动词不定式的用法归纳.ppt

动词不定式的基本用法归纳,不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not/never to do”,不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可以作主语、宾语、宾补、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for+名词或代词宾格”构成。,不定式,1. 作主语,2. 作宾语,3. 作宾语补足语,4. 作定语,5. 作状语,6. 作表语,7. 作独立成分,8. 与疑问词等连用,1 不定式作主语 (subject),To see is to believe. To keep smiling is healthy for you. Its important to learn English well.,若不定式太长,往往用it作形式主语,不定式后置。单个不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数。,谓语动词用单数形式。,Early to rise and early to bed is a good habit When and where to hold the party hasnt been decided. When to hold the party and where to hold the party _been decided.,havent,2.作宾语,1)不定式作宾语的动词有许多，如want, decide, intend, expect, learn, manage, plan, promise, refuse, threaten, fail, wish, hope, pretend, choose等等。 I mean to go there at once. I hope to finish the work in time. I plan to go to Beijing this summer. 2).不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾补之后，而用it作形式宾语。句型为“主语+find (feel, think, believe, consider,etc) +it+形容词/名词+to do sth”。 I think it our duty to obey the laws. I found it difficult to see him here.,3) 不定式用在介词but, except, 后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,相反则带to.,(1). She could do nothing but cry. (2).There is nothing to do but wait. (3). I have no choice but to go.,3作表语,不定式作表语不定式作表语常表示解释或表将来的动作，主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词，如wish, idea, task, purpose, duty, job. To teach is to learn. My job is to help the patient. My ambition is to become a teacher. The old man seems to be sick. 【注意】如果在主语中（通常在主语从句或修饰主语的定语从句中）有实意动词do时，作表语的动词不定式省略to。 All I want to do now is fill my stomach.,4作宾语补足语 He asked me to go with him. He didnt allow me to go out alone. 【注意】在感官动词（see, hear, feel, listen to , notice, watch, observe等）和使役动词let, have， make 后的补足语中，不定式不带to。但这类句子变成被动语态时，必须带to。 I saw him play in the park. He was seen to play in the park. The boss made those men work day and night. Those men were made to work day and night. I heard her sing today She was heard to sing today,1. something, anything, nothing, everything, no one 等不定代词或名词后常用不定式做后置定语。,e.g. I have something to say. He is not a man to tell lies. We all have a chance to go to college.,(5). 定语,与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如不定式是不及物动词，则需加介词。 Can you give some paper to _ (write)? I have no jewelry to _(wear). He is looking for a room to _ (live). He needs a friend to _ (play). There are three pairs of shoes for you to _ (choose).,write on,wear,live in,play with,choose from,动宾关系,主谓关系,同位关系,2. 当名词被the first ,the last, the only 等词以及形容词最高级修饰时 eg: She is always the first to come and the last to leave.,6.作状语,不定式作状语时，可表示目的，原因，结果或条件。 如; 不定式作目的状语时，常可与to, in order to, so as to 连用。 I came here to see you. （目的） He got up early so as not to be late. 不定式可以跟在表语的形容词之后作状语。 The question is difficult to answer.。,不定式作结果状语常用如下句型,The room is big enough to hold us. It is such a big room as to hold us. He is so kind as to help us. such +（形容词）名词 +as to do sth so + 形容词/副词 + as to do sth,He hurried to the school to find nobody there. （结果） He is too old to lift the box.,3. 表示原因: 不定式可以用在作表语的形容词后作状语, sorry, surprised, happy, glad, eager, angry, foolish, right, wrong, slow, quick, rude, cruel, disappointed等。,eg: Im glad/pleased to see you. We were surprised to hear the news.,(4).独立结构作状语,to be frank, to be honest (with you), to make things worse,To tell (you) the truth, I dont agree with you.,类似的结构,(8)不定式与疑问词who,which, when, how, what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。,He didnt know what to say. How to solve the problem is very important. My question is when to start.,注意：,在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。 Why not have a rest?,(9) 不定式的省略,(1).不定式中的动词上文已出现过,下文要 省略该动词.,e.g.: -Would you like to go with me ? -Yes, Id like to.,(2). 不定式是to be 结构, be 不可省. (3) I didnt tell him the news. Oh, you ought to have (told him the news).,e.g.: -Would you like to be a teacher? -Yes, Id like to be.,1. It is good to help others. 2. It is my ambition to make sure that the disabled people in our neighborhood have access to all public buildings. 3. My ambition is to work in the computer industry when I grow up.,Identify its function.,(subject),(subject),(predicative),4. I dont have time to sit around feeling sorry for myself. 5. I am the only student in my class to have a pet snake. 6. A big company has decided to buy it from me. 7. My fellow students have begun to accept me for who I am.,(attribute),(attribute),(object),(object),8. I have had to work hard to live a normal life. 9. Some days I am too tired to get out of bed. 10. We must call on local government to give financial assistance to disabled people.,(adverbial),(adverbial),(object complement),Exercise,1. I dont know whether you happen _, but Im going to study in the USA this September. (2004 辽宁） A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard,Quiz II,Multiple Choice,2. This company was the first _ portable radios as well as cassette tape records in the world. (2005 上海春） A. producing B. to produce C. having produced D. produced,3. _ this cake, youll need 2 eggs, 175g sugar and 175g flour. (2006 广东） A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making,4. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _. (2008 全国卷) A. to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed,5. Did the book give the information you needed? Yes. But _ it, I had to read the entire book. (2008 北京卷) A. to find B. find C. to finding D. finding,Passage1. 1.filled 2. company(keep sb company) 3. myself 4. whether 5. coming 6.that/which 7. With 8. saw 9. the 10.completely,Passage2. 1.like 2.them 3.before 4.are being polluted 5.wonder 6.and 7.an 8.strictest 9.to take 10.that/which,Passage3. 1.crowded 2.But 3.an 4.eating 5.who/that 6.going .Besides/Moreover 8.comments 9.recommended 10.whatever,Passage4. 1.It 2.viewers 3.to 4.But 5.which 6.performed 7.the 8.highlighting 9.excited 10.Though/Although,Passage5. 1.lost 2.a 3.must 4.that/which 5.because 6.worse 7.to stay 8.in/with 9.saying 10.were rescued,Passage6. 1.grew 2.As 3.called 4.successful 5.how 6.that/which 7.what 8.organization 9.her 10.the,Passage7. 1.the 2.it 3.but 4.exactly 5.embarrassing 6.was taking 7.parking 8.when 9.should 10.time,Passage8. 1.it 2.was asked 3.saying 4.a 5.only 6.physically 7.who 8.strengths 9.whether 10.important,Passage9. 1.their 2.useless 3.to make 4.be inspired 5.a 6.playing 7.weight 8.Besides/Moreover 9.that 10.So,Passage10. 1.were trained 2.until 3.competing 4.different 5.generally 6.which 7.them 8.with 9.ancestors 10.The,Passage11. 1.is created 2.The 3.actually 4.from 5.would（虚拟） 6.to figure 7.idea 8.waiting 9.than 10.while/but,Passage12. 1.introducing 2.problem 3.of 4.to accept 5.a 6.paid 7.competitive 8.when 9.higher 10.that/which,结构 : to do (否定) not/never to do,二. 时态与语态,不定式,to do,to be done,to be doing,to have done,to have been done,to have been doing,-,-,不定式的时态,不定式的一般式 to do I am glad to see you. He has decided to give her some money. They are discussing the meeting to take place tomorrow. 表示的动作通常与谓语所表示的动作 或状态同时或者几乎同时发生，或是 在它之后发生。,不定式的进行式to be doing,I am very glad to be working with you. He pretended to be working hard when his boss passed him. He is said to be studying in America. 表示的动作通常与谓语动词表示的动 作同时发生。,不定式的完成式 to have done,He happened to have seen the film before. He is believed to have studied in America. 不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动作 或状态之前。,He wanted to have met you at the airport, but he didnt get there in time. 表示过去没有实现的期待或者计划 hoped, promised, wanted, wished, expected, planned,不定式的完成式 to have done,He would like to have played the violin at the concert. 不定式的完成式在would like后边表示 未能实现的愿望。,Exercises: 1.Robert is said _(study)abroad, but I dont know what country he will study in. 2.Robert is said_ (study)abroad, but I dont know what country he is studying in. 3.Robert is said _ (study)abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.,不定式的语态,主动语态 to do 被动语态 to be done It is an honor for me to be invited to attend the meeting. The next thing to be done is to get our classroom painted. The novel is believed to have been translated into Chinese. He is said to have been praised.,The question is very difficult（for me) to answer. The problem is difficult to deal with. He is hard to talk to. The air is hard to breathe.,1. 主语be +adj. +to do,能用于此句型的形容词有: difficult, easy, fit, hard, pleasant, tiresome(使人疲劳的), comfortable, interesting, nice, heavy, dangerous, light, important, etc.一般认为形容词后省去了for sb.,主动形式表被动意义的不定式,9）不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式，多数情况下是容易判断的，但有时的确比较复杂,The box is light enough to carry. The river water is warm enough to swim in.,2. 主语+be +adj. + enough +to do,The books seemed too heavy to carry. The ice is too thin to skate on.,3. 主语+be +too +adj. +to do,在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。 There is a lot of work to do. （Somebody has to do the work. ） There is a lot of work to be done. （The work has to be done. ）,不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。如： Have you got a key to unlock the door ? (A key unlocks the door. ) 不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。 I have got a letter to write.( I write letter. ） He needs a room to live in. （He lives in a room. ）,当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。如： He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. It is possible for our hopes to be realized. Do you have anything to wash? Do you have anything to be washed? Do you have anything to be sent to Shanghai?,几对易混淆的词组： stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事 doing sth.停止做某事 forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事 doing sth. 忘记已做了某事,remember to do sth. 记得去做某事 doing sth. 记得曾经做某事,mean to do 打算做某事 doing 意味着 try to do 尽力做 doing 试着做 consider to be 认为。是 doing 考虑做某事 cant help do 不能帮着做某事 doing 忍不住做某事,1. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B.eating not C. not to eat D.not eating 2. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone 3. Charles Babbage is generally considered _the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented,4. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking 5. _ late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having sleep 6. The teacher asked us _ so much noise. A. dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make,7. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 9. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not to ride D. do not to,10. I dont know whether you happen _, but Im going to study in the USA this September. A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard 11. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. not make B. not to make C. not making D. dont make 12. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects,13. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. see 14. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _. it what to do with B. what to do with it C. what to do it with D. to do what with it,1 爱和被爱都是最大的幸福。 _ are both great happiness. 2 据说他已经完成了他的工作。 He is said _ _. 3 根据报道他们已安全到达。 They are reported _.,To love and to be loved,to have finished/completed,his work,翻译下面的句子,to have arrived safely,4 我想叫人立刻修理这辆自行车。 I want this bike _ _. 5 玛利仿佛已经被告知此事了。 Mary seemed _. 6 众所周知，奥运会上他被授予了一枚 金牌。 He is known _ a gold medal at the Olympics.,to be repaired at once,to have been told about it,to have been given,/immediately,1