四川大学绿色化学Chapter1.ppt

绿色化学 Green Chemistry,Welcome to Green Chemistry,化学学院,About the Teachers,Name:胡常伟，李桂英，秦 松，祝良芳 Email: Telephone: 85411105, 85415745, 85415608(Lab.) Office address: 第一理科楼 南 301, 南 306A, 南 201 ,化学学院,,化学学院,password : greenchem,化学学院,Main reference book,Text book and references,化学学院,Text book and references,胡常伟，李贤均,绿色化学原理及应用 中国石化出版社，2002. Anastas P.T., Williamson T.C. Green Chemistry, Theory and Practice, London: Oxford University Press,1998 Anastas P.T., Heine L. G., Williamson T.C., Green Chemical Synhesis and Processes, ACS Symposium Series 767, 2000 Tundo P., Anastas P. Green Chemistry Challenging Perspectives, Oxford, 1999 Clark J., Macquarrie D.Handbook of Green Chemistry and Technology, Blackwell Science, 2002,化学学院,Anastas P.T., Williamson T.C. Green Chemistry, Frontiers in Benign Chemical Synthesis and Processes London: Oxford University Press,1998 Anastas P.T., Williamson T.C. Green ChemistryDesigning Chemistry for the Environment Washington: American Chemical Society,1996 仲崇立,绿色化学导论 北京:化学工业出版社，2000. 闵恩泽，吴巍,绿色化学与化工 北京:化学工业出版社，2000. 朱宪,绿色化学工艺 北京:化学工业出版社，2001,Text book and references,化学学院,Chapter one Introduction,Chemistry is a central, useful and creative science.,化学学院,Chemistry is a central science,化学学院,Chapter one Introduction,Exploit and effectively utilize natural resources Explore the natural world, and find useful chemical substances not known before. Examine the chemicals found in plants and animals on land, in the sea Determine their structure and explore their function,化学学院,Chapter one Introduction,Design and create new materials New drugs (instead of just harvesting the living sources of useful drugs) New materials (especially new polymers for special usage instead of exploring in nature),化学学院,Chapter one Introduction,The clothing, feeding and nutrition, residence, transportation and daily necessities of human beings depend greatly on,Chemistry is related to our whole life!,化学学院,Chapter one Introduction,Chemistry: Facing Challenge！ Human beings: Facing Challenge！ The Society: Facing Challenge!,化学学院,Chapter one Introduction,1.1 Typical environmental problems 1.2 Shortage of resources 1.3 Health concerns 1.4 Towards Sustainable Development References,化学学院,1.1 Typical Environmental problems,Our environment is seriously polluted, Why ?,化学学院,1.1 Typical Environmental problems,The cause of environmental problems,Our environment is significantly polluted when human beings successively exploit the nature to satisfy our natural and mental needs.,Ourselves, our living, our existence,化学学院,Typical environmental problems,化学学院,Global Warming,The increase of Green House gas concentration is the main cause.,They adsorb heat from the sun, and keep them, resulting in the increase of earth temperature.,化学学院,Global Warming,Human Activities are the origin of these effects Cooking, Lighting, Warming, Transportation, Industry,化学学院,Global Warming Consequences,In the mid-21, the average temperature on the surface of the earth will have an increment of about 1.4 1.5，,the ice on the South Pole and North Pole will melt with accelerated speed, the sea level will have a rise of about 0.250.65m.,化学学院,In our country: the rise of sea level, 0.14-0.20 cm/year comparing to the average world level 0.15-0.16 cm/year These variations will alter significantly the environment widely and eternally It is reported(31 August, 2003 ) by CCTV news that Chinese scientists exploring on the Arctic Pole discovered that the melting speed of ice therein is faster than before, and the rise in temperature is about 2-3K per year.,Global Warming Consequences,化学学院,Global Warming Consequences,California, USA,化学学院,In 1815, the bursting of volcano in Indonesia erupted 1000X108 m3 dust to the air , and the later floated in air for about 2 years, this had already made Europe had cool summer.,Nuclear Winter,化学学院,In 1982, it is proposed that the earth will be cooled by the dust and smog caused by limited nuclear war . This assumption is called “Nuclear Winter ”,Nuclear Winter,化学学院,Nuclear explosion will produce much dust and smog, the later will exist in air and cool the earth. Even limited nuclear war will produce significant smog and dust It is still unclear about the lifetime of gas sol and their influence on the equilibrium of radiation in air.,Nuclear Winter,化学学院,Depletion of ozone layer,Ozone Layer refers to the ensemble of ozone collected in the atmosphere 15-50 km above the surface. Its concentration is less than 10 ppm. It adsorbs violet rays (295-320 nm) from the sun. Ozone is naturally protective for our earth from the sun and makes our life possible,化学学院,Depletion of ozone layer,Halogenides used destroy the ozone layer. NOx compounds from the exhausted gas of automobiles and other sources catalyze the decomposition reaction of ozone.,化学学院,The culprits (元凶),Depletion of ozone layer,化学学院,The use of ozone consuming agents (ODS) The developed countries used 1986, 975.8 thousand ts 1992, 424.1 thousand ts decreasing amounts are used Our country 1986, 47.5 thousand ts 1992, 102.7 thousand ts 1993, 117.1 thousand ts Several measures have been taken, and a decreasing amounts are expected,Depletion of ozone layer,化学学院,Depletion of ozone layer Consequences,Influences on human beings : Reduction of immunity Increment of cancer patient (Comparative examples) USA： 500 thousand patient （ 5000person/year died） Australia：5000person/year （among a total population of 17 million） Increase of cataract(白内障) patient Influences on plant: Decrease in production and quality,化学学院,Depletion of ozone layer,Discovered since 1987,化学学院,Photochemical smog and air pollution Large amount of garbage exposed directly to air, the later is polluted and endanger human beings,Photochemical smog formed from a series of chemical reaction catalyzed by violet radiations,Chemical essence,化学学院,NO2NOO O+CXHYCXHYO. CXHYO.+O2CXHYO3. CXHYO3.+CmHnRCHO+RCO+O2O3 ROO+NO2 ROONO2,化学学院,Air Pollution,Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Sulfur oxides Hydrocarbons Nitrogen oxides Dust of soil（土壤）, pollen（花粉）, coal ash, etc pollute directly the air. The harmful contents of the dusts: Pb, Hg, Cd, Ni and other heavy metals,化学学院,Acid rain Acidic gases in air dissolute in rain and drop to the earth forming acid rain,-,Acidic gases: SOX, NOX, etc,化学学院,Acid rain,化学学院,Acid rain,化学学院,Water Pollution,Water is essential for us Water is polluted by Industrial waste water Daily life waste water Mine waste water Transportation waste water Farmland waste water,化学学院,Rapid reduction of living things manifoldness,Living things manifoldness refers to the ensemble of all living creatures including plant, animals, micro-organism and other things,One kind of plant disappears every 27 year, and nearly 90 kinds of vertebrates (脊椎动物)become extinct every century.,化学学院,Rapid reduction of living things manifoldness,The speed of these reduction accelerates quite a few kinds of living things disappear before they are named. Large amounts of genes lose No effective measure taken, human beings risk the challenge of being living in the used manner.,化学学院,Disruption of forest,Forest The lung of living things on the earth,Have important ecological and economic values,化学学院,Disruption of forest,1 hectare of forest adsorbs 1t of CO2, and releases 0.73 ts of O2, the later is sufficient for one-days breath of 1000 persons. 10 m2 forest one person,Sweden: Forest coverage 64% 3 hectares/person Average life span: males 76.3 females 81.4,化学学院,Disruption of forest,It is obvious that forest could: conserve water resource, keep water and soil, prevent and fix the sand blown by the wind, regulate the climate, fix carbon and provide oxygen, prevent pollution, purify the air, Improve the environment, protect species, provide wood, etc It is multifunctional and beneficial for the future descendents economically, ecologically, environmentally.,化学学院,Disruption of forest,The speed of disrupt: Forest: 7000 thousand hectare/year Tropical rain forest: 50 hectare/minute In our country: Coverage of forest is about 18%, which is the 1/3 of the average value of the world coverage/person The flood of Yangzi river, huaihe river, Songhuajiang river, lunjiang river occurred in recent years dues partially to the extra-cut-down of the forest.,化学学院,Disruption of forest,It is reported that after 16 years, one of the largest state-owned forest zone of our country-Daxinanling-will have no forest tree to cut. (From Wenzhaizhoubao, 37, 2003, 09,15) If continuing to cut down instead of strict measures taken, we will have the risk of no oxygen to breath, not saying the ecological and economical loses.,化学学院,Desolation and boundlessness (荒漠化) It refers to the degeneration (退化) of plough （土地）duo to human economic activities , variation in climate etc.,In Han Dynasty, the regulation of Tuntian (Peasants open up wasteland and grow food grain) in the Northwest region of China, disrupted the forest therein, and these fertile land had become desert.,化学学院,Desolation and boundlessness,This is often seen in Fujian, Jiangxi, and Guangdong province,As a result：decrease in eligible plough on earth. It is one of the most emergent environmental challenge which should be overcome.,化学学院,Chapter one Introduction,1.1 Typical environmental problems 1.2 Shortage of resources 1.3 Health concerns 1.4 Towards Sustainable Development References,1.2 Shortage of resources,化学学院,Shortage of energy resources,Energy resource is the corner stone for the development of economy as well as the daily life of human beings. The productive forces of human society, and the material and cultural civilization have been highly enhanced and developed by the effective use of energy resources.,化学学院,Shortage of energy resources,Industrial revolution depended on coal sustained 60 years. From 1948, the consumption of oil increases. Within 20 century, the population augmented for 3 times, while the energy consumption augmented for 10 times.,化学学院,Shortage of energy resources,The consumption of energy resource is rapid, and huge amount of energy resources has been used up, then the remainder of energy resources is limited. What shall we do for a sustainable development? ?,化学学院,Shortage of energy resources,Oil： exploitable for about 40 years Natural gas： about 60 years Coal： about 220 years What our descendants will use?,化学学院,Shortage of energy resources,Our country has become a Petroleum-importing country since 1993. The rate of increasing petroleum consumption: about 4/year-6% 2000: imported petroleum 1.2X108tons，250X108 $,化学学院,Shortage of energy resources,In 2002, our country has become the second oil consumer just behind USA At present, 40% of oil used imported 2010: 4.02X108 tons needed， 1.55X108 tons produced in our country 2.47X108 tons should be imported It is predicted that in 2030, 80% of petroleum should be imported.,化学学院,The conflict between China-Russia-Japan about the construction of the pipeline,化学学院,Shortage of resources,Resources other than energy are also essential for human beings to survive and develop. Plough resources (耕地) (non-renewable) decrease progressively and rapidly Mine resources (non-renewable) are nearly used up. (In the summer, 2002, a coal mine in Shanxi Province has been closed because no coal is left for exploit),化学学院,Shortage of resources,Though bio-mass resources are renewable, the relative velocity of consumption and production should be considered.,化学学院,Chapter one Introduction,1.1 Typical environmental problems 1.2 Shortage of resources 1.3 Health concerns 1.4 Towards Sustainable Development References,1.3 Healthy of Human Beings,The essential problems of human healthy: Illness Senility (Long Live),化学学院,Pray for Supernatural Being,Meditation, Austerity, etc,Make pills of Immorality Seek for Special Medicine,Ancient Ways for a Long Life,化学学院,抗衰老,医治不治之症,防残留, 升疗效,降低副作用,化学学院,Example 1 tholidomide 萨立多胺,镇静剂,畸胎剂,化学学院,Number of asymmetric factors,1 2 2 4 3 8 n 2n,Number of enantiomers,1/2n Effective,(2n-1) / 2n Useless or harmful,?,化学学院,Example 2 The synthesis of L-dopa (L-多巴),L-dopa is effective for curing parkinsonism, while other isomers do not,化学学院,Chapter one Introduction,1.1 Typical environmental problems 1.2 Shortage of resources 1.3 Health concerns 1.4 Towards Sustainable Development References,1.4 Towards Sustainable Development,化学学院,Towards Sustainable Development,In early 80, theory of sustainable development has been proposed. In 1992, “Agenda of 21th Century” has been formulated. The view point of sustainable development comes out from the traditional one. 2004 The view point of scientific development The development of recyclable economy,more,化学学院,Towards Sustainable Development,Traditionally, the increase of GDP is highly appreciated，irrespective or even at the expense of environmental effects.,View point of Sustainable development, emphasis the co-development of economy and environment,化学学院,The drawbacks of traditional view point of development,A view point of industrial realization： The symbol of development is the increment in industry The mark of modernization is industrialization and industrial civilization The goal and driven forces for development are GNP(GDP) Irrespective of the protection and development of resources and environment The criteria marking development is unjust,化学学院,The ideas of sustainable development,Development is highly thought of The protection of environment is considered as one important component of development The equal opportunities to develop for different generations are emphasized Appealing to change the traditional manner of production and consumption Demanding the construction of new criteria for morality and values,化学学院,What to do ?,Facing these challenges, What will Chemistry do？ What Chemistry could do? What should the Chemists do?,Just Anxious?,Regarding it as an opportunity,Treat it urgently,化学学院,What will Chemistry do？,1974: Prof. Youqi TANG，the idea of directness of chemical reaction 1989: New Chemistry, New times of Chemistry Simons：The fundamental problems in 21 century are molecules and bio-molecules the idea of molecular efficiency 90s：,化学学院,Chemistry facing the coming challenges,Environmentally Benign Chemistry Environmentally Friendly Chemistry Clean Chemistry Atom Economy and Benign by Design Chemistry Green Chemistry(1995),化学学院,Green Chemistry is a proper choose in the development of chemical science, it grows up to satisfy the demand of hum