence the efficiency of problem solving.Strategy: is the solution to the problem of important factors.7 简述情绪和情感的区别与联系（P29）(无英文) 相互关系 情绪 情感 情境性、短暂性、冲动性 稳定性、深刻性、持久性 区别 表现为外显性 表现为内隐性 多与人的生理需要相联系 多与人的社会需要想联系人和动物都有，发生较早 人所独有，发生较晚8 联系 情绪依赖于情感，人的各种情绪表现受已经形成的情感特点制约。另一方面， 情感也依赖于情绪，人的情感总是在各种不断变化着的情绪中得到体现、情绪 是情感的外在表现，情感是情绪的内在本质。9 情绪状态有哪几种，各有何特点？（P30）情绪状态指在特定时间内，情绪活动在强度、速度和持续时间上的综合表现。心境：一种持久而微弱的具有渲染性的情绪，特点为倾向性、微弱、平静、持久，具有弥漫性。激情：一种由生活中意想不到的强烈刺激引起的情绪，特点为猛烈、短暂、爆发，迅速。应激：一种人们遇到突然发生的意外事件或某种意外危险时机体产生的一种特殊的情绪反应，同时也伴随强烈的生理变化，特点为由巨大精神或躯体压力引起。Emotional states in particular time means, emotional activities in strength, speed and duration of the comprehensive performance.Mood: a lasting and feeble has XuanRanXing emotions, characteristics as the orientation, weak, calm, lasting, with diffuse.Passion: a life like by intense stimulation can cause emotions, characteristics as the violent, short, explosion, rapid.Stress: a people meet sudden accidents or some accident danger of the body to produce a special kind of emotional response, but also with strong physiological changes, features the great spiritual or body pressure on the cause.10 简述情绪的理论学说（P31-32）1.詹姆斯-朗格的情绪外周理论，观点为情绪刺激引起身体的自主神经系统的生理反应，而自主神经系统的生理反应进一步导致情绪体验的产生。该理论的缺点是忽视了中枢神经系统对情绪的控制。2.坎农-巴德的情绪丘脑理论，观点为情绪的中心不在外周神经系统，而在中枢神经系统的丘脑；情绪体验和生理变化是同时发生的，它们都受到丘脑的控制，当丘脑接受情绪反应的神经冲动时，同时向上和向下进行传导，向上传至大脑产生情绪的主观体验，向下传至交感神经形成机体情绪体验，行为变化和生理反应。该理论的缺点是忽视了大脑皮层对情绪的控制。3.沙赫特-辛格的情绪三因素理论，观点为对于特定情绪而言，有三个必要因素，一是个体必须体验到高度的生理唤醒，如心率加快；二是个体必须对生理状态的变化进行认知性的唤醒。三是适宜的环境因素的刺激。其中认识性的唤醒在认识过程中起关键作用。4.汤姆金斯和伊扎德的情绪动机-分化理论，观点为情绪是一种独立的心理过程，有其自身的机制，同时在个体心理活动中有着适应社会环境的独特作用。James Lange mood peripheral theory, the viewpoint of the body cause for emotional stimuli of the autonomic nervous system physiology reaction, and the autonomic nervous system physiological reaction to further the generation of emotional experience. The theory of the defect is ignored the central nervous system of emotional control.Chris cannon-bud mood thalamus theory, view the center of emotion is not for peripheral nervous system, and in the central nervous system of the hypothalamus; Emotional experience and physiological change is happening at the same time, they are the thalamus control, and when the thalamus accept emotional reactions in the nerve impulse, and up and down for transmission, and spread to the brain produces the subjective experience emotions, down to the sympathetic nervous form the bodys emotional experience, behavior change and physiological reaction. The theory of the defect is ignored the cerebral cortex of emotional control.Schacht-the mood of the three factors singh theory, for a particular emotions in perspective, there are three necessary factors, one is the individual must experience to the height of the physiological sensei, such as heart rate increase; 2 it is individual must change the physical condition of the cognitive awakening. 3 it is appropriate environmental factors stimulation. The recognition of awakening in the process of cognition plays a key role.Tomkins and plunge Iraqs emotional motives-differentiation theory, view for the mood is a kind of independent psychological process, has its own mechanism, and also in an individuals psychological activities have to adapt to the unique function of social environment.11 简述意志行动的特征（P35-36） 具有明确的目的：自觉地确立目的，是人的行为的特征。人类的活动在行动之前，对行动的目的和结果就以意识的形式存在于头脑之中，并能以这个目的来调节和支配自己的行动，意志集中体现了人的心理活动的自觉能动性。 具有调节行动的作用：意志对行动的调节作用，使人的行动按目的自觉地认识客观世界，改造客观世界，其包括发动和制止两个相统一的方面。 与克服困难相联系：在意志行动中，目的的确定和实现总会遇到各种各样的困难，战胜和克服困难的过程，就是体现意志目标实现的过程。 与随意动作为基础：人的随意动作是受主观意识调节的，具有一定目的要求和目的指向性的运动，是在生活实践过程中受意识调控通过逐渐学习获取的动作。With a clear purpose: to consciously set objective, is the behavior of people characteristics. Human activities in action before the purpose and the results of action in the form of consciousness exists in mind, and with the purpose to to adjust and control your action, will embodies the psychological activity of the people of the initiative.Has adjust action role: will adjust action of action, make the persons action according to purpose consciously know the objective world, to change the objective world, including the launch and stop of the unification of the two.And overcome difficulties associated: in action will, to define the aim and realize always meet all kinds of difficulties, win over and overcome difficult process, reflect the will is realizing the goal of the process.With optional action for the basis of: a person at will action by subjective consciousness is the regulation, with a certain objective requirements and purpose of the directional movement, is in the process of practice in life by mind control through the action of learning for gradually.12 简述意志的品质（P37）1.自觉性：意志的自觉性是指一个人在行动中具有明确的目的性，并充分认识到行动的社会意义，使自己的行动服从社会要求的品质。其主要作用是主动地支配行动，使其能达到既定目的。2.果断性：意志的果断性是一种明辨是非，迅速而合理采取决定，实现决定的品质。3.坚韧性：意志的坚韧性是指在执行决定过程中能坚持到底，在行动中长期保持充沛的精力，坚韧的毅力，顽强地克服实现目标途中种种困难的品质。4.自制力：意志的自制力是能够完全自觉，灵活地控制自己的情绪，约束自己言行的品质。Self-consciousness: will self-consciousness is one that in action with a clear purpose, and to realize the social significance of action, make oneself of the action to obey the social requirements of quality. Its main effect is active control action, make its can achieve stated purpose.GuoDuanXing: will GuoDuanXing is a right from wrong, quick and reasonable take decision, realize the quality of the decision.Tenacity: will tenacity is to point to in the executive decision process can stick to it, in the medium and long term action to keep abundant energy and the tenacity, tenacious overcome the way to realize the goals of the quality of the difficulties.Self-control is: will the self-control is able to fully conscious and flexibility to control the emotions constraint own words and deeds of quality.13 简述人格的特点（P38） 独特性与共同性：是由于每个人的遗传素质不同，社会生活环境不同，个体形成的人格千差万别，我们称之为人格的独特性，但在一定的群体环境和自然环境因素作用下人与人之间心理上也存在一定的共同性。 社会性：人格是在一定的社会环境中形成的，人格必然会反映出一个人所处生活环境中的社会文化特点，体现个人的社会文化程度和其角色行为。 稳定性：由各种心理特征构成的人格结构是比较稳定的，它对人的行为的影响是长期的，一贯性的。 整体性：人格是由多种心理特征组成的，这些心理特征相互影响。相互制约组成人体复杂的人格结构体系，它使人的内心世界，个体动机与外显行为之间保持和谐一致。Uniqueness and generality: because everyone is of different genetic qualities, social life environment is different, of the formation of the individual personality differ in thousands ways, we call it the uniqueness of the personality, but in certain groups environment and the natural environment factors between people under the action of psychological also has certain commonalities.Social: personality is in a certain social environment of the formation, the personality will reflect a person place of social culture environment characteristics, reflect individual social cultural degree and its role behavior.Stability: by all sorts of psychological characteristics of a personality structure is more stable, it to the behavior of peoples influence is long-term, consistencyIntegrity: personality is by a variety of psychological characteristics of composition, the psychological characteristics influence each other. Restrict each other body is composed of complex personality structure system, it makes the hearts of men, individual motive and outside action to keep harmony between.14 简述人格心理结构（P38-39）个性倾向性：它决定了人对客观事物的态度和行为的基本动力，是人格心理结构中最活跃的因素，主要包含需要、动机、兴趣、理想、信念和世界观等几个方面，各个方面之间可以相互影响和相互制约的。个性心理特征：是个体心理活动中表现出的比较稳定的心理特点，它集中反映了人的心理活动的独特性，主要包含能力、气质和性格几个方面。自我调节系统，其核心为自我意识，指个体对自己作为客体存在的各方面的意识，通过自我感知，自我评价和自我分析，自我控制等对人格的各种心理成分进行调节和控制，使人格心理诸成分整合成一个完整的结构系统。Personality tendency: it decided to the people of objective things the basic motive of attitude and behavior, is the personality psychological structure the most active factors in, consists of need, motivation, interest, ideal, faith and world view, etc, all aspects can influence each other and between that restricts each other.Psychological characteristics: is individual psychological activity performance of relatively stable psychological characteristics, it reflects the psychological activity of the uniqueness of people, mainly include ability, quality and character several ways.Self adjusting system, and its core for self consciousness, refers to the individual for yourself as the object of the existing in all aspects of the consciousness, through the sense of self self evaluation and self analysis, self control and so on each kind of psychological personality ingredients of the adjustment and the control, the component integrated personality psychology into a complete structure system.15 简述马斯洛的需要层次理论（P40）生理的需要：个体生存必不可少的需要，它具有自我和种族保存意义，生理需要在人类各种需要中占据优势。安全的需要：当生理的需要得到一定程度满足后，随之产生了安全的需要，它包括生命安全，财产安全以及心理上的安全，以免威胁，孤独和他人的侵犯。归属和爱的需要：个体总是处于一定的社会环境和群体中发展的，爱的需要包括接受他人和给予他人爱的需要。尊重的需要：个体对自身价值的认同，它包括自我尊重和受到他人尊重两个方面。 自我实现的需要：需要的最高层次是每个人的潜能得到充分的发挥，实现自身的价值。Physiological needs: the individual is essential to survival needs, it has self and racial save significance, physical needs in all human need to occupy the advantage.Safety: the need when physiological needs to get a certain degree after meet, resulting security needs, it includes the safety of life and property security and psychological safety, in order to avoid the threat, loneliness and others infringement.Ownership and love needs: the individual is always in the certain social environment and the development of the group, including the need to love from others and give others love needs.Respect: the need to own the identity of the individual value, it covers self respect and respected by others two aspects.Self realization needs: the highest level of need is everyones potential can be played, and realize their value.16 简述动机冲突的形式（P41）双趋冲突：指两个具有同样吸引力的目标，由于这两个动机同样强烈，受条件等各种因素的制约无法同时实现的矛盾冲突，需两者选其一。双避冲突：指一个人同时受到两个目标影响，都想避开，但迫于情景，只