国内板材送进夹钳装置的研发及制造要与全球号召的高效经济、安全稳定主题保持一致。近期对机械行业中板材加工设备的使用情况进行了调查，发现在机械行业中，板材的加工设备很多，但有很多存在了各种各样的缺陷，例如安全方面，加工效率方面等等，所以设计一个专用的板材送进夹钳装置势在必行。随着国民经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高，人民对保健品工业提出了更高的要求。现代保健品已朝着营养、绿色、方便、功能保健品的方向发展，且功能保健品将成为新世纪的主流保健品。保健品工业也成为国民经济的支柱产业，作为装备保健品工业的保健品机械工业发展尤为迅猛。概括说来，现代机械工程有五大服务领域：研制和提供能量转换机械、研制和提供用以生产各种产品的机械、研制和提供从事各种服务的机械、研制和提供家庭和个人生活中应用的机械、研制和提供各种机械武器。不论服务于哪一领域，机械工程的工作内容基本相同，主要有：

建立和发展机械工程的工程理论基础。例如，研究力和运动的工程力学和流体力学；研究金属和非金属材料的性能，及其应用的工程材料学；研究热能的产生、传导和转换的热力学；研究各类有独立功能的机械元件的工作原理、结构、设计和计算的机械原理和机械零件学；研究金属和非金属的成形和切削加工的金属工艺学和非金属工艺学等等。

本文运用大学所学的知识，提出了板材送进夹钳装置的结构组成、工作原理以及主要零部件的设计中所必须的理论计算和相关强度校验，构建了板材送进夹钳装置总的指导思想，从而得出了该板材送进夹钳装置的优点是高效，经济，并且安全系数高，运行平稳的结论。

关键字：板材送进夹钳装置，高效经济，工作原理，指导思想

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内容简介：: Mechanical design theory and discussion The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question. Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. With development of all kind of science technology and global economy, Pneumatic manipulator is a automated devices that can mimic the human hand and arm movements to do something，aslo can according to a fixed procedure to moving objects or control tools. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety.Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic energy sectors.The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure, flow atcompressedneceengththdirectionprocedurework.Theinvertedpendulumisatypicalhighordersystem,withmultivariable,non-linear, strong-coupling,fleetandabsolutelyinstable.Itisrepresentativeasanidealmodeltoprovenewcontroltheoryandtechniques.Duringthecontrolprocess,pendulumcaneffectivelyreflectmanykeyproblemssuchasequanimity,robust,follow-upandtrack,therefore.Thispaperstudiesacontrolmethodofdoubleinvertedpendulum.Firstofall,themathematicalmodelofthedoubleinvertedpendulumisestablished,thenmakeacontroldesigntodoubleinvertedpendulumonthemathematicalmodel,anddeterminethesystemperformanceindexweightmatrix,byusinggeneticalgorithminordertoattainthesystemstatefeedbackcontrolmatrix.Finally,thesimulationofthesystemismadeby.Afterseveraltestmatrixvaluetheresultsarenotsatisfactoryresponse,thenweoptimizematrixbyusingGeneticAlgorithm.Simulationresultsshow.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project ANSYS software design and knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea. Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method. In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts. How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnels basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem: (1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability (2) does this product compare with other companies existing similar products? (3) produces this kind of product is whether economical? (4) product service is whether convenient? (5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain? Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method. Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, workers health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customers aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material. Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material. In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes.Pneumatic manipulator is a automated devices that can mimic the human hand and arm movements to do something，aslo can according to a fixed procedure to moving objects or control tools. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic energy sectors.Along with change with each passing day of science and technology, the high-speed tool machine of gears gets the favor of the molding tool manufactories increasingly, the high speed slice the essence for pare be the knife have of run about of length walk in the in a short time over, because of the good characteristic of its oneself, can with significantly the exaltation process the efficiency, thus can lower the production cost. he high-speed gears process the turn of center and can amount to the 40000 r/ min soon, the local usage is more currently, sex price has the German DMG production the high-speed machine more and goodly. But the usage of the high-speed machine exists a lot of problems currently, first is to weave the distance, a lot of plaits distance the personnel usually feel vacant to frighten into inaction in the high-speed machine in front, dont know how adopt to slice to pare the dosage, currently the gears plait distance of most molding tool factories the personnel are all in the factory to grow up with teacher from the apprentice of, they usually have abundant fulfillment experience, but be in need of the theories leading of the system, is experience and fillings towards slicing the understanding of pare the dosage, usually with what to borrow, but these experiences and felling are in the low speed gears tool machine backlog. So, faced the high-speed machine hour to can not find to fragment . Still need to consider the material and degree of hardnesss of process the work pieces the next in order, the material is harder, slicing to pare the dosage to correspond to take the small value. Is also very important with the function that the knife have, because the knife that you choose has to decide you can use of turn soon, come to a decision it is commonness that tool machine process still process the high speed process. So, only chose to use the high-speed knife, then can give a homologous high speed, carry on high speeds process. And a parameter of knife of different company also is a vast difference between the two, so the plait distance personnel needs to process related technique data that knife have. Compared with the common low speed gears tool machine, is certain because of the power of the tool machine, the principal axis become soon and more quick, it can bear of slice and pare dint will more small, at a high speed When the machine process, eat the amount of knife and correspond and want to be small. Only have, process tool machine, knife material, process the property etc. the knot puts together and then can grope for slice to pare the dosage the best, producing the best production efficiency. Aim at this kind of circumstance, can adopt the following after weigh of process the craft This article is mainly of the pneumatic manipulator the overall design, and pneumatic design. This mechanism of manipulator includes cylinders and claws and connectors parts, it can move according to the due track on the movement of grabbing, carrying and unloading. The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure, flow and direction of the compressed air to make it get the necessary strength, speed and changed the direction of movement in the prescribed procedure work. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic .The principle, technical pare-maters, transmiting system and main parts structure of mincing ma-chine were introduced. The productingcapacity was analysed.Keywords Mincing machine Holds plate Cutting blade Transfer augerThis paper discusses the meat processing machinery - crusher working principle, main technical parameters, transmission system, the typical parts of the structure design and production capacity analysis. The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence. In recent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material. Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Because the country is in keeping with currently heavy slice to pare the tool machine a lot of, process the fee also cheap, the knife have also cheap. But the general work piece process to have great capacity, the accuracy request is not high. Owing to this kind of circumstance, can use to imitate the form Miller or numbers to control the Miller to slice the big part to pare the quantity to complete( heavy slice to pare), leave the 2-3 mms to process the amount of remaining, slice the surplus to pare the quantity on board complete quickly in the high-speed gears carvings. Turn into the high speed after slice pare because process the object to have already near to take shape, so the first knife slices to pare the quantity very even, the knife that can adopt to import have, the knife have although expensive, process time short, slice to pare the quantity not big, so the function price ratio is very good. For the small scaled molding tool, process the amount of remaining not big, then can process the mission all to all carve in the gears computer on board complete. We made use of the gears computer the carvings machine that my school by oneself design to carry on the trial well, because of carvings the principal axis of the machine turns to be up to the 40000 r/min soon, can carry on high speeds process availably. Used for a capacity inside the model or convex molds that the high speed processes the complicated molding tool, can adopt the diameter to used for a nose of a blade knife( allow the line speed 380 ms/ min) of the 8-10 mms thick process, use the 6-8 mms of a blade ball knife nicety process.For example, the high speed processes a molding tool of small scaled cellular phone, that spare parts contain many keys and a capacity inside the model of the screen, is a typical model spare parts of much more complicated curved face, the material of the molding tool is the T10 tool steel, the knife have for German tile especially the company takes to draw the layer of R3 double blade ball head knife, the knife has the line speed 200 ms/ min, the principal axis turn soon 1.1-20,000 r/ min, the knife has to eat the knife depth 0.5-0.8 mms, entering to the speed 5 ms/ min, the knife has the amount of partition thick process the 0.5-5 mms, the nicety processes the 0.1-0.2 mms, processing time for total 12 minutes of a hour. A lot of Capes with pure beard process, cant directly the nicety process, can process the copper electrode, using to give or get an electric shock the spark to process to complete. Used for the high speed processes the copper electrode that give or get an electric shock the spark tool machines use, including the graphite electrode and the red copper electrode etc., adopting the homologous knife to have, while processing the equal and complicated type to face of enter and can amount to the 3-8 ms/ min for speed, still have at the same time very high process the accuracy. Process the craft above to raised to process the result and quantities consumedly.机械设计理论研究与探讨机械工业是国民的装备部，是为国民经济提供装备和为人民生活提供耐用消费品的产业。不论是传统产业，还是新兴产业，都离不开各种各样的机械装备，机械工业所提供装备的性能、质量和成本，对国民经济各部门技术进步和经济效益有很大的和直接的影响。机械工业的规模和技术水平是衡量国家经济实力和科学技术水平的重要标志。因此，世界各国都把发展机械工业作为发展本国经济的战略重点之一。机械工程的服务领域广阔而多面，凡是使用机械、工具，以至能源和材料生产的部门，都需要机械工程的服务。概括说来，现代机械工程有五大服务领域：研制和提供能量转换机械、研制和提供用以生产各种产品的机械、研制和提供从事各种服务的机械、研制和提供家庭和个人生活中应用的机械、研制和提供各种机械武器。不论服务于哪一领域，机械工程的工作内容基本相同，主要有：建立和发展机械工程的工程理论基础。例如，研究力和运动的工程力学和流体力学；研究金属和非金属材料的性能，及其应用的工程材料学；研究热能的产生、传导和转换的热力学；研究各类有独立功能的机械元件的工作原理、结构、设计和计算的机械原理和机械零件学；研究金属和非金属的成形和切削加工的金属工艺学和非金属工艺学等等。研究、设计和发展新的机械产品，不断改进现有机械产品和生产新一代机械产品，以适应当前和将来的需要。机械产品的生产，包括：生产设施的规划和实现；生产计划的制订和生产调度；编制和贯彻制造工艺；设计和制造工具、模具；确定劳动定额和材料定额；组织加工、装配、试车和包装发运；对产品质量进行有效的控制。机械制造企业的经营和管理。机械一般是由许多各有独特的成形、加工过程的精密零件组装而成的复杂的制品。生产批量有单件和小批，也有中批、大批，直至大量生产。销售对象遍及全部产业和个人、家庭。而且销售量在社会经济状况的影响下，可能出现很大的波动。因此，机械制造企业的管理和经营特别复杂，企业的生产管理、规划和经营等的研究也多是肇始于机械工业。机械产品的应用。这方面包括选择、订购、验收、安装、调整、操作、维护、修理和改造各产业所使用的机械和成套机械装备，以保证机械产品在长期使用中的可靠性和经济性。机械产品的应用。这方面包括选择、订购、验收、安装、调整、操作、维护、修理和改造各产业所使用的机械和成套机械装备，以保证机械产品在长期使用中的可靠性和经济性。研究机械产品在制造过程中，尤其是在使用中所产生的环境污染，和自然资源过度耗费方面的问题，及其处理措施。这是现代机械工程的一项特别重要的任务，而且其重要性与日俱增。机械的种类繁多，可以按几个不同方面分为各种类别，如：按功能可分为动力机械、物料搬运机械、粉碎机械等；按服务的产业可分为农业机械、矿山机械、纺织机械等；按工作原理可分为热力机械、流体机械、仿生机械等。另外，机械在其研究、开发、设计、制造、运用等过程中都要经过几个工作性质不同的阶段。按这些不同阶段，机械工程又可划分为互相衔接、互相配合的几个分支系统，如机械科研、机械设计、机械制造、机械运用和维修等。这些按不同方面分成的多种分支学科系统互相交叉，互相重叠，从而使机械工程可能分化成上百个分支学科。例如，按功能分的动力机械，它与按工作原理分的热力机械、流体机械、透平机械、往复机械、蒸汽动力机械、核动力装置、内燃机、燃气轮机，以及与按行业分的中心电站设备、工业动力装置、铁路机车、船舶轮机工程、汽车工程等都有复杂的交叉和重叠关系。船用汽轮机是动力机械，也是热力机械、流体机械和透平机械，它属于船舶动力装置、蒸汽动力装置，可能也属于核动力装置等等。19世纪时，机械工程的知识总量还很有限，在欧洲的大学院校中它一般还与土木工程综合为一个学科，被称为民用工程，19世纪下半叶才逐渐成为一个独立学科。进入20世纪，随着机械工程技术的发展和知识总量的增长，机械工程开始分解，陆续出现了专业化的分支学科。这种分解的趋势在20世纪中期，即在第二次世界大战结束的前后期间达到了最高峰。由于机械工程的知识总量已扩大到远非个人所能全部掌握，一定的专业化是必不可少的。但是过度的专业化造成知识过分分割，视野狭窄，不能统观和统筹稍大规模的工程的全貌和全局，并且缩小技术交流的范围，阻碍新技术的出现和技术整体的进步，对外界条件变化的适应能力很差。封闭性专业的专家们掌握的知识过狭，考虑问题过专，在协同工作时配合协调困难，也不利于继续自学提高。因此自20世纪中、后期开始，又出现了综合的趋势。人们更多地注意了基础理论，拓宽专业领域，合并分化过细的专业。械工程以增加生产、提高劳动生产率、提高生产的经济性为目标来研制和发展新的机械产品。在未来的时代，新产品的研制将以降低资源消耗，发展洁净的再生能源，治理、减轻以至消除环境污染作为超经济的目标任务。机械可以完成人用双手和双目，以及双足、双耳直接完成和不能直接完成的工作，而且完成得更快、更好。现代机械工程创造出越来越精巧和越来越复杂的机械和机械装置，使过去的许多幻想成为现实。人类现在已能上游天空和宇宙，下潜大洋深层，远窥百亿光年，近察细胞和分子。新兴的电子计算机硬、软件科学使人类开始有了加强，并部分代替人脑的科技手段，这就是人工智能。这一新的发展已经显示出巨大的影响，而在未来年代它还将不断地创造出人们无法想象的奇迹。人类智慧的增长并不减少双手的作用，相反地却要求手作更多、更精巧、更复杂的工作，从而更促进手的功能。手的实践反过来又促进人脑的智慧。在人类的整个进化过程中，以及在每个人的成长过程中，脑与手是互相促进和平行进化的。人工智能与机械工程之间的关系近似于脑与手之间的关系，其区别仅在于人工智能的硬件还需要利用机械制造出来。过去，各种机械离不开人的操作和控制，其反应速度和操作精度受到进化很慢的人脑和神经系统的限制，人工智能将会消除了这个限制。计算机科学与机械工程之间的互相促进，平行前进，将使机械工程在更高的层次上开始新的一轮大发展。19世纪时，机械工程的知识总量还很有限，在欧洲的大学院校中它一般还与土木工程综合为一个学科，被称为民用工程，19世纪下半叶才逐渐成为一个独立学科。进入20世纪，随着机械工程技术的发展和知识总量的增长，机械工程开始分解，陆续出现了专业化的分支学科。这种分解的趋势在20世纪中期，即在第二次世界大战结束的前后期间达到了最高峰。由于机械工程的知识总量已扩大到远非个人所能全部掌握，一定的专业化是必不可少的。但是过度的专业化造成知识过分分割，视野狭窄，不能统观和统筹稍大规模的工程的全貌和全局，并且缩小技术交流的范围，阻碍新技术的出现和技术整体的进步，对外界条件变化的适应能力很差。封闭性专业的专家们掌握的知识过狭，考虑问题过专，在协同工作时配合协调困难，也不利于继续自学提高。因此自20世纪中、后期开始，又出现了综合的趋势。人们更多地注意了基础理论，拓宽专业领域，合并分化过细的专业。综合-专业分化-再综合的反复循环，是知识发展的合理的和必经的过程。不同专业的专家们各具有精湛的专业知识，又具有足够的综合知识来认识、理解其他学科的问题和工程整体的面貌，才能形成互相协同工作的有力集体。综合与专业是多层次的。在机械工程内部有综合与专业的矛盾；在全面的工程技术中也同样有综合和专业问题。在人类的全部知识中，包括社会科学、自然科学和工程技术，也有处于更高一层、更宏观的综合与专业问题。机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。机械工业是国民的装备部，是为国民经济提供装备和为人民生活提供耐用消费品的产业。不论是传统产业，还是新兴产业，都离不开各种各样的机械装备，机械工业所提供装备的性能、质量和成本，对国民经济各部门技术进步和经济效益有很大的和直接的影响。机械工业的规模和技术水平是衡量国家经济实力和科学技术水平的重要标志。因此，世界各国都把发展机械工业作为发展本国经济的战略重点之一。机械工程的服务领域广阔而多面，凡是使用机械、工具，以至能源和材料生产的部门，都需要机械工程的服务。概括说来，现代机械工程有五大服务领域：研制和提供能量转换机械、研制和提供用以生产各种产品的机械、研制和提供从事各种服务的机械、研制和提供家庭和个人生活中应用的机械、研制和提供各种机械武器。不论服务于哪一领域，机械工程的工作内容基本相同，主要有：建立和发展机械工程的工程理论基础。例如，研究力和运动的工程力学和流体力学；研究金属和非金属材料的性能，及其应用的工程材料学；研究热能的产生、传导和转换的热力学；研究各类有独立功能的机械元件的工作原理、结构、设计和计算的机械原理和机械零件学；研究金属和非金属的成形和切削加工的金属工艺学和非金属工艺学等等。研究、设计和发展新的机械产品，不断改进现有机械产品和生产新一代机械产品，以适应当前和将来的需要。机械产品的生产，包括：生产设施的规划和实现；生产计划的制订和生产调度；编制和贯彻制造工艺；设计和制造工具、模具；确定劳动定额和材料定额；组织加工、装配、试车和包装发运；对产品质量进行有效的控制。机械制造企业的经营和管理。机械一般是由许多各有独特的成形、加工过程的精密零件组装而成的复杂的制品。生产批量有单件和小批，也有中批、大批，直至大量生产。销售对象遍及全部产业和个人、家庭。而且销售量在社会经济状况的影响下，可能出现很大的波动。因此，机械制造企业的管理和经营特别复杂，企业的生产管理、规划和经营等的研究也多是肇始于机械工业。机械产品的应用。这方面包括选择、订购、验收、安装、调整、操作、维护、修理和改造各产业所使用的机械和成套机械装备，以保证机械产品在长期使用中的可靠性和经济性。进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这

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