《翻译及翻译过程》PPT课件.ppt

导 学 第一章：翻译概述 第二章：英汉语言对比 第三章：词语的翻译 第四章：句子翻译技巧（上） 第五章：句子翻译技巧（下） 第六章：常见文体的翻译,2,导 学,教学目的：本课程教学目的是使学生掌握基本的翻译理论,提高翻译水平。 本课程主要介绍基本的翻译理论知识，通过英汉两种语言的对比和大量译例翻译，介绍了翻译的一系列常用方法和技巧。通过实践熟悉翻译技巧，培养翻译能力，不断提高翻译水平和能力。 教学内容： 课程要求 课时安排 学法指导 参考书 学习网站,3,第一章：翻译概述,教学目的：本章旨在让学生了解什么是翻译，掌握翻译的类别、标准、过程；同时了解部分中西代表译论。 教学内容： 翻译的定义、分类 翻译的标准 翻译的过程：理解表达校对 中、西译史 练 习,4,第二章：英汉语言现象对比,Teaching aims: to learn about the similarities and differences of Chinese and English in word forming and vocabulary so as to translate them accurately. Main Language points: Comparative studies of language family Comparative studies of word building in English and Chinese Comparative studies of syllable Exercise,5,第三章：词语的翻译,教学目的：旨在帮助学生了解词义的多样性（引申、褒贬）；并掌握词语翻译的选词技巧。 教学内容： 1. 词义的选择 2. 词义的引申 3. 词义的褒贬 4. 翻译练习,6,第四章：句子翻译技巧（上）,一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技巧，从而在英汉翻译时做到通顺、准确。 二、教学过程： 1. 增译法 省译法 词类转换 正说反译、反说正译法 翻译练习1、2、3、4,7,第五章：句子翻译技巧（下）,一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技巧，从而在汉英翻译时做到通顺、准确。 二、教学过程： 重译法 语态变换法 词序调整法 拆译法 翻译练习1、2、3、4,8,第六章：常见句型/文体的翻译,一、教学目的：要求理解并熟悉常见文体（含旅游景点、欢迎词/祝词、广告等）的翻译，力求在汉英翻译时做到通顺、准确。 二、教学过程： 常见句型的翻译 科技文体的翻译 法律文书的翻译 翻译练习,Description: This course named Translation Theory and Practice aims at cultivating the SS ability of translating between E-C and C- Ethey have the ability to understand and master some basic theories and techniques about translation. E.g. the brief history of Chinese and western translation theory, the differences between E and C, the eight basic techniques in translation, some methods to deal with the special sentences, etc. In a word, the SS will have the first impression to English language and Chinese, and through these discussions they will have a higher ability in their English writing. It will take us at least a span of 2 lectures to finish one topic in the syllabus.,Course Description & Requirements,To pass this course, students must attain an average of 60% in the following categories: Participating: 20% Participating is vital to the learning process and it includes attendances, being on times, coming to class prepared, interacting with other students, and participating in classroom discussions. Students who are frequently absent, tardy, or refuse to participate will receive a poor participation grade. Note: there are NO excused absences. Any absences or tardy will result in a lower participation grade.,Requirements and Grading:,11,Tests: 60% There will be only one test: a final. But there may also be several short quizzes through the term. Attendance: 20% Daily attendance will be recorded. Each time a student will get 2.5 points. 1point for attendance, 1 point for being on time, and 0.5 point for participating in discussion and interacting positively with fellow classmates.,12,注：可能 因授课实际情况，课时安排会做适当调整。,课时安排：,13,译者的素质： 外语素质 母语素质 语言敏感度 百科能力 心理素质 政治素质 翻译的辅助工具： 工具书 百度 电子辞典 在线词典,译者素养：,14,提高方法：,翻译理论+翻译技巧+翻译实践 研究有关翻译的论述，弄懂翻译的基本问题。 （ 阅读理论著作；专题论文；翻译教材；译品的前言后语） 研究译作范本 从中摸索翻译的规律和技巧，对比不同译本的处理和效果。 研究典型译例，注意翻译技巧的说明和译句的得失，为翻译实践打好基础 不断进行翻译实践 （1） 依照词语-句子-段落-语篇的顺序； （2） 选择不同题材和体裁的练习材料； （3） 难易循序渐进； （4） 译文反复修改，不断提高译文质量； （5） 选择有参考译文的文本，进行对比学习； （6） 可请别人修改或校正。,Tips： read more; practice more; think more; discuss more,15,英汉互译实用教程，郭著章、李庆生 编著，武 汉大学出版社，2005年。 英汉汉英翻译教程，张春柏 编著， 高等教育出版社，2006年。 英汉翻译概要，靳梅林 编著， 南开大学出版社，1998年。 新编汉英翻译教程，陈宏薇 编著，上海外语教育出版社，2004年。 英汉翻译教程，连淑能 编著，高等教育出版社，2006年。,参考书：,16,中国翻译协会 /tran/index.htm 中国科技翻译 /2002/magazine/index.asp?MagID=1917 译路网 /html/e/2006-11/10/12_47_12_734.html 译商网 /Resourcehtml/Resource413.html 译龙翻译网/transtudy.asp 词汇术语网 /news/a1/1.htm 英语之声 /englishstudy/ch/jgmc/index2.html 舍生取译网 /,17,1. 我们在任何时候都需要争取外援，特别需要学习外国一切对我们有益的先进事物。 It is necessary for us to try to win foreign aid and , in particular, to learn all that is advanced and beneficial from other country. 2. 在我们同东欧各国各党的关系这个问题上，我们有相当的责任。 So far as our relations with the countries and parties of eastern Europe are concerned, we are largely responsible for the problems that occurred. We should take considerable ( or a good portion of ) responsibility for the problems that arouse.,18,1. What is translation?(翻译的定义),The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one language into another(从一种语言转换成另一种语言); Websters third New International Dictionary of the English Language: to turn into ones own or another language(转换成本族语或另一种语言)。 翻译是一种“语言转换”活动。,19,The definition is:,Translation is a rendering from one language into another, i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language. To be more exact, in Nidas & Tytlers words,20,美国翻译理论家Eugene A. Nida：,Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. （所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。),Semantic equivalence Stylistic equivalence Cultural equivalence：Four asian tigers亚洲四小龙 Equivalence of response:龙头产品flaghship products Functional equivalence Shall I compare thee to the summer day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate. The Milky way Images into sound images,22,A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. 好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言，以使译人语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。(泰特勒，1790),Alexander Fraser Tytler:,23,综合各家之长:,翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。 Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.,24,2. Scope of Translation,in terms of languages: in terms of the mode: in terms of materials to be translated: in terms of disposal: (full-text translation, abridged translation, adapted translation),1.按语言分类： 语内翻译（intralingual translation） 语际翻译（interlingual translation） 符际翻译 intersemiotic translation 2. 按活动形式分类： 笔译（translation） 口译（oral interpretation）： 连续传译（consecutive translation） 和同声传译（simultaneous translation）,3. 按翻译材料的文体分类： 应用文体翻译 科技文体翻译 论述文体翻译新闻文体翻译 艺术文体翻译 4. 按处理方式分类：全译 节译 摘译 编译 译述,25,3. Criteria in China,A. Yan Fus (严复) “three character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898, is the principle of “faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance” (信、达、雅). “译事三难：信、达、雅” B. Some revisions such as faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness (信、达、切); faithfulness, expressiveness and fitness (信、达、贴),26,C. Fu Leis (傅雷) spiritual conformity/resemblance in spirit （神似) D. Qian Zhongshu (钱钟书) transmigration (化境) E. 鲁迅：翻译：一当然力求其易解,一则保存原作的丰姿。反对牛头不对马嘴，提出“宁信而不顺”之原则。 林语堂的“忠实、通顺、美” 梁实秋的“宁错务顺” 瞿秋白的“信顺统一” 许渊冲的“音美、形美、意美（三美）”,Criteria for beginners: Faithfulness Smoothness,27,“泰特勒三原则” 奈达（美）的“动态对等”和“功能对等” 纽马克（英）的“文本中心”论,Criteria in the West (reading after class),28,十八世纪末的英国学者亚历山大泰特勒(Alexander Fraser Tytler, 1747-1814)。他在论翻译的原则(Essay on the Principles of Translation)一书中提出了著名的翻译三原则： （1）译文应完全复写出原作的思想（A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.） （2）译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同(The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.) （3）译文应和原作同样流畅(A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.）,Three Principles of Translation:,29,美国翻译理论家Eugene A. Nida：,把翻译中的“意义”概括成“语义”和“语体”: Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. （所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。),30,Peter Newmark,交际翻译注重译文读者产生于原文读者相同的效果,语义翻译注重译出原文的所有含义,它们的根本区别在于交际翻译强调信息产生的效果,语义翻译强调信息内容,但是,它们之间的区别是相对的,在翻译实践中,往往是两种翻译方法交替使用,相辅相成,以期达到译文的最佳效果.,Commenting on these methods, I should first say that only semantic and communicative translations fulfill the two main aims of translation” (Newmark，Peter,2001),31,A. Preparation: basic knowledge about both languages as well as the background knowledge; basic skills in translation are necessary; B. Comprehension: understanding accurately the meaning of the source language; How? C. Expression/Representation: try to express the meaning in idiomatic Chinese; D. Revision /proofreading: check again and again to polish the language.,The Process of Translation,32,Eugene A. Nida 的翻译过程,Imagic Likeness principle Translator ST source text ST writer ST context ST reader TL reader TL context,Translator ST context ST writer ST source text ST reader TL reader TL context,35,4. History of Translation in China,1)佛经翻译时期，从东汉开始至唐宋，1000余年（支谦、道安，鸠摩罗什、真谛、玄奘） 2）明末清初：西方科技翻译 （徐光启、利玛窦；李之藻） 3）清朝后期：西方哲学、文学翻译 重要人物：林纾、严复 4）中国近代翻译史：“五四”运动是分水岭； 重要人物：鲁迅、瞿秋白、林语堂、朱生豪 5）繁荣阶段：新中国的成立,36,Western translation history (reading after the Class),第一个高潮是在公元前3世纪中叶。 第二个高潮发生于公元4世纪至6世纪之间。 第三个高潮是11世纪至12世纪之间。 第四次高潮是14-16世纪的欧洲文艺复兴时期。 第五次高潮，是第二次世界大战结束以来。,37,a.) word meaning in context-No context, no text. 维特根斯坦（1953：31）: The meaning of a word is its use in the language. 一个词的意义就是它在语言中的运用。 Hymes (1972: xix ) points out, “The key to understanding language in context is to start not with language, but with context.” Each word when used in a new context is a new word.（J.R. Firth,1890-1960,a famous linguist in England P.30）,How to understand?,38,De