辽宁优质水稻生产的发展.ppt

辽宁优质水稻生产的发展 Development of Qualitative Rice Production in Liaoning Province of China,王伯伦 王 术 黄元财 Wang Bolun Wang Shu Huang Yuancai 沈阳农业大学 Shenyang Agricultural University,1 辽宁省水稻生产的资源条件 Condition for Qualitative Rice Production in Liaoning,辽宁省位于中国东北地区的南端。 Liaoning is in the south of Northeast of China. 各地区的年10活动积温为32003900 ，无霜期130 200天；年日照时数2100 2600小时；年降水600 1100mm。 The annual accumulation temperature (10) is 32003900, days without frost in a year are 130 200, annual duration of sunshine is 2100 2600 hr and annual rainfall is 600 1100mm for different area in the Liaoning Province, China. 温度适宜，光照充足，水资源较丰富，适宜种植水稻。 It is suitable to plant rice because of worm weather, shine sun and sufficient water.,2.辽宁优质水稻生产现状 Situation of Qualitative Rice Production in Liaoning,辽宁种植水稻的历史较长。清朝时，桓仁县二户来生产的京租大米已经成为贡米。 Rice plant has been planted for several hundreds of year in Liaoning Province, China. Jingzu rice produced in Erhulai, a village in Huanren county of Liaoning, became a tribute in the Qing emperors. 目前，桓仁、盘锦、丹东等地生产的稻米在中国非常受欢迎，成为知名品牌。 The rice produced in Huanren, Panjin, Dandong et al is very popular and becomes a famous product in China.,2 辽宁优质水稻生产现状 Situation of Qualitative Rice Production in Liaoning,1949年以来辽宁省水稻面积逐步扩大 1949年辽宁省仅有水稻64.6103hm2，占全省粮食作物播种面积的1.5%。2000年辽宁省水稻面积501103hm2，占全省粮食作物播种面积的19.5%。 The area under rice cultivation in Liaoning increased from 64600ha in 1949 to 501000ha in 2000. The area rate of rice to all crops was only 1.5% in 1949, but 19.5% in 2000.,2.辽宁优质水稻生产现状 Situation of Qualitative Rice Production in Liaoning,1949年以来辽宁省水稻单产成倍增长 辽宁省水稻平均单产1949年2.06 t hm-2，2000年为7.38 t hm-2，是1949年的3.58倍。 The grain yield of rice in Liaoning increased from 2.06 t ha-1 in 1949 to 7.38 t ha-1 in 2000.It increased by 2.58 times.,2.辽宁优质水稻生产现状 Situation of Qualitative Rice Production in Liaoning,1949年以来辽宁省水稻总产稳步上升。1949年辽宁省水稻总产为135103t，2000年为3940103t。 The output of rice in Liaoning increased from 135000 t in 1949 to 3940000 t in 2000.,2.辽宁优质水稻生产现状 Situation of Qualitative Rice Production in Liaoning,辽宁省水稻平均单产1949年仅2.06 t hm-2，按单产每增加1 t hm-2为一个台阶划分，共登上6个台阶。其中1954年登上3 t hm-2的台阶，用了5年时间；1967年登上4 t hm-2的台阶，用了13年时间；1974年登上5 t hm-2的台阶，用了7年时间；1980年登上6 t hm-2的台阶，用了6年时间；1983年登上7 t hm-2的台阶，仅用了3年时间；1993年登上8 t hm-2的台阶，用了10年时间。 Since 1949, the average grain yield per ha in Liaoning Province has been raised for six times by a ton.It came to 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 tons per ha at 1954, 1967, 1974, 1980, 1983 and 1993, and the time to increase one ton was 5, 13, 7, 6, 3 and 10 years, respectively.,3.水稻生产发展的原因 The reasons of rice production development,水稻育种取得突破性进展 在水稻生产取得巨大成就的同时，水稻育种理论研究取得许多重大进展。20世纪50年代，沈阳农业大学开始了籼粳稻杂交育种。 At the same time, the important theoretical advantage in rice breeding has been achieved. Such as research on crossing between indica and japonica rice was started in Shenyang Agricultural University in 50s of 20 century.,3.水稻生产发展的原因 The reasons of rice production development,70年代，辽宁省农业科学院开始了水稻杂种优势利用研究，选育出不育系黎明A、秀岭A等，通过籼粳架桥选育恢复系C57,实现三系配套，育成杂交粳稻黎优57、秀优57等。 In the 70s, the study on hybrid japonica rice was performed in Liaoning Agricultural Academy. Later, sterile lines Leimei A, Xiuling A et al were selected and restoring line Liyou 57 was created by crossing between indica and japonica rice. And hybrid rice varieties, Liyou 57 and Xiuyou 57, were released.,3.水稻生产发展的原因 The reasons of rice production development,80年代，进行了水稻理想株型育种，浑河农场、沈阳农业大学、辽宁省农业科学院分别选育出辽粳5号、沈农91、辽粳287等。 In the 80s,breeding for ideal-type of rice was performed. Liaojing 5, Shennong 91 and Liaojing 287 were released by Hunhe Farm, Shenyang Agricultural University and Liaoning Agricultural Academy, respectively.,3.水稻生产发展的原因 The reasons of rice production development,90年代，沈阳农业大学、辽宁省农业科学院等单位在借鉴国内外作物株型改良经验，进行了超高产育种和优化育种方法研究。辽粳326、辽粳454、沈农8801等通过审定 In the 90s,super rice breeding and ideal rice breeding were performed by Shenyang Agricultural University and Liaoning Agricultural Academy in the light of the experience of other countries. 辽粳454 Liaojing 454,3.水稻生产发展的原因 The reasons of rice production development,1998年，高产优质新品种辽粳294通过审定，1989年，沈农8718、盐粳48通过审定。 In 1998, high-yielding and qualitative varieties, Liaojing 294 passed the variety examination. And in 1999, Shennong 8718 and Yanjing 48 passed the examination too. 辽粳294 Liaojing 294,3.水稻生产发展的原因 The reasons of rice production development,之后，辽优7、辽粳371、沈农315、沈稻4和辽粳92-34通过审定。 Then, Liaoyou 7, Liaojing 371, Shennong 315, Shendao 4 and Liaojing 92-34 passed the examination too. 沈农315 Shennong 315,3.水稻生产发展的原因 The reasons of rice production development 水稻育种的进展 Progress in rice breeding,水稻育种历程,京租 Jingzu 宁丰 优质育种 越路早生 Ningfeng Quality improvement 矮化育种 Semi-dwarf rice breeding 矮化育种 Semi-dwarf rice breeding 黎明 优质育种 丰锦 Leimei Quality improvement Toshibikari 高产育种 High-yielding rice breeding 高产育种 High-yielding rice breeding 辽粳5号 优质育种 辽粳454 Liaojing 5 Quality improvement Liaojing 454 超高产育种 Super rice breeding 理想稻育种 Ideal rice breeding 沈农265 优质育种 辽粳294 Shennong 265 Quality improvement Liaojing 294,半矮秆优质品种 Semi-dwarf qualitative variety,半矮秆品种 Semi-dwarf variety,超高产品种 Super rice variety,传统农家品种 Traditional variety,理想稻品种 Ideal rice variety,高产品种 High-yielding variety,普通改良品种 Improved variety,高产优质品种 High-yielding & qualitative variety,改良优质品种 Improved qualitative variety,3.水稻生产发展的原因 The reasons of rice production development,栽培技术研究取得重大进展 19541966年，推广了精耕细作的栽培经验，水稻单产有所增加，单产达到了3t hm-2。 Since 1949, significant progress in rice production has been made in Liaoning Province. The average yield of rice in Liaoning Province came up to 3t ha-1 during 1954-1966 because meticulous cultivation was practiced.,3.水稻生产发展的原因 The reasons of rice production development,19671973年，由于塑料薄膜保温旱育苗技术研究成功并应用，加上大搞农田基本建设，改善生产条件，增施化学肥料，全省水稻产量登上4t hm-2新台阶。 The yield reached up to 4t ha-1 from 1967 to 1973. The base works for increasing the yield are to use plastic films, to build irrigation systems and new pesticides and to apply chemical fertilizers.,3.水稻生产发展的原因 The reasons of rice production development,19741979年，通过种植半矮秆品种丰锦、黎明、秋光，并开始应用除草剂除草，全省水稻产量又达到了5t hm-2。 During 1974-1979, the yields were about 5t per ha because semi-dwarf varieties Toyonishiky，Leimei, and Akihikari were planted and the weeds were controlled with herbicides. 秋光 Akihikari,3.水稻生产发展的原因 The reasons of rice production development,1980年以来,辽宁省水稻生产取得重大进展,关键是杂交粳稻辽优号和直立穗型品种辽粳5号选育成功及其配套栽培技术的应用，使全省水稻产量连续登上6t hm-2和7t hm-2新台阶。 Since 1980, marked progress in rice production has been achieved. The yields per ha reached up to 6t in 1980 and 7t in 1983, respectively. The key measures for increasing the yield were that hybrid rice, Liaoyou 1, and new variety, Liaojing 5, with erect panicles were created in the meantime cultural methods for high yield were practiced.,3.水稻生产发展的原因 The reasons of rice production development,1993年，通过推广高产品种辽粳326、沈农611、辽粳454等品种，配合采用由稀播种、稀植、平衡施肥、节水灌溉、化学除草、综合防治病虫害等技术组成的模式化栽培技术，使水稻产量又上了8 t hm-2的新台阶。 In 1993, the yield increased to 8t ha-1 because of high-yielding varieties, Liaojing 326, Shennong 611, Liaojing 454 and et al, and standard cultural method. The main cultural measures for increasing the yield were to sow the seeds thinly, to transplant the seedlings sparsely, to apply fertilizers properly, to irrigate the field sparingly, to control the weeds with herbicides seasonably, to prevent plant diseases and to eliminate pests effectively.,3.水稻生产发展的原因 The reasons of rice production development,1998年以来，由于推广辽粳294、沈农8718、盐粳48等优质新品种，并采用无公害稻米或绿色食品稻米生产技术，米质有所改进。 Since1999, the quality of rice has been improved because of new varieties, Liaojing 294, Shennong 8718, Yanjing 48 and et al, and pollution-free, or green food, rice cultivation. 沈农8718 Shennong 8718,3.水稻生产发展的原因 The reasons of rice production development,目前，辽宁地区栽培水稻除使用有机肥外，每公顷水稻施N100 150kg，P30 40kg，K50 100kg。每公顷水稻灌溉定额7000 10000m3。除草主要用化学药剂丁草胺、农得时、草克星等。水稻病虫害防治优先农业措施，如果发生，一般用富士一号或三环唑防治稻瘟病，用井岗霉素防治纹枯病，用链霉素防治白叶枯病。 In general, organic fertilizer, 100-150kg of N, 30-40kg of P and 50-100 kg of K per ha are applied. 7000-10000m3 of water is irrigated. To control the weeds, butachlor and bensulfuron methyl, or pyrazosulfuron-ethyl and other, are used. In order to prevent plant diseases and to eliminate pests effectively, isoprothiolane (or tricyclazole), Jinggang mycin, and streptomycin are sprayed to against rice blast, banded sclerotial blight and bacterial blight, respectively.,3.水稻生产发展的原因 The reasons of rice production development,水稻生产条件得到明显改善 修建了配套的水利设施，农田基本实现方田化，经济发达地区的渠道一般采用混凝土衬砌。 The rice productive condition has taken a turn for better. The irrigation system has been built. In the developed rural district, irrigation canals are lined with cement.,3.水稻生产发展的原因 The reasons of rice production development,根据多年气象条件与产量关系的分析，明确了辽宁省水稻产量主要受生长期间的积温影响，特别是68月温度的影响。历史上几个明显的减产年几乎都是低温冷害造成的，如1969年、1972年、1976年、1985年、1989年、1995年。因此，1988年制定了辽宁省稻作区划。 According to the analysis between meteorological factors and the grain yield, rice production is mainly affected by the accumulated temperature in the growth period of the plant, especially in June, July and August. Low temperature could reduce grain yield, such as in 1969, 1972, 1976, 1985, 1989 and 1995. So the rice productio