高考调研英语高三总复习语法专项突破一时态和语态.ppt

语法专项突破(一) 时态和语态 一、时态的基本用法 1.一般现在时的用法 (1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作和现在的状态、特征。句中常用often, usually, every day等时间状语。如： He goes to school every day.(经常性动作) 他每天去上学。 He is very happy.(现在的状态) 他很高兴。,(2)表示按计划、规定要发生的动作，(句中都带有时间状语)但限于少数动词。如begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等。如： The meeting begins at seven. 会议七点钟开始。 (3)表示状态和感觉的动词，如be, like, hate, think, remember, find, sound等常用一般现在时。如： I like English very much. 我很喜欢英语。,(4)书报的标题，小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。如： The story happens in the spring of 2003. 故事发生在2003年的春天。 (5)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。如： If you come this afternoon, well have a meeting. 如果下午你来，我们就开会。,2.一般过去时的用法 (1)表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。如： He saw Mr. Wang yesterday. 昨天他看见王先生了。 (2)表示过去经常发生的动作(也可用“used to”或“would+动词原形”代替)。如： During the vacation I often swam / would swim in the sea. 假期期间我常在大海里游泳。 I used to smoke. 我曾经吸烟。 【注意】 used to表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。,3.一般将来时的用法 一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态，其表达形式除了“will或shall+动词原形”外，还有以下几种。 (1)“be going to+动词原形”，表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。如： It is going to rain. 天要下雨了。 (2)go, come, start, move, sail, leave等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。如： Im leaving for Beijing. 我要动身去北京。,(3)“be to+动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。如： Are we to go on with this work? 我们要继续这项工作吗? (4)“be about to+动词原形”表示即将发生的动作。如： We are about to leave. 我们就要动身了。 (5)某些词，如come, go, leave, arrive, start等的一般现在时和现在进行时也可表示将来。如： The meeting starts at five oclock. 会议五点钟开始。 ,4.现在进行时的用法 (1)表示此时此刻正在进行的动作，由“be+现在分词”构成。如： What are you doing? 你在干什么? (2)按计划、安排近期发生的动作。如： Im leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 明天我要到北京去。 (3)与always, constantly等连用，表示赞扬或厌恶的感情色彩。如：,He is always helping others. 他总是帮助别人。 另外“系动词+介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义。如：The bridge is under construction. 桥梁正在建设中。 (4)用进行时表示渐变过程。如： The food is getting cold. 食物变凉了。,【注意】 下列动词不宜用进行时： 感觉类：look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear等； 感情类：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear等； 所有类：have, contain, own, hold, belong to等。,5.过去进行时的用法 (1)表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作，由“was (were)+现在分词”构成。如： In 1980 he was studying in a university. 1980年时，他正在一所大学里学习。 (2)与always, forever, constantly连用，表示赞成或厌恶的感情色彩。如： He was always thinking of others, never thinking of himself. 他总是考虑别人,从未考虑自己。,6.现在完成时的用法 现在完成时由“have / has+过去分词”构成。其使用有两种情况： (1)所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，而对现在有影响，句中没有具体时间状语。如： He has gone to Fuzhou. 他去福州了。(说话人认为他不在该地) He has been to Fuzhou. 他去过福州。(说话人认为他在该地),(2)现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常与for . 和since . 等表示一段时间的状语或so far等表示包括现在时间在内的状语连用。如： He has studied English for 5 years. 他学习英语已经五年了。 He has studied English since 2006. 自从2006年以来他就学习英语。 【注意】 表示短暂时间动作的词，如come, go, die, marry, buy等的完成时不能与for, since等表示一段时间的词连用。,(3)还可用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。如： Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework. 我做完了作业就去你家。 7.过去完成时的用法 (1)表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导的时间状语。如： By the end of last year we had built five new houses. 到去年年底，我们已经建起了五所新房子。,(2)表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。如： Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours. 睡觉之前，他工作了12个小时。 8.过去将来时的用法 表示从过去的某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。由“should或would+动词原形”构成。第一人称用should，其他人称用would。如： They were sure that they would succeed. 他们确信他们会成功。,易混时态用法比较 (一)一般现在时态和一般过去时态的区别 1.一般现在时态常表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态，常和always, usually, often, sometimes, every day, now and then等表时间的状语连用。如： He often gets up at six oclock in the morning. 他经常早晨六点起床。 2.表示客观事实、客观规律或客观真理时用一般现在时态。如： The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。,3.一般过去时态常表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。一般过去时态往往和明确的表示过去的时间状语连用，常用的时间状语有yesterday, last night, two days (months, weeks) ago, in 1980, before liberation, at that time等。如： I got up late this morning. 今天早上我起床晚了。 (二)一般过去时态和现在完成时态的区别 一般过去时态和现在完成时态是历年高考考查的重点和难点。命题者会有意将两者融为一体，在同一试题里进行考查，给考生造成理解上的困难，以达到考查的目的。,1.现在完成时态常表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。如： They have finished their work ahead of time. 他们提前完成了工作。 2.一般过去时态仅仅表示动作发生在过去，不强调对现在造成的影响或结果。如： He did say such words. 他确实说过这样的话。 3.比较与辨析： I have taught in the school since 1989. 从1989年起，我一直在这所学校教学。 I taught in the school in 1989. 1989年，我在这所学校教学。 比较以上两句话，我们应能看出两者的区别。,(三)一般过去时态和过去进行时态的区别 一般过去时态表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，不强调动作的延续。如： Did you go to attend the party? 你参加晚会了吗? I played basketball yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午我打篮球了。 而过去进行时态却是强调过去某一时间正在进行或持续进行的动作。如： He pretended that he was reading when I came into the classroom. 当我走进教室的时候，他假装在读书。,(四)现在完成时态和过去完成时态的区别 两种时态时间起点不同。现在完成时态是以过去的时间为起点，表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或表示一个动作从过去延续到现在，句子里不能出现表示过去的时间状语。如： I havent heard from him so far. 迄今为止，我还没有收到他的来信。 I have never heard a more exciting story. 我还从没有听到过比这更让人激动的故事。 It has been years since I last saw you. 自从上次见到你到现在已经几年了。,而过去完成时态表示过去某个时间之前该动作已经发生完成或者状态延续到过去某个时间，即过去完成时态的时间起点为“过去的过去”，句子中常用表示过去某一特定时间的时间状语。如： By the end of last month, we had finished all the work. 截止到上月底，我们已经完成了所有的工作。 (五)一般过去时态和过去完成时态的区别 这两种时态都是过去时态，但侧重点不同，也就是说，时间的起点不同。考生在把握语境的前提下，应弄清二者的区别。,1.一般过去时态的时间是相对现在来说的从前。如： In fact, he promised to come to help. 事实上，他答应过来帮忙的。 I received a letter from her the day before yesterday. 前天，我收到了她的来信。 2.过去完成时态的动作发生在“过去的过去”，也就是说，过去完成时态的时间是相对过去某一时间点来说的从前。如： Before I could get in a word, he had left. 我还没来得及插话，他就离开了。,高考体验 1. (2012湖南) I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me? Sorry, I _ the piano for years. A. dont play B. wasnt playing C. havent played D. hadnt played,答案 C 解析 句意：我记得你上大学时是位天才钢琴师，你能为我弹一下钢琴吗?很抱歉,我已经多年没弹过了。根据答语可以看出,此处指近几年到现在一直没弹过钢琴，故用现在完成时。,2. (2012浙江) Alvin, are you coming with us? Id love to, but something unexpected _. A. has come up B. was coming up C. had come up D. would come up,答案 A 解析 问句用现在进行时表示将来的动作“你会和我们一起来吗”，答语为“我很想(和你们一起去)，但意外的事情发生了”。显然应用现在完成时表示“已经发生”。,3. (2012北京)George said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he _. A. wouldnt B. didnt C. hasnt D. hadnt ,答案 B 解析 句意：乔治说第二天他要来学校看我，但他没有来。根据语境可知动作发生在过去，故选B项，陈述过去事实。,4. (2012北京)Our friendship _ quickly over the weeks that followed. A. had developed B. was developing C. would develop D. developed,答案 D 解析 句意：在接下来的几周里，我们的友谊进展迅速。根据followed可知动作发生在过去，不表示将来或完成，故选D项。,5. (2012新课标全国)I had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers _ before my eyes. A. swim B. swum C. swam D. had swum,答案 C 解析 前一个分句用了过去完成进行时，是相对于另一过去情况而言的，所以后一个分句应选一般过去时态。,6. (2012山东)The manager was concerned to hear that two of his trusted workers _. A. will leave B. are leaving C. have left D. were leaving,答案 D 解析 句意：听到他的两个信任的工人要离开的消息，这个经理很担心。根据句中的was concerned可以判断使用过去时态。在英语中一些终止性动词如come, go, leave,arrive等常用进行时态表示将来 的含义。故选D项。,7. (2012四川) Did you catch what I said? Sorry. I _ a text message just now. A. had answered B. have answered C. would answer D. was answering,答案 D 解析 由问句“你听到我说的话了吗”可知是过去的动作；答语为“对不起。我刚才在回一条短信息。”故用过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。,8. (2012天津)The letters for the boss _ on his desk but he didnt read them until three days later. A. were put B. was put C. put D. has put,答案 A 解析 but连接两个并列的分句，根据but后面的句子可知，此处应用一般过去时；句子的主语letters与put存在被动关系，所以用被动语态；而且letters为复数，故谓语动词用复数形式were。,9. (2012浙江)Peter had intended to take a job in business, but _ that plan after the unpleasant experience in Canada in 2010. A. had abandoned B. abandoned C. abandon D. will abandon,答案 B 解析 分析句意可知，but后面陈述的是一个过去的事实，所以用一般过去时。,10. (2012重庆) Kevin, you look worried. Anything wrong? Well, I _ a test and Im waiting for the result. A. will take B. took C. had taken D. take,答案 B 解析 由第二句中“Im waiting for the result.”可知，考试已经结束，故参加考试用一般过去时。句意：凯文，你看起来很忧虑，有什么事吗?哦，我考了一次试。现在正在等结果。故选B项。,11. (2012全国) Did you ask Sophia for help? I _ need to I managed perfectly well on my own. A. wouldnt B. dont C. didnt D. wont,答案 C 解析 由问句的时态标志Did可知答语的时态也应该用过去的时态，即I didnt need to。句意：你向索菲亚求助了吗?我没有必要我自己设法完成得很好。故选C项。,12. (2012北京)By the time you have finished this book, your meal _ cold. A. gets B. has got C. will get D. is getting,答案 C 解析 句意：到你看完这本书的时候，你的饭也就凉了。时间状语从句为现在完成时代替将来完成时，故主句用一般将来时。,13. (2012湖南)Close the door of fear behind you, and you _ the door of faith open before you. A. saw B. have seen C. will see D. are seeing,答案 C 解析 此处为“祈使句+and / or+陈述句(一般将来时)”的结构。句意：关上恐惧之门后，你就会看到信心之门在你面前打开。故C项正确。,14. (2012湖南)“The moment _ soon, ” he thought to himself, waiting nervously. A. came B. has come C. was coming D. is coming,答案 D 解析 句意：“这个时刻很快就要来临了，”他紧张地等待着，暗自思考。虽然本句用了一般过去时，但引号内的话是他当时的感受，是采用直接引语的形式，故要用现在进行时表示将来时。,15. (2012辽宁)I feel so excited! At this time tomorrow morning I _ to Shanghai. A. will be flying B. will fly C. have been flying D. have flown,答案 A 解析 句意：我感觉如此兴奋!明天早上这个时候我就会飞往上海了。根据句意可知此处表示将来动作，故排除C和D两项。又根据前面的at this time tomorrow morning可知此处指将来的某个时刻正要发生的事情，故用将来进行时。,16. (2012陕西) Can I call you back at two oclock this afternoon? Im sorry, but by then I _ to Beijing. How about five? A. fly B. will fly C. will be flying D. am flying,答案 C 解析 根据at two oclock this afternoon及by then可知用将来进行时。句意：我今天下午两点给你回电话可以吗?对不起，到那时我正在飞往北京的路上。五点怎么样?,17. (2012重庆)Food supplies in the flood|stricken area _. We must act immediately before theres none left. A. have run out B. are running out C. have been run out D. are being run out,答案 B 解析 run out“(被)用完;耗尽”,没有被动语态，故排除C、D两项；由后句中的“before theres none left”可知，现在粮食还有，并没有耗尽，故排除A项；run out用进行时表示将来。句意：洪灾区的食物供给快要没有了，我们必须赶在食物耗尽之前行动起来。,18. (2011新课标全国)Planning so far ahead _ no sense so many things will have changed by next year. A. made B. is making C. makes D. has made,答案 C 解析 句意：这么早就作计划是没有意义的到了明年，有许多情况会发生变化。此处说明现在的事实，故用一般现在时。部分考生由于受so far的影响会误选D，其实这儿的so far不是表示“到目前为止”的那个短语so far，此处so是用来修饰短语far ahead的，far ahead“很早”, so far ahead“如此早”。,19. (2011江苏)The fact that so many people still smoke in public places _ that we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking. A. suggest B. suggests C. suggested D. suggesting,答案 B 解析 句意：仍有许多人在公共场所吸烟这一事实表明我们可能需要一次全国范围内的运动来提高人们对吸烟危害的认识。本句说明了一个现在存在的事实，故用一般现在时。主句的主语是the fact，故谓语用动词的第三人称单数形式suggests。suggest在此句中的意思是“表明”，并非“建议”。,20. (2011安徽) What do you think of store shopping in the future? Personally, I think it will exist along with home shopping but _. A. will never replace B. would never replace C. will never be replaced D. would never be replaced,答案 C 解析 句意：你如何看待未来的商店购物?就我个人而言，我认为它将会和在家购物并存但永远不会被取代。答语中的it指代问句中的store shopping。由句意可知store shopping和replace之间是被动关系，A项和B项均是主动语态，不符合句意；D项为过去将来时的被动语态，不符合时态一致的原则；只有C项是一般将来时的被动语态，符合句意。,21. (2011山东)When I got on the bus, I _ I had left my wallet at home. A. was realizing B. realized C. have realized D. would realize,答案 B 解析 句意：当我坐上公共汽车时，我才意识到我把钱包忘在家里了。根据句意可知when引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词表示的动作和主句的谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，且从句用一般过去时。故B项正确。,22. (2011北京) That must have been a long trip. Yeah, it _ us a whole week to get there. A. takes B. has taken C. took D. was taking,答案 C 解析 句意：那一定是一次长途旅行。是啊，到达那里用了我们整整一周的时间。从“That must have been a long trip.”一句可以得知，这里指过去发生的动作，因此回答时应该用一般过去时态，故C项正确。,模拟预测 1. The moment the 30th Olympic Games _ open, the whole world cheered. A. declared B. have been declared C. have declared D. were declared,答案 D 解析 第30届奥运会是在2012年7月27号开幕的，故用一般过去时；the 30th Olympic Games和declare之间存在动宾关系，故要用被动语态。,2. (2013重庆一模) I hope you enjoyed the film last night. How on earth do you know I went to a film? I _ you. A. wont tell B. didnt tell C. havent told D. hadnt told,答案 B 解析 考查动词时态。句意：我希望你喜爱昨晚的那部电影。你怎么知道我去看电影的?我没告诉你呀。根据语境，此处表示tell是昨天晚上的动作，故使用一般过去时。,3. (2013青岛二模) Thats the third time hes won the award in this field. Yes. He_ his maximum potential in the past decade. A. explored B. is exploring C. has been exploring D. has explored,答案 C 解析 考查动词时态。从句意知“过去十年来他一直都在发掘他最大的潜能”，另外，从“in the past decade”可知应该用现在完成时，同时此处强调“十年来他一直的状态”，用进行时态，所以用现在完成进行时，故选C。,4. (2013包头一模)This is the first time we _ a film in the cinema together. A. see B. had seen C. saw D. have seen,答案 D 解析 考查动词时态。在句型This / That / It is (will be) the first (second, third, etc.) time + that-从句中，that从句使用现在完成时；句型This / That / It was the first (second, third, etc.) time + that-从句, that从句用过去完成时。故选D。,5. (2013厦门质检) How long do you want me to heat the oil? Heat it till it_ to smoke. A. would begin B. begins C. will begin D. began,答案 B 解析 考查动词时态。句中till是一个连词，其后的时间状语从句用一般现在时表示将来的动作，故选B。,6. (2013山东烟台调研) Mr. Boris. This is Grand Cartel. Youve left your luggage here. Goodness me! So I _. Ill go back and get it right away. A. have B. had C. was D. have done,答案 A 解析 考查动词时态。此处so表示对上面所说的情况表示进一步的肯定，上面一句“Youve left your luggage here.”使用的是现在完成时，故答语此处也使用现在完成时，I have为I have left my luggage there的省略。,7. (2013昆明一模) A high-tech exhibition _ in the National Museum. Really? What about visiting it now? A. will be held B. is being held C. is to be held D. has been held,答案 B 解析 考查动词时态和语态。句意：国家博物馆正在进行高科技展览。真的?现在去看看如何?根据问句中的now可知此处使用现在进行时，且使用被动语态，故选B。,8. (2013厦门二模) Id like to meet you at 10 oclock this Sunday morning if it is convenient. Im afraid I _an important conference. A. will have attended B. will be attending C. have been attending D. have attended,答案 B 解析 考查动词时态。此处attend表示在将来时间“at 10 oclock this Sunday morning”正在进行的动作，故使用将来进行时。,9. (2013上海二模)No conclusion_ about whether to tear down the old buildings for a theme park until several discussions have been made. A. will be reached B. is reached C. is being reached D. had been reached,答案 A 解析 考查动词的时态和语态。根据后面的时间状语从句的时态为现在完成时可以推断出此处主句使用一般将来时，且使用被动语态，故选A。,10. (2013北京东城模拟) Would you accept it if you _ this job? Of course, it is a wonderful job. A. offer B. will offer C. are offered D. will be offered,答案 C 解析 考查动词时态和语态。从题意可知他们是在谈论将来对方是否愿意接受这份工作的事。if引导的条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。A项是主动语态，不符合题意。,11. (2013北京东城一模) When shall we restart our business? Not until we _ our plan. A. will finish B. are finishing C. are to finish D. have finished,答案 D 解析 考查动词时态。现在完成时可以用于时间或条件等状语从句中，表示从句的动作要在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前完成。此处restart是将来的动作，在restart开始之前，必须要先finish our plan，故此处完成计划应该使用现在完成时。Not until we have finished our plan.=We shant restart our business until we have finished our plan.。,12. (2013潍坊二模)By the time you arrive home, I _, so please dont make any noise when you come in. A. have been sleeping B. would have slept C. had slept D. shall be sleeping,答案 D 解析 考查动词时态。句意：当你到家的时候，我将正在睡觉。所以你进来时别发出任何声音。根据时间状语及句意判断，本句用将来进行时。,13. (2013昆明一模)By the time my mother came back from work, my sister and I_ supper and were waiting for her at the table. A. have cooked B. were cooking C. had cooked D. would cook,答案 C 解析 考查动词时态。句意：当妈妈下班回来时，我和姐姐已做好晚饭，坐在桌旁等她呢。此处cook动作发生在came之前，即发生在“过去的过去”，故此处使用过去完成时。,14. (2013陕西宝鸡质检)The Shanghai Disneyland theme park under construction now_ to open to the public in 2015. A. expects B. is expected C. will be expected D. is being expected,答案 B 解析 考查动词时态和语态。句意：现在在建的上海迪士尼主题公园预计要在2015年对公众开放。对当前发生的事情进行客观陈述用一般现在时；由句意知用被动语态。,15. (2013河北衡水中学一模)All the Harry Potter books by Joanne Rowling, a poor single mother_ in Edinburgh, _ all over the world. A. lives; are well sold B. lives; sell good C. living; sell well D. living; are well sold,答案 C 解析 句意：乔安娜罗琳，住在爱丁堡的一个贫穷的单亲母亲，写的所有哈利波特的书在全世界都很畅销。句子主干为：All the Harry Potter books sell well.第一空living是现在分词，作定语修饰mother；第二空为主句的谓语动词，sell表示事物的属性，所以用主动形式；另外，用副词well修饰动词sell。,16. (2013北京东城区示范校联考) You look tired. Yes. I _ non-stop until 8 oclock. A. had worked B. work C. have worked D. was working,答案 A 解析 句意：你看上去很累。是的，我一直工作到了8点没有休息。依句意可知，work这一动作在过去的时间8点前就结束了，所以用过去完成时表示“过去的过去