英语写作手册行文格式.doc

行文格式Manuscript Form4.1标点Punctuation4.1.1逗号(,)(Comma)逗号表示句子内部的一般性停顿。例如 ： When she came，1 was busy washing my coat. 当你说完came后稍停了一下，那也就是把这个句子写出来时该打一个逗号的地方。但有时由于句子结构的需要也用逗号，即使在没有停顿的地方也一样。4.1.1.1在并列句中连词 yet，but，or，for，so，nor，and等的前面用逗号。例如：She asked the question in a loud voice，but no one answeredShe was tired，and she decided to have a restHurry up，or youll miss the planeShe couldnt go to the park to meet him，nor could she send anyone instead of herIt must have rained last night，for the ground is wetHe is a clever boy，yet you cant help liking him如果两个或两个以上的并列从句在句式上都很简短，意思上又紧密相连，那么它们之间可以不用连词而只用逗号。例如：A memoir is history，it is based on evidence E. M. Forster上面这种逗号的用法属于特殊情况，在文学作品中有时可以见到。4.1.1.2如果短语或状语从句被放置在句子的主语前面，或放在句子中间时，后面应该用逗号。例如：When the bell rang, the children rushed out of the classroom.In the ancient palace, they saw the throne where emperors used to sit.To see the importance of this road, one has to look at a map.Born and brought up in the South, she is not used to eating wheatThe audience，interested in the topic, asked the speaker many questions。 如主语前的状语成分很短，其后可不加逗号，当然也要考虑避免造成误解。例如：On hearing the big noise I knew something terrible had happened.In one corner of the hall they found the injured dog.。如果主要从句在前，状语成分在后，逗号一般要被Youll be unable to finish the work in time if you dont start at onceI was trying to reach her by phone when she walked into my officeHe found the document in one of the drawers of his desk 4.1.1.3一组作用相同的词或短语在一起使用时要用逗号分开。例如：She buys beer, milk, vegetables, and many other things from this supermarket在不会造成误解的情况下，连词前面的逗号可省略。4.1.1.4非限定性定语从句或短语和句子的主要部分之间要用逗号隔开。例如：Zhang Hua, who is the best student of the class，will go to a famous college.He had to leave his hometown, where he had 1ived ever since he was born.Mr. Li, the new chairman of the department, will speak at the meeting.An old lady, nodding and smiling, invited us in.如果是限定性定语从句和短语则不需要用逗号分开。例如：This is the house where the famous poet was born.The young man who is talking with the foreign reporters is the headmaster of the school.4.1.1.5插入语的前后需用逗号分开。例如：The director, in fact, has done very little work.Your work, Im sorry to say, is not satisfactory.4.1.1.6逗号也常常出现在下列句子中。例如：Yes, I do.No, I dont think so.She is the new student, isnt she?The meeting will hold on January 25, 2005.He said, “It is a fine day today.”“It is a fine day today,” he said.“Today,” he said, “is a fine day.”This factory produced 830,000 bicycles last year.写日期时，如次序是月、日、年，那么逗号要加在日和年之间。如果次序是日、月、年，就不需要加逗号。例如：He was born on March 15, 2005.He was born on 15 March 2005.。千以上的数字可用逗号按千数把数字分开，也就是从右至左每三个数字后加一个逗号。例如：19,087，123,654,085另外有一点需要注意，英文中不用顿号(、)。中文用顿号的地方英文可以用逗号。4.1.2句号(.)(Period)句号用在陈述句、语气舒缓的祈使句和间接引语问句之后。例如：Many people get up late on Sunday.Learn to use the punctuation marks.He asked how the semicolon should be used.句号表示句子末尾的停顿。如继续往下写的话，下一个词的首字母就该大写，因为这意味着又一句话的开始。 省略词一般加句号。例如：U.S.A a.m. Dr. Mr. Mrs. Ms.在一些省略词后不加句号，尤其是在团体、通讯社和广播电台的名称后面。例如：BBC NBC NATO UN UNESCO YMCA4.1.3省略号(.)(Ellipsis)稍稍分开的三个句号就构成了省略号，表示在引语中省略了一个或更多的词。试比较下列两句：例1.The descriptions of appropriate usage are based on the dicta of recognized authorities; on my own experience as reader, writer, teacher, linguist, editor, and observer of the linguistic scene; and occasionally, simply on my own preferences and prejudices.如果将其中的一部分词省略，就可写成这样：The descriptions of appropriate usage are based on the dicta of recognized authorities; on my own experience as reader, writer, teacher.; and occasionally simply on my own preferences and prejudices.这样的三个稍稍分开的句号(.)有时也表示说话停顿或迟疑。例如：“ How about you?” “ I dont know.your word.”“我不太明白你的意思。”如在一句话的末尾用省略号，后面还得加句号。这样一来，四个句号就用在一起了。例如：“ What do you mean?”“ Im sorry.”4.1.4分号(;)(Semicolon)4.1.4.1两个并列从句之间如不用连词(and，but，or，nor，for，so，yet)，也可用分号。例如：No one is born with knowledge; knowledge must be taught and learned.If she married that man，her parents would be unhappy; if she left him，she herself would be unhappy.上面所给出的每一句都可以分成两个独立的句子并且不改变原意。但连成一句使两部分的联系比分成两句时要紧密一些。分号的主要功能便是表示意思相关的句子之间的联系。有些起联系作用的副词，如however，therefore，hence，nevertheless，moreover，thus，otherwise，besides等，是不应该用作连词来联系并列从句的。在它们之前应用分号而不是逗号。例如：She planned to go with them on the trip; however，her sons sudden illness prevented her from leaving home.The invention brought him fame; moreover, it brought him money在上面各句中，分号都不可以用逗号来代替。有的人在so和yet前用分号而不用逗号，那是因为他们认为这两个词是副词。4.1.4.2如果从句内已有标点，即使句中有连词仍然应该用分号。例如：Unfortunately, he couldnt come; and his absence made things difficult for us.Before she came, we had expected her to help us; but when she was with us, she didnt do much.4.1.4.3如果若干个项目内已有逗号，可用分号将各项分开。例如：On the committee are quite a few well-known people; for example, Professor Zhang, Dean of the Normal College; Mr. Zhao, editor-in-chief of the local evening paper; Miss Xu, a popular actress; and Mr. Hu, Director of the Bureau of Culture.4.1.4.4如果一个从句内带有省略部分，可用分号把它和别的从句联系起来；省略处有时可以用逗号标出。例如：There are four winners in their university; in our university, none.4.1.5冒号(：)(Colon)4.1.5.1冒号可以用来引出解释语、小结部分或同位语。例如：Three causes have been given for the failure： poor planning, insufficient manpower, and the shortage of material.4.1.5.2冒号用于引语或陈述句之前。例如：My grandpa often mentions one saying by Confucius：“To say you know when you know, and to say you do not when you do not, that is knowledge.”4.1.5.3在表示时间时冒号可以用来区分小时与分钟，还可以表示赛事的比分，可以在事务性的信件中放在称呼之后，可在演讲稿中放在对主席和听众的称呼之后。例如：The plane leaves at 1116 p.m.China beat Japan 30 in the womens volleyball tournamentDear Mr. Brown：(在个人信件中逗号更常见)Ladies and gentlemen：4.1.6问号(?)(Question Mark)4.1.6.1问号用于直接问句之后，但间接问句后不用问号。例如：Are you a student?Whats in your big box?He asked, “Where are you going?”She asked me where I had put her book.4.1.6.2陈述句和祈使句被用作问句时，句末也要加问号。例如：You read the book for us this morning?Five Yuan is enough?4.1.6.3一个问句中涉及许多项目时，各项之后都可以使用问号。例如：Did he bring milk? butter? beef? eggs?每个名词后面都有一问号来表示停顿，加重了对各项进行提问的语气。4.1.6.4放在括号中的问号表示不能肯定它前面的那个词、数字或日期的准确性。例如：The author of the book was born in 1026(?) and died in 1106.4.1.7感叹号(!)(Exclamation Mark)4.1.7.1感叹号用于感叹句以及抒发某种强烈感情的感叹词或短语之后。例如：Help! Help! A boy has fallen into the river!“Get out!” he cried.How beautiful the girl is!Oh! What a strange hat!感叹号不宜使用过多。语气舒缓的不强烈的感叹句之后，可以用逗号或句号。例如：Hi, dont worry about it.“What a fine day,” she said.4.1.7.2有时在表示愿望的口号之后也使用感叹号。例如：Long live the Peoples Republic of China!中华人民共和国万岁!4.1.8单引号和双引号( 或“ ”)(Quotation Marks)4.1.8.1不论是在对话还是引文中，直接引语的两端用双引号。引语中的引用则用单引号。例如：“ Will you go to school with me?” he asked his sister.“ Yes, I do,” she answered.“是的，我愿意，”她回答到。Why did parents permit their children to work in mines and factories? In answering this question, the author says that there was usually nothing else to do, “except to starve.”“What do you mean by evolutionary mechanism?” one of the students asked.“你所说的进化装置是什么意思？”一个学生问到。4.1.8.2有一点要注意的是，间接引语不用引号。例如：The author writes that the reason why parents permitted their children to work in mines and factories was that there was usually nothing else to do, except to starve.作者写到父母们允许自己的孩子去矿山和工厂做工的原因是因为除了挨饿就没有其他的事情可做。4.1.8.3记录两人或多人的谈话时，每个人说的话以及与动词有关的描写，不管长短，都应自成一段。例如：“Did you go to the zoo yesterday?” she asked her son, smiling.“Yes，I did,” he said “I had a good time there.”“Im sure you saw the pandas.” “Of course. But there was such a crowd around them that I couldnt get close enough to see them clearly,” he said with a sigh.4.1.8.4文章、短篇故事、短诗及歌曲等的题目和书中各章节的题目，用引号标出。但书刊名称应用斜体字或下划线标明。例如：The China Daily carries an interesting article today： “How to Improve Your English”“Life in the Cave,” one of the chapters of My Adventures, is very interesting. “岩洞里的生活”，是我的冒险活动中的一章，十分有趣。4.1.8.5意义特殊的词有时用引号标明。例如：Pointing to a small desk in a corner of the room, he said， “My headquarters is there.”他指着屋子角落里的一张小书桌说，“那就是我的司令部了。” 4.1.8.6引号和其他标点符号配合使用时，美国的通行办法如下：句号和逗号放在引号之内。例如：“Tom,” she said, “Ive lost my bag.”“Great Wall is like a dragon,” he said.冒号和分号放在引号之外。例如：First he talked about the “impressionism”; then he discussed “postmodernism.”首先，他谈到了“印象派”；然后他又提到了“后现代主义”。This dictionary gives a brief explanation of “postmodernism”： a style of building, decoration, art, etc., which uses an unusual mixing of old and new forms. 这本字典对“后现代主义”做了一个简要的说明： 它是建筑、装饰、美术等的一种风格。 它是新旧艺术形式的奇妙结合。 破折号、问号和感叹号，如只是与引语有关，放在引号之内；如与整个句子有关，则放在引语之外。例如：He asked, “What does postmodernism mean?”他问，“后现代主义是什么意思？”What is the meaning of the “impressionism”?“印象派”是什么意思？“Stop! Stop!” he cried.“停!停!”他喊到。4.1.9圆括号 （()） 和方括号 （）(Parentheses & Brackets)4.1.9.1一般插入性的、补充性的或注释性的词语用圆括号(Parentheses)来标明。例如：Bai Juyi(772 846)was a great poet of the Tang Dynasty.白居易(772 846)是唐代一位著名的诗人。A PLO(Palestinian Liberation Organization)delegation is to visit China next month.巴解组织代表团下月访问中国。He is learning two courses(Linguistics and Grammar)this semester.这学期他学两门功课(语言学和语法)。4.1.9.2用来表示详细项目的数字或字母一般放在圆括号中。例如：The word revolution means(1)a great, sudden social and political change by force;(2)circular movement round a fixed point.revolution一词的意思是(1)一场浩大的、突然的社会政治的强行变革；(2)围绕一点的圆周运动。4.1.9.3括号用来标出引语中引用者加的改正或说明部分。例如：He wrote： “One great poet of the Song Dynasty Su Shisaid that in Wang Weis poetry there was painting and in his pain-tings there was poetry.”他写道：“宋朝著名诗人苏轼说在王维的诗中有画，画中有诗。”4.1.9.4如果圆括号中还需用括号，则用方括号(Brackets)代替圆括号。例如：William Strunk Jr. and E. B. White wrote a very useful little book for students learning to write(The Elements of Style New York： Macmillan, 1972).小威廉姆斯兰克和E.B.怀特先生写了一部很有用处的书，是教学生如何写作的(文体要素纽约：Macmillan)。4.1.10破折号()(Dash)4.1.10.1在文章中破折号表示思想的中断或语气的改变。例如：She went through a lot of terrible ordeals in those chaotic years but who didnt?在那些动荡岁月中她遭受了许多惨痛的折磨但又有谁幸免了呢？He might do many good things for the people of the city if he was elected.他可能会为这个城市的人民做许多益事如果他当选的话。4.1.10.2破折号用来表示没有说完或被打断的部分。例如：“My idea is ”“我的想法是”“You want to quit, dont you?”“你想退出，不是吗”？4.1.10.3破折号也可以用来标出插入语。例如：Three countries Spain, Italy and Hungary abstained.三个国家西班牙，意大利和匈牙利弃权了。4.1.10.4破折号有时在一系列名词之后引出一个总结性的从句。例如：Father, Mother, John and Susan all were surprised by my announcement.爸爸，妈妈，约翰和苏珊都被我所宣布的事情惊呆了。4.1.10.5在有些作品中可以看到作家在叙述对话时用破折号来代替引号。例如： Where will you go tomorrow? 明天你去哪？ I have no idea. 我不知道。4.1.10.6破折号有时可用来标明副标题或作者。例如： The Growth of the Green Parties绿色组织的成长 A General Survey普查We learn from history that men never learn anything from history Hegel我们从历史中认识到：我们并未以史为鉴。 黑格尔4.1.11斜线()(Slash)4.1.11.1斜线表示两项皆可采用。例如：This university provides scholarships andor loans.这个大学提供奖学金或者贷款，或两项都提供。When students meet after the winter vacation，they often ask each other, “How was your vacation / life at home?”当学生们寒假后相遇时常会彼此询问“你假期 / 在家过得怎么样”？4.1.11.2在连续地抄写诗句时，可用斜线分开原来的诗行。例如：Be through my lips to unawakened earth / The trumpet of a prophecy! Oh, wind, / if Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”愿你从我的唇间吹出醒世的号角！西风哟，如果冬天已经来了，春天还会远吗？4.2大写Capitalization 在写文章的过程中，有关大小写方面的错误层出不穷，这是学生在写作中遇到的一个难题。一般来说， 字母大写的规则主要有以下几点：4.2.1大写每句话的第一个字母和直接引语的第一字母。例如：He said, “He is going to Shanghai next week.”他说，“他下周要去上海”。 “My trip to Shanghai,” he said, “was interesting but tiring.”“我的上海之行”，他说，“很有趣但很累人”。4.2.2大写专有名词，以及从专有名词演变而来的词，普通名词已成为专有名词的一部分时，也要大写。 从专有名词演变而来的词需要大写：Marxist Confucian DarwinismHegelian Americanize Latinize普通名词：a famous university a broad street large lake middle agelabor day peoples republic the president of the university专有名词：Peking University Chang an Street Lake Eriethe Middle Ages Labor Day President Brownthe Peoples Republic of China但是有一些专有名词及其派生词也可能变成普通名词、动词或形容词。例如：mackintosh(由苏格兰化学家Charles Macintosh的名字变来)chauvinistic(由拿破仑的狂热信徒Nicolas Chauvin的名字派生出来)anglicize(由拉丁文Anglieus演变而来)4.2.3文章的标题、书名、报刊的名称等，第一个单词及每个实词的第一个字母一般要大写。例如：Lesson Two(第二课)An Express Way to English(英语速成法)4.2.4缩写字母。例如：MPA公共管理硕士 MBA工商管理硕士BBC英国广播公司WTO世贸组织4.2.5官职、头衔如果放在专有名词前要大写，在专有名词后就小写。例如：Captain Smith Smith, the captain史密斯上尉史密斯，上尉Uncle George George, my uncle乔治叔叔乔治，我的叔叔4.2.6国家、城市、乡、镇等名称的首字母要大写。例如：China(中国) Shanghai(上海)4.2.7表示语言、某国人等首字母要大写。例如：Chinese(中国人，汉语) English(英语)4.2.8姓名中指姓的词和名的词首字母要大写。例如：John Smith(约翰史密斯)Wu Hongjun(吴洪军)4.2.9表示节日、星期、月份的第一个字母要大写。例如：Tuesday(星期二)January(一月)Childrens Day(儿童节)Practice 4-2-1Directions：Rewrite the following sentences and use capitals where necessary.1. he said, “ my trip to shanghai was interesting but tiring.”2. I asked, “ when do you usually go home?”3. she answered, “ at weekends.”4.“ her new shoes,” he said, “ were very beautiful.”5.“give it up, boy ,” he threatened. “give it up.”6. changan street is a famous street.7. childrens day is tuesday this year.8.“I have decided,” she said, “to take the examination.”9. she said, “ they have decided to take a examination.”10. Wang xiaoming comes from beijing, he is learning english now.Practice 4-2-2Directions：Give the short form1. 中国人民解放军2. 北大西洋公约组织3. 亚太经合作组织4. 艾滋病5. 非典型肺炎6. 首席执行官7. 世界卫生组织8. 联合国教科文组织9. 欧盟10. 美国之音4.3移行Word Division 同学们在写作文的过程中，经常会碰到这种情况：在一行的末尾只剩下一点空间，不能写完一个单词。如果写不下你要写的那个词，应考虑是移行还是把整个的词写在下一行。要避免把一个词挤塞在纸边上。移行的基本原则是按照音节把词分开。移行处要用连字符，并放在该行的末尾。还要注意以下几点：4.3.1单音节词不论长短都不能移行。例如：through brain march pushed4.3.2不要把词的一个字母，即使那个字母构成一个音节，写在行末或行首。例如：along(不可移行为a-long)tricky(不可移行为trick-y)4.3.3不要把只有两个字母的音节写在行首。例如：hated(不可移行为hat-ed)cabin(不可移行为cab-in)4.3.4不论音节多少，头衔、职称、人名、地名不宜分开。例如：China(不可移行为Chi-na)Austen(不可移行为Aus-ten)4.3.5已带有连字符的复合词只可在连字符处分开，例如：mother-in-lawempty-handed4.3.6有前缀或后缀的词，应在前、后缀和词根之间分开。例如：restatement(移行为re-state-ment)unrelenting(移行为un-relent-ing)4.3.7双音节词有重复的辅音字母时，可在这两个字母间分开。例如：struggl