高中英语词类及成分分析.ppt

一,十大词类二,句子成分,词类,作 用,例 词,名词,冠词,代词,形容词,动 词,n.,art.,pron.,adj.,v.,一,主语,(subject),主语是一句话中谓语叙述的对象和主体,表示所叙述的是“谁”或“什么”,1.名词 My brother is watching TV. 2.代词 You have seen her already. 3.数词 Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 4.动名词 Singing is one of my interests.,5.不定式 To do the work well needs patience. 6.名词化的形容词 The aged and the sick need our help. 7.介词短语 From here to there is two miles. 8.引语,“It doesnt matter” means “It isnt important.” 9.从句 That the moon has no light of its own is a well-known fact. = It is a well-known fact that the moon has no light of its own.,1.用and 或bothand连接的并列主语,谓语动词用复数形式. Plastics and rubber never rot. Both bread and butter were sold out in that shop. 2.并列主语如果指的是同一人,同一事或同一概念,谓语用单数.,A cart and horse was seen in the distance. 3. 若and连接的并列单数的前面分别有each, every, no 或名词前有many a 修饰时,谓语用单数. Many a student has passed the exams. In our country every boy and girl has the right to receive education.,4. 主语是单数时,尽管后面有as well as, together with, but, except, like, including, in addition to 连接的修饰语,谓语动词用单数. The teacher as well as the students has seen the film. My brother, together with his classmates, is going to take part in the exams.,Nobody but Xiao Li and Xiao Wang was there. He , like you, is very clever. 5.It is no use/ good/ point/ useless /+ do-ing短语是一个固定句型. Its no good smoking quite a lot. 6. It is + 形容词/名词+ to do It is +形容词/名词+ for sb to do It is + 形容词/名词+of sb to do,Its important to learn English well. Its kind of you to help me. Its necessary for you to learn the words by heart. 7.it 作形式主语的主语从句 1) it+名词+从句 Its a pity that he didnt come. 2) it + 形容词+从句,It is obvious that he was wrong. 3) it +不及物动词+从句 It seems that its going to rain. 4) it + 过去分词+从句 It is said that he is going to study abroad. 5) It doesnt matter It doesnt matter whether he comes or not.,二,谓语(predicate),简单谓语,复合谓语,说明主语做什么,是什么或者怎么样,谓语用动词.,简单谓语,凡是由一个动词(包括动词短语)构成的,不管是什么时态,语态,语气,都是简单谓语.,They have been working on the project for many years. The case is being investigated.,复合谓语,1.情态动词+动词原形构成或由不定式和另外的词构成. She can speak English. I happened to meet my friend in the street yesterday. 2.系动词+表语 The girl felt cold.,三,宾语( object),表示动作,行为的对象.是动作的承受者.,1. 名词 Only by study hard can we get more knowledge 2.代词 He often helps me. 3. 数词 I need two. 4.不定式 I want to go home.,5.-ing形式 I enjoy watching TV. 6.从句 She said that she was ill yesterday.,He gave me a book yesterday.,不是所有的及物动词之后都可由双宾语。可用于此句型的动词有以下三类： 1)give tell teach write bring lend hand show send offer pay pass allow 2)buy do get fetch save make sing choose 3)ask answer,四,定语(attribute),用来修饰名词或代词.,1.形容词 She is a beautiful girl. 2.名词 There are 26 girl students in our class. 3.代词 This is my book.,4.数词 He bought two kilos of apples. 5.介词短语 The students in the classroom are busy preparing their lessons. 6.不定式 The next train to arrive was from London. 7.ing(短语),The men working here are all from Nanjing. 8.过去分词 We should drink boiled water. 9.从句 The computer which I bought yesterday doesnt work now.,五,状语(adverbial),1.什么叫状语? 修饰动词、形容词、副词、以及整个句子的成分叫状语。 2.状语的作用? 在英语中表示动词的状况,样子,表示事情发生的时间,地点,方式,原因,频率,结果,或对全句进行修饰的部分叫做状语.,3.什么成分作状语? 1)副词 The students play football very hard.(修饰谓语表示程度) You are always forgetting things. (修饰谓语表示频率) Obviously, you made a mistake about this.(修饰全句表示程度) I dont know where the park lies. ( 修饰从句的谓语表示地点),How is your daughter doing at school? ( 修饰谓语表示方式) 2)名词 (名词作状语,可以修饰动词或形容词,表示时间,地点,程度等). He will write a book next week. He lived next door. He is a head taller than I . As we all know, light travels 300,000 kilometers a second.,3)形容词 和句子的谓语用逗号隔开. Eager to see the sunrise, they got up at four. He went bed, cold and hungry. Young, rich and pretty, June has a lot of boy friends. 有时形容词和一个动词一起用,中间不用逗号隔开.,He said nothing, but sat silent smoking. She married young. The old man lived in pace, and he died happy at the age of ninety All men are born equal. 有些形容词和宾语有较密切的关系(接近复合宾语):,He pulled his belt tight. She pushed the door open. We drink it hot. We beat him unconscious. The pain nearly drove me mad. 4) 形容词修饰形容词. It was Sunday and it was icy/ freezing cold. The man is terrible rude.,5) 不定式 (1)不定式放在句首,表示目的. To sleep late in the morning, Tom turned off the alarm. (2)不定式放在形容词后,多表示原因. He is much afraid to stay at home alone. (3)不定式表示结果, only to do 多表示结果.,He got up and looked out to see the ground covered with snow. He hurried home, only to find his home gone. 6)-ing短语 Living in modern America, you must have a car. Many people ride to work, listening to a walkman.,7)过去分词 Seen from a hill, the city looks beautiful. Asked to sing a song, the little girls face turned red. 8)介词短语 It reminded me of something I was taught in my teens. We dont know what will happen in the future.,10)复合结构(独立结构) 由名词或代词和另一成分构成. The hurricane having destroyed the whole village, no one had a room to live in.(名词+ing短语) The workers all went home, work finished.( 名词+ 过去分词) The teacher came in, book in hand. ( 名词+ 介词短语),He skated the whole afternoon, his face red with cold. (名词+形容词) 9) with结构 With the boys guiding, they set off early in the morning. With the problem solved, they went on working. With nothing to do, he went to take a walk in the park.,11)从句,(1) 时间状语从句,When he saw his mother, the boy began to cry.,(2)地点状语从句,Hed like to work where he is needed.,(3)原因状语从句,He didnt go to the meeting because he was ill.,(4)条件状语从句,You are sure to succeed if you work hard.,(5)结果状语从句,She is so kind to us that we all love her.,(6)目的状语从句 I must get up early tomorrow so that I can catch the early train.,(7)让步状语从句, She took care of the patients though she herself was also ill. No matter where you go, you must find time to study. Young as he is, he knows a lot.,(8)方式状语从句,Lets study as Lenin studied.,He spoke as if he were a professor.,(9)比较状语从句,同级比较状语从句,He works as hard as Jack.,比较级状语从句,He can jump higher than I.,表示递进的比较状语从句,The harder he works, the happier he is.,表示最高级概念的比较状语从句,Nobody is so sly (狡猾) as he is. No one studies harder than he does.,六,补语,补语也叫补足语,是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分.共分为主语补语和宾语补语. 1.主语补语是用来说明主语是什么或处于什么状态,以补充其意义的不足.,2.宾语补语是用来说明宾语是什么或处于什么状态,以补充其意义的不足,宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语.,1) 名词 They elected him monitor of our class. He was elected monitor of our class.,常用来接复合宾语, 由名词作补语的动词有: elect, make, name, call, think, consider 等. 2)形容词 We should keep the room clean. The room should be kept clean.,常用来接复合宾语, 由形容词作补语的动词有: find, make, keep, cut, paint, push, drive, leave.,3)不定式 I saw a dog run into the yard. A dog was seen to run into the yard. 4) ing Can you hear someone shouting for help? The baby was heard crying now and then in the night.,常用来接复合宾语, 由-ing作补语的动词有: have, see, notice, feel, leave, listen to look at 5)过去分词 He came home and found the room broken into and a lot of things stolen. The mouse was seen beaten dead.,七,表语,