版2019版高考英语大一轮复习Unit4Globalwarming讲义新人教版选修6061103.doc

Unit 4Global warming重点单词1.random adj.胡乱的；任意的2.subscribe vi.同意；捐赠；订阅vt.签署(文件)；捐助3per prep.每，每一 4.data n资料；数据5trend n趋势；倾向；走向 6.catastrophe n大灾难；浩劫7mild adj.温和的；温柔的；淡的 8range n种类；范围9glance vi.看一下；扫视n一瞥 10widespread adj.分布广的；普遍的11average adj.平均的 12individual n个人；个体adj.单独的；个别的13advocate vt.拥护；提倡；主张n倡导者 14commitment n承诺；交托；信奉15electrical adj.电的；与电有关的 16casual adj.随便的；漫不经心的；偶然的17circumstance n环境；情况 18refresh vt.使恢复；使振作19presentation n显示；演出20consume vt.消费；消耗；耗尽；吃完consumer n顾客；消费者；用户21phenomenon n现象phenomena(pl.)22quantity n量；数量quality n质量23tend vi.趋向；易于；照顾vt.照顾；护理tendency n倾向；趋势24oppose vt.反对；反抗；与(某人)较量opposed adj.反对的；对立的25consequence n结果；后果；影响consequent adj.随之发生的；作为结果的consequently adv.因此；所以26state v陈述；说明statement n陈述；说明；声明；表白27steady adj.平稳的；持续的；稳固的steadily adv.平稳地；持续地28existence n生存；存在exist vi.存在29contribution n贡献contribute vt.贡献30disagreement n分歧；不一致disagree vi.不同意；不一致重点短语1.come_about 发生；造成2.subscribe_to 同意；赞成；订购3quantities_of 大量的 4.build_up 逐步建立；增加；增进5go_up 上升；增长；升起 6.result_in 导致7be_opposed_to 反对 8.keep_on 继续9on_the_whole 大体上；基本上 10.on_behalf_of 代表一方；作为的代言人11put_up_with 忍受；容忍 12.so_long_as 只要13and_so_on 等等 14.even_if 即使重点句型1.“there is no doubt that” 结构There is no doubt that the earth is becoming warmer (see Graph 1) and that it is human activity that has caused this global warming rather than a random but natural phenomenon. (教材P26)2as/so long as 和if not的用法It is OK to leave an electrical appliance on so long as you are using itif not, turn it off！(教材P30)语法要点it的用法().it is human activity that has caused this global warming.(教材P26)1quantityn量；数量；数目，数额The problem begins when we add huge quantities of extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.(教材P26)当我们向空气中排放大量多余的二氧化碳时，问题就产生了。(1)(2)quality n质量【提示】 “a quantity of不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数；“a quantity of可数名词复数形式”作主语时，谓语动词用复数；“quantities of可数名词复数形式或不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Large quantities of information have_been_collected(collect) till the present moment.到目前为止已经收集了大量信息。A large quantity of milk was(be) reported not to reach the standard.据报道，大量的牛奶不达标。Its a lot cheaper if you buy it in quantity.如果你大量购买要便宜得多。2tendvi.趋向；易于；照顾vt.照顾；护理It means that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up.(教材P26)这意味着更多的热能将被困在大气层中，从而引起全球气温上升。(1)tend(2)attend to 注意；照顾；专心于；致力于(3)She tends to_get(get) angry when others disagree with her.别人不同意她的看法时，她总是容易生气。She tended (to) her husband carefully during his illness.丈夫生病期间，她悉心照料。Youd better attend to your own business.你还是管好自己的事情吧！The situation is showing a tendency(tend) to improve.形势有好转的倾向。Helen has a mental breakdown and a tendency to/towards suicide.海伦精神崩溃并有自杀的倾向。3opposevt.反对；反抗；与(某人)较量On the other hand, there are those, like George Hambley, who are opposed to this view and believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air.(教材P27)另一方面，还有一些人，像科学家乔治汉布利，反对上面的观点，他们认为我们不必担心空气中高含量的二氧化碳。(1)oppose sth/(ones) doing sth/sb doing sth反对某事/(某人)做某事/某人做某事(2)(3)opposite n相反的人或事物adj.相对的；对立的The parents strongly opposed their daughter going(go) there alone.父母极力反对女儿独自去那里。We are firmly opposed to the practice of power politics between nations.我们坚决反对国与国之间实行强权政治。 Good habits always lead to high efficiency, while bad ones bring the opposite(oppose)良好的习惯总是产生较高的效率，而坏的习惯则相反。4averageadj.平均的；普通的；中等的；通常的n平均数；平均水平；一般水准v平均为；计算出的平均数The greenhouse effect gives the earths surface the average temperature of 15 . (教材P29)温室效应使地球表面的平均温度保持在15 。(1)an average of平均有(后跟数词)(2)(3)average.out算出的平均数Theres nothing special about him；hes only average.他没有什么特别的，他很普通。 Toms work at school is above (the) average, while Harrys is below (the) average.汤姆在学校的功课中等偏上，而哈利的功课中等偏下。 On the average people who dont smoke are healthier than people who do.通常，不吸烟的人比吸烟的人更健康。 Our weekly profits average out at about$750.我们每周的平均利润约为750美元。5advocatevt.拥护；提倡；主张n提倡者；拥护者However, I still think people should advocate improvements in the way we use energy today.(教材P30)然而，我依然认为人们应该提倡改进我们今天这种使用能源的方式。advocate sth/doing sth主张(做)某事advocate that.(should) do sth主张/提倡做某事an advocate of的提倡者/拥护者Many experts advocate rewarding(reward) your child for good behaviour.很多专家主张对小孩的良好表现加以奖励。Mr Garcia was a strong advocate of free market policies and a multiparty system.加西亚先生是自由市场政策和多党制的坚定拥护者。6circumstancen环境；情况(通常用复数形式)Recycle cans, bottles, plastic bags and newspapers if circumstances allow you to.(教材P30)如果情况允许的话，请回收罐子、瓶子、塑料袋和报纸。(1)in/under the circumstances在这种情况下(2)in/under no circumstances决不，无论如何都不(放在句首时主句用倒装语序)Our circumstances are so desperate that it is uncertain whether we will ever return alive.(人教版选修10Unit 1)我们处于山穷水尽的境地，都不知道自己能不能活着回去。In/Under the circumstances he felt unable to accept the job.在这种情况下，他觉得无法接受这项工作。 In/Under no circumstances can you leave this house.你无论如何都不能离开这所房子。I dont like any humor in this serious speech because I cant think of any circumstance where this would be beneficial or useful.我不喜欢这种严肃的演讲中的任何幽默，因为我想不出其中的幽默会带来好处或益处的情景。1come about发生；造成So how has this come about and does it matter? (教材P26)那么，这种情况是如何发生的呢？会有什么影响吗？come across (偶然)遇到come out 出现；出版；开花；结果是come over (从远处)来到；顺便来访come on 跟着来，跟上来；口得啦；快点come to 谈到；涉及；苏醒过来；总计come up 上来；走近；被提及come up with 追上，赶上；想出(主意)；找出(答案)Ill never understand how it came(come) about that you made such a mistake.我真不明白你怎么会犯这样的错误。It was several weeks before the truth of the matter came out.几个星期后才真相大白。We werent able to come up with any new suggestions.我们提不出任何新的建议。【比较网站】come about发生，产生。侧重于指事情发生的原因，经常与how连用。happen发生，指偶然的、意外的事情。可用于 happen to do/to be doing/to have done sth或It happens/happened that.结构，表示“碰巧”之意。take place发生，举行。指事件或事故的发生是在预料中的，进而引申为按计划“进行，举行”。break out指战争、火灾、疾病等的突然“发生、爆发”。2result in导致They also agree that it is the burning of more and more fossil fuels that has resulted in this increase in carbon dioxide. (教材P26)他们还赞同下述观点，即正是由于越来越多地燃烧化石燃料导致了二氧化碳的增加。(1)result from(arise from)因而产生(2)(3)However, pollution and other serious problems have also resulted from human progress.但是，人类的发展也产生了污染和其他严重的问题。 About 21 million people died during the 1990s as a result of smoking.20世纪90年代约有2 100万人死于吸烟。He threatened to resign and had a chat with my boss, with the result that half of my job was taken away and given to him.他威胁要辞职，并与我的老板进行了谈话，结果是老板将我的一半工作分给了他。3put up with忍受；容忍We do not have to put up with pollution. (教材P30)我们不必忍受污染。put up sth举起，抬起；建造；提高；张贴put sb up 给某人提供食宿Im not going to put up with their smoking any longer.我再也不容忍他们抽烟了。Their friends suggested they should put up their prices.他们的朋友们建议他们提高价格。We can put you up for the night.我们可以留你过夜。【提示】表示“忍受”的词语还有：stand, tolerate, bear等。1“there is no doubt that”结构There is no doubt that the earth is becoming warmer (see Graph 1). (教材P26)毫无疑问，地球正在逐渐变暖(见图表1)【句式点拨】在本句型中，that引导的是同位语从句，说明doubt的内容。用法与there is a chance that.是一样的。(1)doubt作名词，若用在否定句或疑问句中，后面接that引导的同位语从句；若用在肯定句中，后面接whether引导的同位语从句。注意此时不可以用if替换whether。(2)doubt作动词，若用在否定句和疑问句中，后面接that引导的宾语从句；若用在肯定句中，后面一般接whether或if引导的宾语从句。There is no doubt that they will agree with you on this matter.毫无疑问，在这件事上他们会同意你的。I have no doubt that he will succeed.我相信他会成功的。Theres some doubt whether he is fit for the job.有人怀疑他是否适合这项工作。He doubts if/whether she will keep her word.他不敢肯定她是否会遵守诺言。I dont doubt/have no doubt that he will win the race.我坚信他将赢得比赛。2as/so long as 和if not的用法It is OK to leave an electrical appliance on so long as you are using itif not, turn it off！(教材P30)只要你在使用电器设备，你便可以把它开着，如果不用就把它关掉！【句式点拨1】as/so long as意为“只要”， 引导条件状语从句。as long as亦可用来表示时间、具体物品等，表示“长达”。We need a rope as long as 30 metres.我们需要一条30米长的绳子。We havent seen each other for as long as 20 years.我们有20年之久没见面了。【比较网站】短语原意引申义as long as与一样长只要as well as与一样好也；和as far as远及到就而言；至于as good as与一样好几乎【巧学活用】 高考小作文生活中我们可能遇到许多失败，但只要我们尽了力，就没有必要为失败而后悔。In our life we may meet many failures, as_long_as_we_have_tried_our_best,_theres_no_ need_to_feel_regret_for_these_failures.【句式点拨2】if not在本句中是if you are not using it的省略形式。【提示】 if so 如果这样；if any 若有；if necessary 如果有必要。I think the train leaves at midday. Youd better take a taxi. If not, maybe youll miss it.我想火车是正午开，你最好乘出租车去，否则可能会误车的。 Have you got a free evening next week？If so, lets have dinner together.下周你晚上有空吗？如果有，我们一起吃晚餐吧。 Point out errors, if any. 若有错误，请指正。 .品句填词(用所给词的适当形式或根据语境写一个合适的词)1Ive personally never subscribed to the view that either sex is superior to the other. I believe men and women are equal.2The nations unemployment rate has been climbing steadily(stead) since last June, which definitely will threaten the nations peace and development.3We should do our work well to make contributions(contribute) to our future, our society and our nation.4I never even glanced at the political page of a daily paper, while my husband was always dying for any news about politics. 5Most of the Chinese movies produced in 2018 reflected the reality of the present age and revealed the mind of people, representing a positive tendency(tend). 6Many old men oppose cutting(cut) down the 100yearold tree for rebuilding a shopping center.7It is reported that every day large quantities of waste water are_poured(pour) into rivers without being cleaned in this area.8The girl took a book at random from the shelf while she was wandering in the bookshop. 9The writer is used to refreshing(refresh) himself with a cup of coffee while writing. 10Now electrical(electricity) appliances are widely used in peoples homes.单句改错(含本单元的词汇和语法)1At present, a large quantity of food and water needed in the earthquakehit area.2There is no doubt the exchanging student program offered by you is very meaningful.3Sometimes I have problems at work but the whole I enjoy my job and am making progress step by step.4Others advocated that we more and more people to wear traditional clothes.5It is Mary, as well as several other students, that a speech on behalf of our school.6It is Jacks pride that I cant put up . He is always picking at me, looking down upon me and laughing at me in front of the others. 7We /strongly opposed to the presence of American army in this region. Anyhow, this is our domestic affair.8It is important for students to make the most of their different learning environments and acquire wide range of knowledge.9Under no shall we give in to pressure or threats from foreign countries. 10In the biology class, we did several experiments on snakes, but our teacher told us it came about that snakes produced poison was a mystery. .课文语法填空All scientists subscribe to the view that the greenhouse effect leads to global warming. The 1.burning(burn) of fossil fuels adds huge quantities of extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. More heat energy tends 2.to_be_trapped(trap) in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up.The scientist Charles Keeling, who made accurate 3.measurements(measure) of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, found between these years CO2 went up 4.sharply(sharp) from around 315 parts to 370 parts per million, which 5.was_accepted(accept) by all scientists. The increase of CO2 resulted in global warming, with the temperature rising by as high as 5 degrees.However, the attitudes of scientists 6.towards this rise are completely different. Dr Froster says 5 degrees rise would be a catastrophe. The sea level will rise by several metres, 7.resulting(result) in severe storms, floods, droughts, famines, the spread of diseases and the disappearance of species. On the other hand, George Hambley 8.is_opposed(oppose) to this view. More CO2 is actually a positive thing, which 9.will_encourage(encourage) a greater range of plants and animals to grow better. Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere. The climate keeps on 10.warming(warm) for decades or centuries. No one knows the effects of global warming.阅读理解AThey may be tiny, and live for just three months, but ants could be the key to solving climate change. Rough harvester ants have been found to “weather” minerals in sand to produce calcium carbonate, also known as limestone(石灰岩)When the ants make this limestone, the process traps carbon dioxide in the rock, ultimately removing it from the atmosphere. It is uncertain how the minerals are changed, however, and theories vary a lot from ants licking the sand to excreting (排泄) the substance. Professor Dorn buried sand at six sites in the Catalina Mountains in Arizona, and Polo Duro Canyon in Texas, 25 years ago. Every five years, he measured the minerals in the sand, and discovered the ants broke down minerals up to 300 times faster than sand left undisturbed.Professor Dorn believes the ants collect calcium and magnesium(镁) and use these elements to make the limestone. This may occur when ants lick sand grains to stick them to the walls of their nests. Alternatively, the limestone could be created from bacteria in the insects gut before it is excreted. This process is similar to whats known as carbon sequestration(隔离)Natural carbon sequestration is the process on Earth that manages the carbon dioxide expelled by animals and humans. Trees and the oceans help trap this carbon dioxide.Another method is geological sequestration where the carbon dioxide is pumped into underground chamber, or into areas full of calcium and magnesium. Carbon dioxide reacts with these elements to form limestone. It is this latter method that Dorn believes the ants perform naturally.But Professor Dorn claims it is still unknown how much atmospheric carbon is removed by the ants.语篇导读本文为说明文。多恩教授认为，蚂蚁也许是应对气候变化的关键因素。他通过实验证明蚂蚁能够吸收空气中的二氧化碳，但是具体能吸收多少至今尚未确定。1The fifth paragraph is mainly about _.Ahow ants break down limestoneBhow ants change minerals into limestoneChow ants decorate their nests with sandDhow ants use sand to kill bacteria解析 B主旨大意题。本段大意：多恩教授认为蚂蚁舔沙砾把它们粘在巢穴的墙上时，可能会收集钙和镁制造石灰岩。或者，石灰岩可以从蚂蚁的肠道细菌中产生，再排泄出来。这都是关于蚂蚁如何制造或产生石灰岩的，故选B 项。2What is the possible meaning of the underlined word “expelled”？ASent out.BTaken in. CBroken up.DGiven away.解析 A词义猜测题。本句句意：地球上自然碳汇是处理动物和人类expelled的二氧化碳的过程。根据常识可知，动物和人类排放二氧化碳。send out放出；take in 吸收；break up打碎，结束；give away泄露(消息、秘密等)，故选A项。3According to Dorn, scientists still dont know _.Athe effect of CO2 on ants survivalBthe method of ants removing CO2Cthe amount of CO2 removed by antsDthe time when ants absorb CO2解析 C细节理解题。根据最后一段可知，多恩教授目前尚不清楚蚂蚁吸收了多少大气中的碳，故选C项。4The main idea of the passage is that _.Aants build their nests to keep CO2 out Bants use limestone to absorb a great deal of CO2Cants are pioneers in solving global warmingDants may remove CO2 from atmosphere解析 D主旨大意题。第一段说.but ants could be the key to solving climate change，后面介绍了多恩教授的实验，最后多恩教授称目前尚不清楚蚂蚁吸收了多少大气中的碳。因此全文主要讲蚂蚁可能会吸收大气中的二氧化碳并介绍相关实验，故选D项。BDuring a research experiment a marine(海洋) biologist placed a shark into a large holding tank and then released several small fish into the tank. 5._The marine biologist then inserted a strong piece of clear fiberglass(纤维玻璃) into the tank, creating two separate parts. She then put the shark on one side of the fiberglass and a new set of small fish on the other.Again, the shark quickly attacked. This time, however, the shark hit the fiberglass divider and bounced off. 6._ Meanwhile, the small fish swam around unharmed in the second part. Eventually, about an hour into the experiment, the shark gave up.This experiment was repeated several dozen times over the next few weeks. 7._ Eventually the shark got tired of hitting the fiberglass divider and simply stopped attacking altogether.The marine biologist then removed the fiberglass divider, but the shark didnt attack. 8._ So, they swam wherever they wished, free from harm. Like the shark in the story, many of us, after experiencing setbacks and failures, emotionally give up and stop trying. 9._ In other words, we continue to see a barrier in our heads, even when no “real” barrier exists between where we are and where we want to go.AAt the same time, the shark tried again and again.BWe believe that because we were unsuccessful in the past, we will always be unsuccessful.CThe shark was trained to believe a barrier existed between it and the small fish.DIt kept repeating this behavior every few minutes fruitlessly.EWe should keep on trying even if we meet obstacles.FEach time, the shark got less aggressive and made fewer attempts to attack the small fish.GAs you would expect, the shark quickly swam around the tank, attacked and ate the smaller fish.语篇导读本文为议论文。大鱼吃小鱼是自然法则，也是鲨鱼的生存法则。然而，当鲨鱼与小鱼之间多了一块透明纤维玻璃后，鲨鱼又会做出怎样的举动呢？ 5解析 G顺承关系。上句讲到：在一项实验中，海洋生物学家将鲨鱼放入一个大型水槽，并在水槽中放入了几条小鱼。承接上句，空处应讲到放进小鱼的后果，即G项：正如你所想的，鲨鱼迅速在水槽中游动，袭击并吃掉小鱼，故选G项。 6解析 D顺承关系。本段共分为三个部分，第一部分讲到鲨鱼像上次一样进攻小鱼但被纤维玻璃弹开，第三部分讲到结果是鲨鱼放弃了吃小鱼，因此中间的一部分是承上启下，讲述鲨鱼一遍遍尝试的过程，故A、D两项符合题意，然而A项中的at the same time与下文中的meanwhile重复，故选D项。 7解析 F递进关系。上句讲到这项实验在接下来的几个星期里重复了好几十次。下句交代了实验结果：鲨鱼最终疲于撞击纤维玻璃挡板，因此停止了攻击行为。在此之前，实验中所显现的过程如F项：每一次实验，鲨鱼的攻击性越来越弱，袭击小鱼的尝试越来越少，这与最终的结果构成递进关系，故选F项。 8解析 C诠释关系。上句讲到：海洋生物学家取出了纤维玻璃挡板，但鲨鱼还是没有攻击(小鱼)。空处则对鲨鱼这一举动作出解释，即C项：鲨鱼已经被训练得去相信挡板依然存在于它和小鱼之间，故选C项。 9解析 B顺承关系。上句讲到，与故事中的鲨鱼一样，我们许多人在经历挫折和失败后，就总想放弃并且不再尝试。B项(因为过去有失败的经历，因此我们就认为自己总是会失败)，承接上文并与下文表达同义，故选B项。.完形填空Jaguar(美洲虎) is an endangered animal. It is said that there are less than 20 in the world _1_， one of which is now living in the national zoo of Peru. In order to _2_ this jaguar,