英语四级写作专项与模拟训练.ppt

-真题分析、专项训练、模拟训练,CET 4 Writing,历年四级写作题材及写作类型,历年四级写作题材及写作类型,历年四级写作题材及写作类型,1. 特点及写作要求 对比选择型议论文是大学英语四级考试写作最常见的写作题型。一般来说，这类议论文的通常是对一个观点或事物的正反两方面或者两种不同的观点或事物进行对比，从而引出主题，得出结论。在对两种不同的观点或事物进行对比时，主要运用比较和对比两种写作技巧。在四级考试中曾多次出现此类议论文。,对比选择型-P65,2. 写作流程 第一段：简单介绍某一现象或事物。 第二段：分析某一观点或事物的正反两面，或比较两 种不同的观点或事物。 第三段：得出结论，或提出自己的看法。,对比选择型,或者,第一段：简单提及某一现象或事物，并分析该现象或 事物的好处。 第二段：分析该现象或事物的弊端。 第三段：得出结论，或提出自己的看法,3. 真题分析 2006年1月大学英语四级考试真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1. 名校校园正成为旅游新热点 2. 校园是否对游客开放，人们看法不同 3. 我认为.,对比选择型,【范文】Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? (1)Nowadays, many well-known university campuses in China have become popular tourist attractions. During holidays, large numbers of tourists can be seen on university campuses, particularly, Peking University and TsingHua University.,(1)开篇自然，引出焦点问题,对比选择型,(2)Should the university campus be open to tourists? Peoples opinions vary from one to another. (3)Some maintain that opening university campuses to tourists can not only increase universitys financial income but also provide young students a good opportunity to know the university so that they can be encouraged to study harder to realize their dreams. (3)While others argue that opening university campuses to tourists may ruin both their natural and academic environment.,(2)过渡句，承上启下 (3)分别论述支持和反对的观点及理由,对比选择型,(4)As far as I am concerned, university campuses should not be open for profit as tourist attractions, because it is a place for study and research, not for tourism. Its purity and beauty will be destroyed if it becomes a profitable organization. (4)However, I think university is a property for the whole society so that it can be open to individual visitors so long as the visit does not disturb its order.,对比选择型,(4)表明自己的观点，because原因状语从句引出理由；so that, so long as的使用使句式更为多样,4. 参考模板【模板一】 When it comes to the issue of , different people have different opinions. (进一步介绍这种现象或观点). Some people think that . They hold this opinion because (they think) . Others, however, take a negative / positive attitude to . (Others, nevertheless, are more pessimistic / optimistic about it). From their point of view, . Besides, . .,对比选择型,In my opinion/Personally /From my point view /If asked my attitude, I am more in favor of . I stand in / hold this attitude /opinion / view because . Its true that , but it doesnt mean that . Therefore / In a word/ In short, . Instead, we should,对比选择型,4. 参考模板【模板二】 Nowadays, wherever you go, you will hear people talk about . Whether you like it or not, it had become a part of our life. Generally, it is believed that there are several advantages with . Firstly, .Whats more . But every coin has two sides, and is no exception. There are also some disadvantages with . To begin with . Beside, . And most important of all, . But all in all, . Therefore, we should .,对比选择型,1. 特点及写作要求 现象阐释型的作文通常先指明一种现象或提出一种观点，然后对这一现象或观点进行解释，最后得出结论或发表个人见解。,现象阐释型P66,2. 写作流程 第一段：简要描述某一现象或某一观点。 第二段：具体阐释现象或观点的正确性或危害性等。 第三段：表明自己的态度或看法。,现象阐释型,或者,第一段：简单描述某一现象或观点。 第二段：具体阐述引起这种现象的或持有这种观点 考虑的主要因素。 第三段：对现象或者观点进行评价。,3. 真题分析 2006年6月大学英语四级考试真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic of students selecting their lecturers. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese: (1). 有些大学允许学生自主选择某些课程的任课老师 (2). 学生选择老师时所考虑的主要因素 (3). 学生自选任课教师的益处和可能产生的问题,现象阐释型,【范文】On Students Selecting Lecturers (1)At present, in some colleges and universities, students are allowed to select lectures on their own. (2)It may someday become the main trend when people give more priority to academic freedom. (3)Students would take three major elements into consideration when making selections.,(1)开门见山，直击主题 (2)提出该现象的发展趋势,(3)揭示学生选任课老师的考虑因素,现象阐释型,(4)First of all, they will take lecturers teaching styles into account. Teaching styles to students taste would help them learn more efficiently. (4)Moreover, most students tend to choose lecturers with more experience, because such teachers tend to know more about how to stimulate and inspire students and will help them master their subjects with more ease. (4)Last, students also put emphasis on the lecturers academic background. From their perspective, teachers with higher academic degrees may provide more enlightening suggestions.,(4)论述有力有序，更具说服力,现象阐释型,【范文】On Students Selecting Lecturers (5) Everything has both positive and negative aspects, and students selecting lectures is of no exception. (6)It encourages students to be actively involved in the teaching process, and at the meantime, spurs teachers to improve their teaching quality. (6)However, it is possible that some students would choose lectures blindly without due guidance. And it is not uncommon that some teachers employ some abnormal devices to attract more students, such as promising higher marks or more “freedom” of attendance.,(5)承上启下，引出益处和问题 (6)分别论述益处和问题，有条理：动词encourage和spur引出两大益处；however引出问题所在,现象阐释型,4. 参考模板【模板一】 In recent years, (描写现状或趋势). This has caused a lot of problems. First, (结果1). For example, (细节， 说明结果1). Second, （结果2）. (细节，说明结果2). Finally, (结果3). (细节，说明结果3). Since is such a serious problem, we should take effective measures to . First, we should (措施1). Besides, (措施2). And finally, (措施3).,现象阐释型,4. 参考模板【模板二】 At present/ In recent years/ Nowadays, (描 写现状或趋势). It may someday become the main trend when (进一步描述这一现象或观点). Three major elements/factors would be taken into consideration when (doing sth.). First of all, (主要因素1). Moreover, (主要因素2). Last, (主要因素3). From their perspective, .,现象阐释型,4. 参考模板【模板二】 Everything has both positive and negative aspects, and (这种现象或观点) is of no exception. (这 种现象或观点的正确性). However, (这种观点 或现象的危害性).,现象阐释型,原因解释型 P68 页,1. 特点及写作要求 原因解释型作文的重点在于探讨产生某一社会现 象或问题的原因。近十年来，原因阐释型议论文 四级考试中出现的并不多。,2.写作流程 第一段：对某一社会现象进行描述。 第二段：阐释产生这一社会现象的原因。 第三段：发表个人看法，或提出解决思路。,3. 真题分析 2002年12月大学英语四级考试真题 Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese. （1）. 当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象 （2）. 诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实,原因解释型,【范文】It Pays to Be Honest (1) What is honesty? Honesty means speaking the truth and being fair and upright in act. (2)Regarded as a virtue, it is admired in every country and every culture. (2)The one who lies and cheats is dishonest. Dishonesty is generally looked upon as an evil, and is despised and condemned by everyone.,(1)一问一答得出honesty的定义，点题 (2)从正反两方面进一步阐述文章主题,原因解释型,【范文】It Pays to Be Honest (3) From the mass media and also with our own eyes, we know that dishonest behavior exists in our society. For example, students copy one anothers homework or download illicit paper from Internet to cheat their teachers; businessmen sell fake products to cheat their customers; and even worse there are medical persons who produce fake medicine harming the patients.,(3)举例说明社会上存在的一些不诚实行为,原因解释型,【范文】It Pays to Be Honest (4) However, those people may succeed for a time, but sooner or later, they will bring them nothing but troubles. (5)As an English proverb goes, “Honesty is the best policy.” (5) For one thing, if you want to be trusted and respected by your friends, you must be honest. A liar is always looked down upon and avoided by the people around him. (5)For another, if you want to succeed in your work, the first qualification you should have is honesty. (6)Therefore, whatever your aim is, you must work honestly to attain it.,(4)通过however一词转折引入文章主题“为什么做人应该诚实”,(5)以一句名谚语及for one thing, for another两个短 语说明原因 (6)进一步强化主题，即不论要达到什么目的，必须通过诚实的方法获得,原因解释型,4. 参考模板【模板一】 Nowadays, we often hear that (提出现象). This phenomenon is not accidental, and there is social and individual background. Why ? For one thing, （原因1）. For another, (原因2). For instance, (举例说明). From that, we . As far as I am concerned, I agree that . I think that (作者本人的点). .,原因解释型,第三段或为 We should take measures to . First, (措施1). Second, (措施2). Finally, (措施3).,4. 参考模板【模板二】 As is known to all, _. People seem to get Accustomed to _. In fact, _. The reason lies in several aspects. Firstly, _. Secondly, _. Thirdly, _.Finally, _. As a matter of fact, _. On the one hand, _. On the other hand, _.Therefore,_.,原因解释型,1. 特点及写作要求 问题解决型的作文通常先说明情况，提出问题，随后提出解决方法或处理方式，最后给予评价。,问题解决型 第69页,2. 写作流程 第一段：描述现状、形势、提出问题。 第二段：提出解决问题的方法。 第三段：简要评价提及的方法，或选择其中一、 两种自己认为合适的方法并说明理由。,3. 真题分析 2000年12月大学英语四级考试真题 Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Succeed in a Job Interview? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below: (1 ). 面试在求职过程中的作用 (2). 取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能 力、专业知识、自信、实事求是,问题解决型,【范文】How to Succeed in a Job Interview (1)Nowadays, great importance has been attached to interviews by both the employer and the job-hunter. (2)On the one hand, the interviewer can take advantage of the occasion to learn about the candidates, such as their work experience, education and their personalities, so as to pick out the right person. (2)On the other hand, the interviewee can make use of the opportunity to know the job, including salary, working conditions and opportunities for future development.,(1)提出问题，点题，指出面试的重要性 (2)从interviewer与interviewee两方面阐述面试在求职过程中的作用，为引出文章主题做铺垫,问题解决型,【范文】How to Succeed in a Job Interview (3)Therefore, the job interview is very important to a job-hunter. But how can we succeed in it? (4)Firstly, dress properly and neatly since the first impression is one of the keys to success. (4)Secondly，behave politely and confidently. Dont be too proud, and neither too shy. Show your expertise and abilities to the employer with respect and confidence. (4)Last but not the least, the interviewee ought to be honest about his or her personal as well as academic background, for honesty is the best policy.,(4)分层次解释取得面试成功的三大因素，“last but not the least”意为“最后，但同样重要的是”,(3)Therefore承上启下，but提出主题,问题解决型,【范文】 How to Succeed in a Job Interview (5)To sum up, the job interview is really important, but there is no need to be nervous. (5)As long as you have the ability for the job and put the above principles into practice, you will most probably succeed in it.,(5) “to sum up”引出总结，“as long as”句型引出建议，语言简练，连接紧凑,问题解决型,4. 参考模板【模板一】 Nowadays, great importance has been attached to (目前的现象及存在的问题). Many ways can contribute to (要解决的问题), but the following ones may be effective. First of all, （方法1）. Besides, (方法2）.Finally, （方法3）. In conclusion/ To sum up, the ways I have mentioned above should never be separated from each other. （希望）.,问题解决型,4. 参考模板【模板二】 With the _ of _, _. So its of great importance for us to _. On the one hand, _. On the other hand,_. However, we have figure out many ways to/ As is known to all, there are many ways _. Firstly,_. So long as _. Secondly, _. Thirdly, _. In fact/ So its high time for us to, _. That is because _. In a word, _.,问题解决型,应用文，就是在现实生活中有实际应用功能的文体，比如书信、通知、演讲稿、见证书、导游词等。应用文是大学英语四级考试中常见的考查内容，与议论文、记叙文和说明文相比，应用型作文与生活、社会的联系更加紧密，在格式、行文习惯等方面更讲究规矩。因此，无论写哪些应用型作文，都必须按其各自规范化的、约定俗成的格式来写，不能随意改变格式。下面主要讲述英文书信的构成、写英文书信时应注意的事项。,应用型第71页,1. 书信的构成 英文书信一般分为六个部分：信头，信内地址，称呼，正文，结束语，署名。此外信末还可附上附件及再启。,应用型,2. 书信的构成 信头(Heading) 信头通常包括发信人的地址和发件日期，置于信纸右上 角，离信纸的顶头约一英寸，在靠近信纸的中央开始写。地址的写法有小到大。若用印有信头的信笺，则打上发信日期即可。日期写法有英、美两种不同的格式。英国写法为“日、月、年”，美国写法为“月、日、年”。如： April 19, 2007 (American) 19th April, 2007 (British),齐头式： 16 Brown St. Reading Berks England March 6th, 2009,应用型,信头分两种： 齐头式(Block Style）和缩进式(Indented Style）,缩进式： 16 Brown St. Reading Berks England March 6th, 2009, 信内地址(Inside Address) 信内地址包括收信人的姓名、地址，写在左上方，位置比右上方发信人的地址和日期低1-2行，也是分数行从小到大依次书写。私人信件则不拘形式。在收信人名字前须加尊称如Mr., Miss, Sir, Dr.等 称呼(Salutation) 称呼是对收件人的称呼，另起一行写在信内地址下面，在称呼后一般加“，”。如Dear Mr. Green或Dear President Bush。若写给某个单位或不熟悉的人，可用Dear Sir/Madam或Dear Director/Gentleman。,应用型, 正文(Body) 正文通常包含三部分内容：第一部分用一两句话写明写信的目的或表达问候、谢意；第二部分具体说明所谈事物的细节问题；第三部分是向对方再一次表达你的诚意和感谢等。正文的第一行须离称呼一个行距或两个行距，段首缩进四个字符。 结尾谦称(Complimentary Close) 结尾谦称这一客套称呼写在结尾语(正文)下隔一行处，从正中或偏右处写起。目前，也有人偏左处写起。第一个字母大写，后面加逗号。,应用型,Devotedly, Lovingly, Your own, All my love, (用于情人、夫妻之间） Yours lovingly, Your affectionately, (用于亲密的家人间) Sincerely yours, (用于熟悉的人之间) Respectfully yours, (用于地位高的人或长辈) Faithfully yours, (用于对机关的正式函件) 签名(Signature) 签名的位置在结束语之下，偏向信纸的右边。信纸上一定要有亲笔签名。即使信纸上已经有打印的签名，仍需在其上方亲笔签一遍。,应用型, 附件(Enclosure) 如果信的正文中谈到有附件，应在左下角注明Enclosure或 Encl.或 Encls.。若附件不止一个，则写上 2（或3、4等）encls。例如： Encl: A copy of my resume 2 Encls: 2 Invoices 3 Encls: 1 Resume 1 Doctors Certificate 1 Photo 完整信件格式图例： （* 私人信件或非正式信件通常省略信内的寄信人地址、收信人地址和日期。）,应用型,应用型,Heading（信头）Address of the writer Date Inside Address（收件人姓名，地址） Salutation（称呼）， The Body of the Letter（信文） . . Complimentary Close（结尾谦称）， Signature（签名）,2. 英文书信的特点及写作要求 书信的写作格式比较固定，通常不是考试的重点，重点仍然是英语解释或说明一件事情的能力。英文书信主要分为私人信函 (Personal letter) 和公务信函 (business letter)。私人信函是写给亲朋好友，与他们互通消息、交流感情的渠道。公务信函包括商务信函、社交信函、事务信函甚至私人事务信函，如申请书、推荐信、祝贺信、邀请信、投诉信、感谢信、求职信、道歉信等。 开头部分：点名写信的意图； 主体部分：展开说明问题、介绍情况或描写事件； 结尾部分：提出愿望或表达感谢、祝福。,应用型,3. 真题分析 2004年1月大学英语四级考试真题 Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter in reply to a friends inquiry about applying for admission to your college or university. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below: 1. 建议报考的专业及理由 2. 报考该专业的基本条件 3. 应当如何备考,应用型,A Letter of Reply to a Friend December 27th,2003 Dear , I was glad to receive your letter two days ago. (1)In answer to your question about how to apply for admission to our university, (1) I will give you the following advices. I suggest you to apply for the English major. (2)For one thing, the English major of our university is famous for its modern teaching equipments and prestigious professors. (2)For another, generally graduates majored in English in our university get desirable employment on job markets.,(1)”in answer to”道明写信的目的 (2)两个短语指明提出建议的理由,应用型,(3)There are some requirements for this major. (3)For example, you have to have a good foundation in English. (3)Moreover, you have to pay a higher tuition than students of other majors. (4) Besides, you have to make some preparation for the test. (4)On the one hand, you should pay attention to enlarging your vocabulary and practicing the grammar. (4) On the other hand, you should practice the listening and oral English persistently. (4) Last but not least, to reach the goal, lots of exercises are necessary. Yours sincerely, Liang Chen,(4)”besides”一词就如何备考给出自己的建议，三个短语分层次更详细的阐述备考的建议,应用型,(3)There be句型承上启下，两个短语引出报考该专业的基本条件,1. 特点及写作要求 综合叙事型文章是以记人叙事为主要内容、以叙述为主要表达方式的文章。写这类作文要综合记叙、描写和议论等写作方法，既要交代时间、地点、人物、事情的发生、发展和变化，也要分析事情发生的原因或写出个人感受。,综合叙事型 第74页,2. 写作流程 第一段：引出主题，交待清楚事情发生的背景，如时 间、地点及人物等。 第二段：描述事情发生的起因、经过和结果。 第三段：分析事件发生的原因或者写出个人的感受,3. 真题分析 2003年6月大学英语四级考试真题 Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 假设你在某日某时某地目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证 书。见证书包括以下几点： 1. 车祸发生的时间及地点 2. 你所见到的车祸情况 3. 你对车祸原因的分析,综合叙事型,【范文】 An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident (1)On May 5th, 2003, I witnessed and an accident on Wuyi Road on my way to the Pedestrian Street. (2)It was around one oclock in the afternoon that I was riding my bicycle. (2)Hardly had I got to a major crossroad when the green traffic light flashed, so I stopped. The traffic light soon turned red, but a middle-aged man, also riding a bicycle, passed me on my right and decided to take a risk. To my surprise, he was followed by three or four people. It was most unlucky for the man who first rushed out and was hit by a taxi (2)running at full speed. With a harsh sound of the emergency brake, the car stopped but the man fell down, (2)mourning and bleeding. The red light was still on at that moment.,(1)叙述了此次交通事故发生的时间和地点,(2)强调句型、分词结构、虚拟语气、倒装句型使用得当，句式丰富，使得整个事件的经过生动而形象,综合叙事型,(3) In my opinion, the accident was due to the bicycle-riders breaking the traffic regulation. The taxi driver is also to be blamedif he had slowed down at the crossroad, the consequence would not have been so serious. How I wish people could be more careful, in that case, such tragedies could become fewer and fewer.,(3)分析事件的原因，发表自己的看法,综合叙事型,4. 参考模板 It is (时间和地点) when (事件) took place. （简单叙述一两句）. I saw sight. （描写情景，注意描写 的顺序）. To begin with, _. And then, . Eventually, . As a consequence, (结束语). In my opinion, three factors contribute to . First, (原因1).Second， （原因2）. Last , （原 因3）. All these led to （结束语）.,综合叙事型,第三段或为以下模式： I do believe （个人感受）.,1. 特点及写作要求 图表型作文要求根据图表上的数据，找出所反映的某个趋势或某一个问题、现象，并对该问题、趋势所产生的原因进行分析。常见的图表型作文有表格（table）、曲线图（line chart）、条形图（bar graph）、饼形图（pie chart）和图片（picture）。写图表型作文应该做好以下几点：,图表型第75页,(1). 看懂并理解图表的含义，这是写好图表型作文的前提； (2). 选择能充分说明图表主题的典型数据； (3).根据分析结果和文章的题目写出各段的主题句并展开 论述； (4). 合理的结构安排是：第一段简明扼要，尽量少引数据， 重在点明趋势；二、三段的分析是重点，应展开。,2. 写作流程 第一段：总体说明图表所反映的趋势、问题、现 象，并选用典型数据进行说明； 第二段：分析该问题或该现象的原因或后果； 第三段：提出解决问题的办法、建议或进行展望。,图表型,图表型,3. 真题分析 2002年6月大学英语四级考试真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Student Use of Computer