2017届高考英语二轮专题复习介词和介词短语讲义.docx

介词和介词短语【考纲解读】介词是英语中比较活跃的词,它与名词、形容词、副词和动词等构成搭配时用法灵活且意义丰富。介词的考查形式多样,除了单纯考查介词外,还常考查介词与其他词的搭配。此外,在定语从句中,也常考查“介词+关系代词”的用法。有些介词的考查频率较高,如with, beyond等。【考点纵横】2016年 全国卷 2015年 新课标卷 20152016年 地方卷 目前 这么考 全国卷(介词短语) 全国卷(介词短语) 全国卷(介词短语) 新课标卷(by;with) 新课标卷(at) 2016年天津(介词短语) 2016年浙江(介词短语) 2015年浙江(介词短语) 2015年江苏(介词短语) 2015年安徽(介词短语) 2015年湖北(介词短语) 2015年广东(动词短语) 2015年湖南(动词短语) 今后 怎么考 高考今后仍将在完形填空、语法填空和短文改错等各类题型中考查介词用法以及介词短语的搭配【考题导引】1(2016浙江，6)That young man is honest，cooperative，always there when you need his help._，hes reliable.解析： In short 考查介词短语辨析。句意为：那个年轻人诚实而且善于合作，总是在你需要帮助的时候出现。总之，他是可靠的。 2(2016全国，64) My connection with pandas goes back _ my days on a TV show in the mid1980s.解析： to go back to为固定短语，意思是“回到，追溯到”。3(2016全国，短文改错)My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time._解析： 在dreams之后加上of或about 固定短语dream of/about (doing) sth的意思是“梦想做某事”。 4(2016全国，44)Most of us are more focused_our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. 解析： on 考查介词的用法。很多人早晨的注意力要比晚些时候的注意力更集中。固定短语be focused on专心于，集中于。5(2016全国，短文改错)Now I am leaving home to college. At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever I need help._解析：to改为 for 固定搭配 leave.for 离开去。 【知识梳理】:一、介词1表示方位的at, in, on, to, beside/by和near介词用法示例at一般指在较小的地方I met him at the shop.in一般指在较大的地方，或在某一范围内They arrived in Beijing yesterday.Shandong Province lies in the east of China.on一般指在物体的表面，或相邻并接壤的两个地域The picture is hanging on the wall.Vietnam is on the south of China.to表示某范围外不接壤的两位置Jiangsu Province is to the southeast of Hebei Province. beside/by“在的旁边”She was standing beside her mother.There is a small house by the river.near“接近；靠近”There is a supermarket near my home.2表示方位的between和among介词用法示例between在两者或每两者之间I sat down between Sue and Jane.among在三者或三者以上之间The teacher was standing among the students.3表示方位的across, through, over和past介词用法示例across从的表面穿过He walked across the square to meet us.through从的内部穿过The guide led us through the forest.over从的上面跨过The thief jumped over the fence and fled away.past从的旁边经过She walked past the shop.4表示时间点的at, in和on介词用法示例at表示在某个时间点、时刻或重大节日at 9：00; at noon; at daybreak; at Christmasin表示在某个较长的时间内，如世纪、朝代或年月；泛指的上午、下午、傍晚in the 21st century; in September; in the morningon表示在具体某一天或具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上on 2nd, September; on the morning of 1st, May5表示时间段的for和since介词用法示例for“for时间段”意为“多长时间”，表示动作持续的时间长短，一般作完成时、过去时或将来时的时间状语He has lived in the small village for five years.I studied in Peking University for 4 years.since“since时间点”意为“自从(过去某时)以来”，作完成时的时间状语He has worked in this company since graduation.Tom has been doing his homework since 7 oclock.6表示交通方式的by, in和on介词用法示例by“by名词”表示交通方式时，名词前不加冠词My brother usually goes to school by bike.in/onin/on后的名词必须有冠词或代词等修饰My father often goes to work in his car/on his bicycle.7表示“用”的by, in和with介词用法示例by指“靠手段，用方法，凭借”，后可接名词、代词或动名词He made a living by selling newspapers when he was young.in多用于表示语言、材料的名词前All the applicants are required to fill in the form in ink.with多用于表示有形的工具或身体器官的名词前They are busy digging with spades.8表示“除外”的except, except for和besides介词用法示例except表示“除之外(其他的都)”，其后的宾语是被排除在外的，侧重同类事物的排除All my friends took part in the party except John.except for其后被排除的内容与主语往往不是同一类的His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.besides表示“除之外(其他的也)”，其后的宾语是被包括在内的He has learned German, French besides English.9其他常考介词的用法(1)against的用法含义示例(表示态度)反对An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are against it.(表示对比)以为背景The skiers red clothes stood out clearly against the snow.(表示方位)倚靠着The girl was leaning against the wall with her arms folded.(2)beyond的用法含义示例(表示位置)在另一边，在更远处The small village is 20 miles beyond the town.(表示时间)晚于He delayed the matter beyond the fixed time.(表示程度)超出，非所能及To be acknowledged as the first to receive this honor is beyond expression in words for me.(3)over的用法含义示例(表示方位)越过The airplane flew over the mountains and disappeared in the distance.(表示等级或数目)高于，在之上，超过He has got the job because he has the advantage over others of knowing many languages.(表示时间或过程)在期间Im sorry I didnt phone you, but Ive been very busy over the past couple of weeks.(4)to的用法含义示例(表示方向、距离)到，向，去It was on the way to the railway station.(表示时间)直到为止，到He wakes at a quarter to six every morning.(表示比较、比例、参照)与相比，相对于而言I prefer oranges to apples.(表示对象关系)属于，对，给The hospital is attached to the university.达到(某一点或某个限度)Temperatures dropped to 25 degrees below zero.(5)under的用法含义示例在下面，在之下She placed the ladder under the window.在过程中The possibility of employing more staff is still under discussion.(数字、数量、年龄或价格)低于，少于，在以下These toys are not suitable for children under five.受影响Shes been under a lot of pressure at work.(6)with的用法含义示例和一起，和，同，跟Would you like to go shopping with me？(表示同时或同一方向)随着With time going by, the little tree has grown up.具有，带有The dictionary is what I want, but I dont have enough money with me.由于，因为He trembled with fear.(表示方式)用He cut it with a knife.二、介词短语介词的固定搭配考查有两种：一是考查固定搭配中的介词；二是考查介词短语。While staying in the village, James unselfishly shared whatever he had with the villagers without asking for anything in return.(2014浙江高考)当詹姆斯住在这个村里的时候，他无私地把他的任何东西都与村民分享而不图任何回报。Starting your own business could be a way to achieving financial independence.On the other hand, it could just put you in debt.(2014江西高考)自己做生意或许是获得经济独立的一种方法，另一方面，它也可能让你负债。知识积累介词的常用搭配一览1介词与名词的常用搭配(1)atn.表示状态at a loss 不知所措at peace 处于和平中at war 在战争中 at work 在工作(2)其他以at开头的介词短语at the beginning of 在的开始at the cost of 以的代价at the risk of 冒的危险at the mercy of 在支配下；任由摆布(3)onn.表示状态on exhibition/show 在展出 on fire 着火on sale 出售，打折 on the way 在途中on the decrease/increase 在减少/在增加on holiday/vacation 在度假on duty/guard 在值班/站岗(4)其他以on开头的介词短语on account of 因为 on behalf of 代表on no account/condition 决不(5)byn.表示方式by accident 偶然 by air/plane 乘飞机by chance 偶然 by coincidence 碰巧by hand 用手工 by mistake 错误地by the day 按天算 by nature 天生地(6)inn.表示方式in cash 用现金付款 in width 在宽度上in depth 在深度上 in detail 详细地in size 在大小上 in height 在高度上in length 在长度上 in English 用英语(7)其他以in开头的介词短语in need of 需要in no case 决不in no time立刻 in no way 决不in place of 代替 in possession of 拥有，占有in addition to 另外 in charge of 掌管in response to作为回应 in return 作为回报in spite of 尽管 in exchange for 作为交换in favor of 支持，赞成in case of 万一；如果；假如in celebration of 为庆祝in control of 管理；控制；操纵in honour of 为向表示敬意in memory of 为了纪念in support of 为支持in the charge of 在的管理下in the direction of 在方向in the face of 面对(8)ofn.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)of benefit 有益处的of help 有帮助的of importance 重要的 of significance 有意义的of use 有用的 of value 有价值的(9)out ofn.表示状态out of balance 失去平衡 out of breath 上气不接下气out of control 不受控制 out of date 过期out of debt 不欠债 out of order 出故障out of shape 走样，不成形 out of sight 看不到out of the question 不可能 out of work 失业(10)undern.表示被动under attack 遭到袭击 under discussion 在讨论中under pressure 在压力下 under treatment 在治疗中under control 处于控制之中 under construction 在建造中(11)withn.表示方式with delight/joy 高兴地 with difficulty 困难地with ease轻而易举地 with fear 害怕地with pleasure 乐意地(12)beyondn.表示“超出，难以”beyond compare无与伦比 beyond reach够不到beyond description难以描述beyond doubt不用怀疑，确实地beyond expression/words难以表达2介词与形容词的常用搭配(1)beadj.aboutbe anxious about 忧虑be curious about 对好奇be particular about 对讲究/挑剔be worried/concerned about 对担心(2)beadj.atbe angry at因生气 be good at擅长be astonished at对吃惊 be present at出席be disappointed at对失望(3)beadj.inbe absorbed in专注于 be active in积极于be dressed in穿着 be engaged in 忙于be rich in富含 be occupied in忙于be interested in对感兴趣be involved in包括在中，被卷入(4)beadj.forbe eager for渴望 be famous for以著名be fit for适合，胜任 be hungry for渴望be ready for准备好 be sorry for对感到抱歉be thankful for因而感激be anxious for急切盼望，渴望be prepared for为做好准备(5)beadj.frombe absent from 缺席 be different from 不同于be far from 远离 be free from 不受影响(6)beadj.to be close to接近 be contrary to与相反be devoted to致力于 be equal to等于be familiar to 对来说熟悉 be friendly to 对友好be good to对有好处 be grateful to对心存感激be harmful to对有危害 be kind to对友好be opposed to反对 be similar to与相似be/get used to (变得)习惯于(7)beadj.ofbe aware of意识到 be fond of喜欢be full of充满 be proud of因而自豪be short of缺乏 be tired of厌烦be ashamed of为感到羞耻(8)beadj.withbe busy with忙于 be filled with充满 be combined with与结合 be content with对满意be covered with被覆盖 be familiar with对熟悉be patient with对有耐心 be popular with受的欢迎be satisfied with对满意be pleased with对感到满意by angry with (sb.)对(某人)发怒be concerned with与有关；涉及，关心，关注【考点突破】考点语境词义辨析1.The dictionary is _：many words have been added to the language since it was published.(2016天津，2) A.out of control B.out of date C.out of sight D.out of reach 答案B解析考查“out of名词”型介词短语辨析。句意为：这部词典过时了：自从它出版以来，这门语言已增添了许多单词。out of date过时，符合语境。out of control失控；out of sight看不见；out of reach够不着。 2.Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes _ animals both on land and sea？(2015浙江，3) AaboutBtoCwithDover答案B解析考查固定搭配。句意为：你听说过是海陆两栖动物栖息地的树吗？be home to为固定搭配，意为“是的栖息地，是的家园”。3.Most people work because its unavoidable._，there are some people who actually enjoy work.(2015浙江，10) A.As a result B.In addition C.By contrast D.In conclusion 答案C解析考查介词短语辨析。句意为：大多数人工作因为这是无法避免的，相比之下，也有一些人确实喜欢工作。根据语境可知，此处表示前后对比。by contrast相比之下，符合语境。as a result结果；in addition另外，此外；in conclusion总之。4.Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around _ Thomas Edison.(2015江苏，34) A.thanks to B.regardless of C.aside from D.but for答案D解析考查介词短语辨析。句意为：如果没有托马斯爱迪生的话，我们现在所受益的许多东西是不会出现的。thanks to幸亏，由于；regardless of不管，不顾；aside from除了，除以外；but for要不是，如果没有的话。由句意知选D项。 5.This meeting room is a nonsmoking area.I would like to warn you _ that if you smoked here you would be fined.(2015湖北，30) A.in advance B.in detail C.in total D.in general 答案A解析考查“in名词”型短语意义辨析。句意为：这个会议室是“无烟区”。我想提前提醒你，如果你在这里吸烟，你将会被罚款。根据题干中that引导的宾语从句可知，说话者是在“提前”告诉对方这一事实，所以选择in advance。in detail详细地；in total总共；in general一般来说。 6.The little pupil took his grandma_ the arm and walked her across the street.(2015陕西，12) A.on B.by C.in D.at 答案B解析句意为：那个小学生搀着奶奶的胳膊，送她过了街道。“动词sb.介词the人体部位”是习惯用法，根据身体的不同的部位变化介词，如：pat sb. on the head，hit sb.in the face等。 7.A common memory they all have _ their school days is the school uniform.(2015福建，22) A.of B.on C.to D.with 答案A解析考查介词的用法。句意为：他们对校园岁月的共同记忆就是校服。本句使用了have a memory of这一搭配，意为“对的记忆”。考点归纳1几组常见的介词短语 (1)out of名词 out of question毫无疑问；out of the question不可能；out of order次序颠倒；out of sight看不见；out of place不合适；out of pity出于同情；out of curiosity出于好奇 (2)in名词 in power掌权；in good condition状态良好；in despair绝望地；in public/secret公开地/秘密地；in tears哭泣；in good/bad repair保养得好/不好；in charge负责，掌管；in a hurry 匆忙； in anger生气；in trouble有困难 (3)in名词介词 in case of以防万一；in honor of为了纪念；in favor of支持；in memory of为了纪念；in charge of负责；in terms of从角度；in need of需要；in praise of表扬；in view of鉴于；in return for作为对的回报；in response to对的答复或反应 (4)under名词 under control受控；under attack遭到攻击；under way在进行中；under discussion在讨论；under consideration在讨论/考虑中 (5)at名词 at work在工作；at play在玩耍；at dinner在吃饭；at ease轻松，自由自在；at war 在打仗 (6)on名词on fire着火；on purpose故意地；on duty值日；on the phone在打电话；on leave在休假； on holiday在度假；on a walk在散步；on the rise/fall上升/下降；on sale出售；on show/exhibition展出；on business 出差；on ones way to在去的路上；on a visit/trip/tour出行(7)to ones情感名词to ones surprise令某人惊讶的是；to ones joy使某人高兴的是；to ones disappointment令某人失望的是；to ones delight使某人高兴的是2注意下列短语中介词的用法for nothing不花钱，免费 come across the room穿过房间 feel like doing sth.想要做某事 get paid by the week按周获得报酬 be particular about.对苛求、挑剔 with satisfaction满意地 be second to none不输于任何人；不比任何东西差 on ones own独自地 in great quantity大量地，大批量 in great demand需求量很大 take a turn for the better正朝更好的方向发展 keep an eye on照看，照料 with the help of在的帮助下 under the leadership of在的领导下 the article in the newspaper报纸上的文章 a bird in the tree树上的鸟 apples on the tree树上的苹果 tickets for the concert音乐会的票 in the direction of朝着的方向 from the direction of从的方向 set an example to sb.给某人树立榜样 3.下列短语中to 为介词 belong to属于 date back to追溯到 look forward to盼望；期望 be addicted to沉溺于 be accustomed to习惯于 be/get used to doing.习惯于做 be devoted to.致力于 stick to坚持 【真题感悟】.单句填空1.(2016全国)But my connection with pandas goes back_ my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s. 2.(2016全国)Most of us are more focused our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. 3.(2015新课标)For those who fly to Guilin, its only an hour awaycar and offers all the scenery of the better-known city. 4.(2015新课标) the same time, they warm up again for the night. 5.(2015湖南)There is a lot more material available, which means you may be overwhelmed the amount of information. 6.(2015福建)A common memory they all have their school days is the school uniform. 7.(2015广东)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left. 8.(2015重庆)Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68 the average. 9.(2014新课标)I got a place next the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk. 10.(2014福建)By focusing on saving oil, water, paper, food, and clothing, we are playing a part cutting down on waste. 11.(2014广东)I didnt understand why this would happen and my credit card had already been charged the reservation. 12.(2014湖南)In this way, everyone will live peace. 【答案与解析】 1.to此处是动词短语go back to,意思是“追溯到”。 2.on此处是固定短语be focused on,意思是“专注于;专心于 3.byby car“乘汽车”。 4.Atat the same time为固定短语,意为“与此同时”。 5.with此处是固定短语be overwhelmed with,意为“忙着做” 6.of介词of在此处表示“关于”,表示从属关系。 7.forexchange.for.为固定短语,意为“以换”。 8.above根据前面的“the warmest year”可知填above。above the average“在平均值之上”。 9.tonext to为固定短语,意思是“在旁边”。 10.in此处是固定短语play a part in,表示“在中起作用”。 11.for此处是固定短语charge.for,意为“因为收费”。 12.in此处是固定短语in peace,意为“安静”。 .单句改错1.(2015新课标)Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted. 2.(2015新课标)Tony saw a toy on a shop window. 3.(2015陕西)My soccer