2019年高考英语考纲解读专题15瞻前顾后　阅读理解之词义猜测与细节理解热点难点突破.docx

专题15 瞻前顾后阅读理解之词义猜测与细节理解一、I grew up on a 50-acre farm in the small rural community of Catawissa，Missouri，as the sixth of seven children.My parents often noted during meals how everything on the table except the sugar and flour came from the land.Besides running the farm，Dad was also a carpenter.In the fall of 1970，he was working on a house when the ladder broke.His back was fractured in two places.He stayed in the hospital for three weeks with his head and feet down，permitting his back to be straight correctly so the bones would combine.On Thanksgiving，Dad was still in the hospital.We always butchered hogs the day after the holiday，and that year my uncle showed up with a couple of cousins to help my three elder brothers prepare our years supply of pork.After Dad returned home，he was in a back brace and unable to work.I was too young to realize our family had no money coming in as Christmas approached.One night we heard a car coming up the long driveway.We kids were curious about who was visiting.Peggy Phelan was at the door，holding an envelope filled with money.She told my dad she had collected money in the community and was there to deliver it.He tried to protest but Peggy would have none of it.I can still hear her saying，“Archie，whenever someones baler(打包机) is broken，you bale their hay.Someone passes away，Altha is cooking.Its our turn.” That evening，this 6-year-old understood what being a good neighbor was，and that because her parents were good neighbors，their kindness would be returned.I learned later that my moms sisters all “adopted” one of us kids to help with Christmas，and we received gift baskets from more than one organization.My parents were used to being the givers and not the receivers of such generosity.They had a bit of pride to swallow，but continued all of their lives to show us kids the value of kindness.1.We know the writers father was very .A.hard-working B.unkindC.strict D.mean答案A2.The underlined word “fractured” in Paragraph 2 probably means “ ”.A.connected B.brokenC.arranged D.transformed答案B解析词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句的后一句“He stayed in the hospital for three weeks with his head and feet down，permitting his back to be straight correctly so the bones would combine.”可知，作者的父亲背部骨折，“fractured”是“折断”的意思。 3.Why did the writers uncle go to his house? A.To visit his sick father.B.To give them money.C.To spend holiday together.D.To help prepare for Christmas.答案D4.What can we infer from Paragraph 4? A.The authors father liked to bale the hay.B.Peggy Phelan was a delivery man.C.The authors parents were helpful to others.D.We were curious about Peggy Phelan.答案C解析推理判断题。根据第四段的句子“Archie，whenever someones baler(打包机) is broken，you bale their hay.Someone passes away，Altha is cooking.Its our turn.”可知，作者的父母是乐于助人的。5.Which of the following can match the passage? A.No pains，no gains.B.Great minds think alike.C.Misfortune may be an actual blessing.D.Good will be rewarded with good.答案D二、As the pace of life continues to increase，we are fast losing the art of relaxation.Once you are in the habit of rushing through life，being on the go from morning till night，it is hard to slow down.But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body.Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it.In fact，it is not the bad thing as it is often supposed to be.A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purposes to life.It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health.The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual.Some people are not afraid of stress，and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities，others lose heart at the first sign of unusual difficulties.When exposed to stress，in whatever form，we react both chemically and physically.In fact，we make the choice between “fight or flight” and in more primitive days the choices made the difference between life or death.The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme，but however little the stress is，it involves the same response.It is when such a reaction lasts long，through continued exposure to stress，that health becomes endangered.Since we cant remove stress from our lives (it would be unwise to do so even if we could)，we need to find ways to deal with it.6.People are finding less and less time for relaxing themselves because .A.they regard working as their greatest enjoymentB.they believe that work is superior to relaxationC.they are traveling fast all the timeD.they are becoming busier with their work than ever before答案D解析推理判断题。由第一段第二句“Once you are in the habit of rushing through life，being on the go from morning till night，it is hard to slow down.”(一旦你养成了匆匆忙忙的习惯，从早到晚都在忙碌，就很难放慢脚步。)可推知，人们无法放松自己主要是因为比以前任何时候都要忙碌。7.According to the author，the most important character for a good manager is his .A.strong will to hold out stressB.knowing the art of relaxationC.high sense of responsibilityD.having control over performance答案A8.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A.We can find quite a few ways to avoid stress.B.Stress is always harmful to peoples health.C.Its easy to change the habit of keeping oneself busy with work.D.Different people can bear different amount of stress.答案D解析推理判断题。由第三段第一句“The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual.”可知，一个人能承受的压力很大程度上取决于个人。即不同的人所能承受的压力是不同的，故选D。9.In the last sentence of the passage，“do so” refers to .A.expose ourselves to stressB.find ways to deal with stressC.remove stress from our livesD.establish links between diseases and stress答案C解析词义猜测题。由“Since we cannot remove stress from our lives”(我们无法消除生活中的压力)可知，括号里的内容是对前文的解释，故do so指的是“消除生活中的压力”，故选C。10.According to the author，the right attitude toward stress is .A.to avoid itB.to try to cope with itC.to regard it as a vital motivationD.to find some relaxation答案B三、What do you do if you dont get into your first choice of university？Thats the dilemma(困境) that faces thousands of British students every year.Many candidates turn to Clearing，the service that helps find university places for students at the last moment.If they dont have the marks to get into their first choice of institution，Clearing tells them about places available at other universities，though they might have to read another subject.But this year has seen a record number of people applying to university.This，combined with the weak economy，an uncertain job market and budget cuts at universities，means that theres been even more of a scramble for places than usual.Some sources say six students have applied for each remaining undergraduate university place.The British University Admissions Service，UCAS，says up to a quarter of this years university applicantsalmost 190,000 peoplestill dont have a place on a degree course.Thats a rise of over 46,000 students from last year.Faced with these figures，some British students might be thinking of an interesting alternative：studying abroad.The University of Nottingham，for example，is offering places at its campuses in Ningbo，near Shanghai，and Kuala Lumpur，Malaysia.Students here can gain University of Nottingham degrees in business，accounting，engineering and English.Similarly，the University of Bolton says it has “unlimited” places at its campus in the United Arab Emirates.Given the problems getting into university，the UKs Higher Education Minister，David Willetts，encourages students who havent made the grade to consider alternatives to university，such as apprenticeships and studying at home.“There are a range of options available，” he says.“People are able to reapply.They should think how they can spend their year adding that bit to their CV，which would help their applicationgetting practical work experience or extra skillsanything that strengthens their chances next year.”But some experts say that rising university costs，poor long-term job prospects，and a drop in graduate recruitment mean its the worst time to be a university student in the UK.1.When the author says “theres been even more of a scramble for places”(Para.3)，he means .A.more people have applied to universityB.there is more competition between the candidatesC.there are more services that help find university placesD.more places are available答案B解析句意理解题。根据第三段最后一句“Some sources say six students have applied for each remaining undergraduate university place.”可知，每个名额都有6个学生申请，可见竞争非常激烈，故选B。2.According to UCAS，there are about university applicants this year.A.190,000 B.46,000C.236,000 D.760,000答案D3.David Willetts encourages students faced with the lack of places on a degree course .A.to consider apprenticeships and studying at homeB.to study at campus outside the UKC.to ask Clearing for helpD.not to go to university in the UK答案A解析细节理解题。根据第六段中的“David Willetts，encourages students who havent made the grade to consider alternatives to university，such as apprenticeships and studying at home”可知，David Willetts鼓励分数不够上大学的学生考虑其他选择，例如去做学徒或是在家学习，故选A。4.Which of the following is NOT the reason that may make this year the worst time to enter university?A.It costs more to study at university.B.Long-term job prospects are worse.C.Universities offer places in other countries.D.There are fewer chances to do graduate study.答案C5.According to the passage，what can students do if they dont get into their first choice of university?A.They can go to work in Clearing.B.They can get practical work experience or skills and reapply next year.C.They can spend the year writing a better CV.D.They do graduate study at home.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第七段中的“People are able to reapply.which would help their applicationgetting practical work experience or extra skills”可知，未能如愿申请入学的学生应尽可能利用这一年做一些能帮助他们申请的事情，即取得实际的工作经验或技能，明年再重新申请，故选B。 四、The public has voted the X-ray machine as the best invention.Out of nearly 50,000 votes cast，one in five people named it for having made the greatest impact on the past，present and future.Ten of the most significant objects in science，engineering，technology and medicine were selected for the vote.Information on all the items is found at the Science Museum in London.The first three positions were filled by medical inventions or discoveries，the X-ray machine being followed by the discoveries of penicillin and the DNA double helix(螺旋) structure.X-rays provided the first possibility of looking inside someones body without cutting them opena massive medical advance.The particular X-ray machine in questionthe Reynolds machine in the Museums Making the Modern World Gallerywas a “do-it-yourself” experiment by a father and his son who were so inspired by news of the discovery of the X-ray that they set about building the equipment in their own home.Museum curator(馆长) Katie Maggs said.“Its very inspirational to young scientists to learn that an invention now declared the most important in world history could be pioneered by enthusiastic amateur inventors.”Professor Andy Adam，president of the Royal College of Radiologists，was delighted to learn of the result.He said that the X-ray machine had revolutionized medical practice and that the technology had now advanced so much that we are reaching the era of the “transparent patient”.Culture Secretary Ben Bradshaw said，“Any competition that pits the Apollo 10 spacecraft against Stephensons Rocket，and the DNA double helix against the Model T Ford，is bound to provide many talking points.”“The publics choice of the X-ray machine as the winner is a proof to our greedy curiosity to find out how things work.”The poll(投票) was conducted as part of the Science Museums events to mark its centenary(百年庆典).The 10 objects form a special Centenary Journey trail through the museum galleries.6.Which of the following are the top three among inventions or discoveries?A.X-ray machine，Apollo 10 capsule and steam engine.B.X-ray machine，DNA double helix structure and penicillin.C.Stephensons Rocket，penicillin and the Model T Ford.D.Stephensons Rocket，Apollo 10 capsule and V2 Rocket Engine.答案B7.Which of the following is TRUE about the X-ray machine in the Gallery?A.It was made by the Reynolds Machine Company.B.It was a product directed by great scientists.C.It was built by a father and his son in their own home.D.It was small in size and advanced in technology.答案C解析细节理解题。由第五段内容可知，一对父子在自己的家里造出了X光机，故选C。8.From the underlined part in Para.8，we know Professor Andy Adam means .A.the X-ray machine has greatly improved medical practiceB.the patients are all transparent in the eyes of doctorsC.with the help of the X-ray machine，everything is transparentD.there is no need to cut someones body open during operations now答案A解析句意理解题。由第八段内容可知，由于X射线可以透视人体，因此人类已经进入了“透明病人”时代，即病人身体哪儿有病，都能用X光机看到，这是医疗史上的巨大进步，故选A。 9.Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?A.Top Ten Inventions of This CenturyB.The Most Important DiscoveriesC.What Makes Patients TransparentD.X-ray MachineTop Scientific Invention答案D10.This passage is most probably taken from .A.a science fiction B.a school textbookC.a news journal D.a medicine magazine答案C解析文章出处题。从内容来看，本文是在报道一件事，因此它属于新闻性质的文章，故选C。五Holidays are really important.Many of us will have childhood memories of summer holidays where we were taken away from home to experience new environments and learn in different ways.But holidays are expensive and，for those on low wages or living on benefits，they are often unobtainable.Even the cheapest holidays require travel and other additional costs that are difficult for many families to meet.For working parents，the long summer break can be a very difficult problem for childcare.When an annual leave allowance amounts to only five weeks，there is a need to spread this across the year.Couples can find themselves taking leave in turn in order to care for children who are on holiday.For some，this makes even an affordable family holiday difficult.The schools that I visit in Nottingham are full of experienced staff committed to giving our children a caring and inspiring learning environment.The number of children receiving free school meals is quite large in Nottingham and many schools have breakfast clubs to make sure that children get a healthy start to the day.Most schools undertake programs of group or individual educational support.Schools also have an important role in safe guarding childrens welfare through the ongoing touch and support with their pupils.During the long summer holidays，much of this is missed.While teachers are holidaying in the UK，many of their pupils spend the whole six weeks on the street where they live.The lack of free school meals for six weeks can result in pressure on a family budget and an inability to afford the inspiring experiences that help children to continue their learning.In setting out its plans for a five-term year，Nottingham City Council(委员会) is seeking to reduce the summer holiday down to four and a half weeks，with a more balanced five terms of roughly eight weeks，each followed by a two-week break.We believe this will give real “down time” for school staff and pupils alike but will be short enough not to cause a real break in learning.We acknowledge that this change may be difficult for some school staff，particularly whose own children are educated in other authorities.However，this must be weighed against the benefits for city children for whom we all have the greatest duty of care.1.The passage is probably written by .A.an experienced teacherB.a working parentC.an inspired studentD.a city council member答案D2.The underlined word “they” in the second paragraph refers to .A.environments B.holidaysC.wages D.benefits答案B3.It is suggested in the passage that the summer break be reduced to .A.2 weeks B.4.5 weeksC.5 weeks D.6 weeks答案B解析细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第一句“.Nottingham City Council(委员会) is seeking to reduce the summer holiday down to four and a half weeks.”可知，假期被缩短到4.5周。4.The plans for a shorter summer holiday will help students .A.obtain the cheapest holidays without additional costsB.get a chance to spend six weeks a term with teachers in schoolC.benefit more from the caring and inspiring learning environmentD.have more school days to receive free school meals答案C解析细节理解题。根据第四段第一句以及倒数第二段最后一句可知，学校将致力于为学生提供一个有爱的、激励的学习环境，而这种缩短假期的方案将使教职工和学生得到一个真正的休整时间且不影响 六、If you work hard to have a positive attitude，you might be surprised by how much better you feel about yourself and life in general.When you turn away from the negative and focus on the positive，you open your mind to appreciate the good things around you that might have otherwise gone unnoticed.Having a positive attitude can also reduce your stress level.The less stress you feel，the better you will feel overall.So if youve been feeling tired，put on a happy face and you just might feel better soon.But how can you have a positive attitude when life is hard？Its more than just turning lifes lemons into lemonade.Having a positive attitude can take some hard work.But its worth it.Here are some ways you can develop and maintain a positive attitude even in the midst of lifes troubles.A positive attitude doesnt mean ignoring lifes troubles.It just means being an optimist and looking for the good in things，rather than being a pessimist and concentrating on the bad in things.Sometimes your perspective can make all the difference in the world.Smile and laugh！Yes，it can be that simple.Lear